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Lysophosphatidic Acid Signaling in Cancer Cells: What Makes LPA So Special? Cells 2021; 10:cells10082059. [PMID: 34440828 PMCID: PMC8394178 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) refers to a family of simple phospholipids that act as ligands for G protein-coupled receptors. While LPA exerts effects throughout the body in normal physiological circumstances, its pathological role in cancer is of great interest from a therapeutic viewpoint. The numerous LPA receptors (LPARs) are coupled to a variety of G proteins, and more than one LPAR is typically expressed on any given cell. While the individual receptors signal through conventional GPCR pathways, LPA is particularly efficacious in stimulating cancer cell proliferation and migration. This review addresses the mechanistic aspects underlying these pro-tumorigenic effects. We provide examples of LPA signaling responses in various types of cancers, with an emphasis on those where roles have been identified for specific LPARs. While providing an overview of LPAR signaling, these examples also reveal gaps in our knowledge regarding the mechanisms of LPA action at the receptor level. The current understanding of the LPAR structure and the roles of LPAR interactions with other receptors are discussed. Overall, LPARs provide insight into the potential molecular mechanisms that underlie the ability of individual GPCRs (or combinations of GPCRs) to elicit a unique spectrum of responses from their agonist ligands. Further knowledge of these mechanisms will inform drug discovery, since GPCRs are promising therapeutic targets for cancer.
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Calcium and Nuclear Signaling in Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041237. [PMID: 29671777 PMCID: PMC5979488 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, there have been a number of developments in the fields of calcium and nuclear signaling that point to new avenues for a more effective diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer. An example is the discovery of new classes of molecules involved in calcium-regulated nuclear import and nuclear calcium signaling, from the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and myosin families. This review surveys the new state of the calcium and nuclear signaling fields with the aim of identifying the unifying themes that hold out promise in the context of the problems presented by prostate cancer. Genomic perturbations, kinase cascades, developmental pathways, and channels and transporters are covered, with an emphasis on nuclear transport and functions. Special attention is paid to the molecular mechanisms behind prostate cancer progression to the malignant forms and the unfavorable response to anti-androgen treatment. The survey leads to some new hypotheses that connect heretofore disparate results and may present a translational interest.
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Ketscher A, Jilg CA, Willmann D, Hummel B, Imhof A, Rüsseler V, Hölz S, Metzger E, Müller JM, Schüle R. LSD1 controls metastasis of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells through PXN and LPAR6. Oncogenesis 2014; 3:e120. [PMID: 25285406 PMCID: PMC4216900 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2014.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) was shown to control gene expression and cell proliferation of androgen-dependent prostate cancer (PCa) cells, whereas the role of LSD1 in androgen-independent metastatic prostate cancer remains elusive. Here, we show that depletion of LSD1 leads to increased migration and invasion of androgen-independent PCa cells. Transcriptome and cistrome analyses reveal that LSD1 regulates expression of lysophosphatidic acid receptor 6 (LPAR6) and cytoskeletal genes including the focal adhesion adaptor protein paxillin (PXN). Enhanced LPAR6 signalling upon LSD1 depletion promotes migration with concomitant phosphorylation of PXN. In mice LPAR6 overexpression enhances, whereas knockdown of LPAR6 abolishes metastasis of androgen-independent PCa cells. Taken together, we uncover a novel mechanism of how LSD1 controls metastasis and identify LPAR6 as a promising therapeutic target to treat metastatic prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ketscher
- 1] Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany [2] Universität Freiburg, Fakultät für Biologie, Freiburg, Germany
| | - C A Jilg
- Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - D Willmann
- Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - B Hummel
- Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - A Imhof
- Adolf-Butenandt Institut und Munich Center of Integrated Protein Science (CIPS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - V Rüsseler
- Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - S Hölz
- 1] Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany [2] Universität Freiburg, Fakultät für Biologie, Freiburg, Germany
| | - E Metzger
- Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - J M Müller
- Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - R Schüle
- 1] Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany [2] BIOSS Centre of Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany [3] Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK), Standort, Freiburg, Germany
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Lin CE, Chen SU, Lin CC, Chang CH, Lin YC, Tai YL, Shen TL, Lee H. Lysophosphatidic acid enhances vascular endothelial growth factor-C expression in human prostate cancer PC-3 cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41096. [PMID: 22911748 PMCID: PMC3401111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical evidence suggests that lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis are important processes during the progression of prostate cancer. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C was shown to be a key regulator in these processes. Our previous studies demonstrated that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a low-molecular-weight lipid growth factor, enhances VEGF-C expression in human endothelial cells. We previously demonstrated that the LPA receptor plays an important role in lymphatic development in zebrafish embryos. However, the effects of LPA on VEGF-C expression in prostate cancer are not known. Herein, we demonstrate that LPA up-regulated VEGF-C expression in three different human prostate cancer cell lines. In PC-3 human prostate cancer cells, the enhancing effects of LPA were mediated through both LPA1 and LPA3. In addition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF) expression were involved in LPA1/3-dependent VEGF-C expression. Furthermore, autotaxin (ATX), an enzyme responsible for LPA synthesis, also participates in regulating VEGF-C expression. By interrupting LPA1/3 of PC-3, conditioned medium (CM) -induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) lymphatic markers expression was also blocked. In summary, we found that LPA enhances VEGF-C expression through activating LPA1/3-, ROS-, and LEDGF-dependent pathways. These novel findings could potentially shed light on developing new strategies for preventing lymphatic metastasis of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-En Lin
- Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shee-Uan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chu-Cheng Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chi-Hao Chang
- Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yueh-Chien Lin
- Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ling Tai
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tang-Long Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Center for Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsinyu Lee
- Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Center for Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Angiogenesis Research Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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