1
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Lemos G, Fernandes CMADS, Silva FH, Calmasini FB. The role of autophagy in prostate cancer and prostatic diseases: a new therapeutic strategy. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2024:10.1038/s41391-024-00793-4. [PMID: 38297152 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-024-00793-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy is a well-conserved catabolic process that plays a key role in cell homeostasis. In the prostate, defective autophagy has been implicated in the genesis and progression of several pathological conditions. AIM The present review explored the autophagy pathway in prostate-related dysfunctions, focusing on prostate cancer (PCa), benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostatitis. RESULTS Impaired autophagy activity has been shown in animal models of BPH and prostatitis. Moreover, autophagy activation by specific and non-specific drugs improved both conditions in pre-clinical studies. Conversely, the efficacy of autophagy inducers in PCa remains controversial, depending on intrinsic PCa characteristics and stage of progression. Intriguingly, autophagy inhibitors have shown beneficial effects in PCa suppression or even to overcome chemotherapy resistance. However, there are still open questions regarding the upstream mechanisms by which autophagy is deregulated in the prostate and the exact role of autophagy in PCa. The lack of specificity and increased toxicity associated with the currently autophagy inhibitors limits its use clinically, reflecting in reduced number of clinical data. CONCLUSION New therapeutic strategies to treat prostatic diseases involving new autophagy modulators, combination therapy and new drug formulations should be explored. Understanding the autophagy signaling in each prostatic disease is crucial to determine the best pharmacological approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Lemos
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Fábio Henrique Silva
- Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, Sao Francisco University (USF), Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Beraldi Calmasini
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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2
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Lin Z, Liu Z, Niu Y. Exploring the Enigma of 5-ARIs Resistance in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Paving the Path for Personalized Medicine. Curr Urol Rep 2023; 24:579-589. [PMID: 37987980 DOI: 10.1007/s11934-023-01188-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite the widespread utilization of 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs) for managing benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), certain BPH patients exhibit unresponsiveness to 5-ARIs therapy. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current perspectives on the mechanisms of 5-ARIs resistance in BPH patients and integrates potential biomarkers and underlying therapeutic options for 5-ARIs resistance. These findings may facilitate the development of novel or optimize more effective treatment options, and promote personalized medicine for BPH. RECENT FINDINGS The pathways contributing to resistance against 5-ARIs in certain BPH patients encompass epigenetic modifications, shifts in hormone levels, autophagic processes, and variations in androgen receptor structures, and these pathways may ultimately be attributed to inflammation. Promisingly, novel biomarkers, including intravesical prostatic protrusion, inflammatory factors, and single nucleotide polymorphisms, may offer predictive insights into the responsiveness to 5-ARIs therapy, empowering physicians to fine-tune treatment strategies. Additionally, on the horizon, GV1001 and mTOR inhibitors have emerged as potential alternative therapeutic modalities for addressing BPH in the future. After extensive investigation into BPH's pathological processes and molecular landscape, it is now recognized that diverse pathophysiological mechanisms may contribute to different BPH subtypes among individuals. This insight necessitates the adoption of personalized treatment strategies, moving beyond the prevailing one-size-fits-all paradigm centered around 5-ARIs. The imperative for early identification of individuals prone to treatment resistance will drive physicians to proactively stratify risk and adapt treatment tactics in future practice. This personalized medicine approach marks a progression from the current standard treatment model, emerging as the future trajectory in BPH management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhemin Lin
- Department of Urology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Zhanliang Liu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Yinong Niu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China.
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3
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Fishel ML, Xia H, McGeown J, McIlwain DW, Elbanna M, Craft AA, Kaimakliotis HZ, Sandusky GE, Zhang C, Pili R, Kelley MR, Jerde TJ. Antitumor Activity and Mechanistic Characterization of APE1/Ref-1 Inhibitors in Bladder Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:1947-1960. [PMID: 31413178 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-1166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the ninth most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Although cisplatin is used routinely in treating bladder cancer, refractory disease remains lethal for many patients. The recent addition of immunotherapy has improved patient outcomes; however, a large cohort of patients does not respond to these treatments. Therefore, identification of innovative molecular targets for bladder cancer is crucial. Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/redox factor-1 (APE1/Ref-1) is a multifunctional protein involved in both DNA repair and activation of transcription factors through reduction-oxidation (redox) regulation. High APE1/Ref-1 expression is associated with shorter patient survival time in many cancer types. In this study, we found high APE1/Ref-1 expression in human bladder cancer tissue relative to benign urothelium. Inhibition of APE1/Ref-1 redox signaling using APE1/Ref-1-specific inhibitors attenuates bladder cancer cell proliferation in monolayer, in three-dimensional cultures, and in vivo. This inhibition corresponds with an increase in apoptosis and decreased transcriptional activity of NF-κB and STAT3, transcription factors known to be regulated by APE1/Ref-1, resulting in decreased expression of downstream effectors survivin and Cyclin D1 in vitro and in vivo. We also demonstrate that in vitro treatment of bladder cancer cells with APE1/Ref-1 redox inhibitors in combination with standard-of-care chemotherapy cisplatin is more effective than cisplatin alone at inhibiting cell proliferation. Collectively, our data demonstrate that APE1/Ref-1 is a viable drug target for the treatment of bladder cancer, provide a mechanism of APE1/Ref-1 action in bladder cancer cells, and support the use of novel redox-selective APE1/Ref-1 inhibitors in clinical studies. SIGNIFICANCE: This work identifies a critical mechanism for APE1/Ref-1 in bladder cancer growth and provides compelling preclinical data using selective redox activity inhibitors of APE1/Ref-1 in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L Fishel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Hanyu Xia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jack McGeown
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland
| | - David W McIlwain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - May Elbanna
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ariel A Craft
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - George E Sandusky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Roberto Pili
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Mark R Kelley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Travis J Jerde
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana. .,Department of Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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4
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McIlwain DW, Fishel ML, Boos A, Kelley MR, Jerde TJ. APE1/Ref-1 redox-specific inhibition decreases survivin protein levels and induces cell cycle arrest in prostate cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017. [PMID: 29541389 PMCID: PMC5834255 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A key feature of prostate cancer progression is the induction and activation of survival proteins, including the Inhibitor of Apoptosis (IAP) family member survivin. Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/redox effector factor 1 (APE1/Ref-1) is a multifunctional protein that is essential in activating oncogenic transcription factors. Because APE1/Ref-1 is expressed and elevated in prostate cancer, we sought to characterize APE1/Ref-1 expression and activity in human prostate cancer cell lines and determine the effect of selective reduction-oxidation (redox) function inhibition on prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Due to the role of oncogenic transcriptional activators NFĸB and STAT3 in survivin protein expression, and APE1/Ref-1 redox activity regulating their transcriptional activity, we assessed selective inhibition of APE1/Ref-1’s redox function as a novel method to halt prostate cancer cell growth and survival. Our study demonstrates that survivin and APE1/Ref-1 are significantly higher in human prostate cancer specimens compared to noncancerous controls and that APE1/Ref-1 redox-specific inhibition with small molecule inhibitor, APX3330 and a second-generation inhibitor, APX2009, decreases prostate cancer cell proliferation and induces cell cycle arrest. Inhibition of APE1/Ref-1 redox function significantly reduced NFĸB transcriptional activity, survivin mRNA and survivin protein levels. These data indicate that APE1/Ref-1 is a key regulator of survivin and a potentially viable target in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W McIlwain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Melissa L Fishel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Alexander Boos
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Mark R Kelley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Travis J Jerde
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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5
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Benli E, Bayrak A, Cirakoglu A, Bayrak T, Noyan T. Comparison of serum acetyl hydrolase (PAF-AH) and paraoxonase 1 (PON1) values between prostate cancer patients and a control group. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2017; 33:572-577. [PMID: 29050675 DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to measure platelet-activating factor acetyl hydrolase (PAF-AH) and paraoxonase (PON1) enzyme activity levels in patients with high Psa values to compare with healthy peers and also to determine the efficacy of these parameters in predicting pathologic results of patients with high Psa values. This study included 66 patients with Psa value > 4 ng/dl (Group 1) and 44 patients with Psa <4 ng/dl (Group 2) for a total of 110 patients. Parameters measured in serum of PON1, PAF-AH, and MDA were compared between the groups. Additionally the same parameters were compared between patients with prostate biopsy performed due to high Psa and diagnosed with cancer and the control group with normal Psa values. The PAF-AH activity in Group 1 was 125.17 ± 8.64 and in Group 2 was 120.08 ± 9.23 U/ml (p = 0.003). The PON1 activity was 63.12 ± 6.74 and 65.91 ± 7.77 U/ml in the groups, respectively (p = 0.04). Additionally, there were significant differences identified between the control group and PCa diagnosis group in terms of PAF-AH and PON1 activities (p = 0.004 and p = 0.02, respectively). The enzyme activity of PAF-AH and PON1 measured in serum of patients with high Psa value and patients with diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa) were identified to have changed by a significant amount compared to healthy peers with normal Psa value. It was concluded that these parameters may be beneficial markers for use in assessment of patients with high Psa value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdal Benli
- Department of Urology, Ordu University Faculty of Medicine, Ordu, Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Bayrak
- Department of Biochemistry, Ordu University Faculty of Medicine, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Cirakoglu
- Department of Urology, Ordu University Faculty of Medicine, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Tulin Bayrak
- Department of Biochemistry, Ordu University Faculty of Medicine, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Tevfik Noyan
- Department of Biochemistry, Ordu University Faculty of Medicine, Ordu, Turkey
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Xu HL, Yu WZ, Lu CT, Li XK, Zhao YZ. Delivery of growth factor-based therapeutics in vascular diseases: Challenges and strategies. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [PMID: 28296342 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Either cardiovascular or peripheral vascular diseases have become the major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recently, growth factors therapeutics, whatever administrated in form of exogenous growth factors or their relevant genes have been discovered to be an effective strategy for the prevention and therapy of vascular diseases, because of their promoting angiogenesis. Besides, as an alternative, stem cell-based therapy has been also developed in view of their paracrine-mediated effect or ability of differentiation toward angiogenesis-related cells under assistance of growth factors. Despite of being specific and potent, no matter growth factors or stem cells-based therapy, their full clinical transformation is limited from bench to bedside. In this review, the potential choices of therapeutic modes based on types of different growth factors or stem cells were firstly summarized for vascular diseases. The confronted various challenges such as lack of non-invasive delivery method, the physiochemical challenge, the short half-life time, and poor cell survival, were carefully analyzed for these therapeutic modes. Various strategies to overcome these limitations are put forward from the perspective of drug delivery. The expertised design of a suitable delivery form will undoubtedly provide valuable insight into their clinical application in the regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Lin Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wen-Ze Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Cui-Tao Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiao-Kun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Science by Wenzhou University & Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ying-Zheng Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
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