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Fei X, Liu J, Xu J, Jing H, Cai Z, Yan J, Wu Z, Li H, Wang Z, Shen Y. Integrating spatial transcriptomics and single-cell RNA-sequencing reveals the alterations in epithelial cells during nodular formation in benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Transl Med 2024; 22:380. [PMID: 38654277 PMCID: PMC11036735 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05212-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Proliferative nodular formation represents a characteristic pathological feature of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and serves as the primary cause for prostate volume enlargement and consequent lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Its specific mechanism is largely unknown, although several cellular processes have been reported to be involved in BPH initiation and development and highlighted the crucial role of epithelial cells in proliferative nodular formation. However, the technological limitations hinder the in vivo investigation of BPH patients. METHODS The robust cell type decomposition (RCTD) method was employed to integrate spatial transcriptomics and single cell RNA sequencing profiles, enabling the elucidation of epithelial cell alterations during nodular formation. Immunofluorescent and immunohistochemical staining was performed for verification. RESULTS The alterations of epithelial cells during the formation of nodules in BPH was observed, and a distinct subgroup of basal epithelial (BE) cells, referred to as BE5, was identified to play a crucial role in driving this progression through the hypoxia-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signaling pathway. BE5 served as both the initiating cell during nodular formation and the transitional cell during the transformation from luminal epithelial (LE) to BE cells. A distinguishing characteristic of the BE5 cell subgroup in patients with BPH was its heightened hypoxia and upregulated expression of FOS. Histological verification results confirmed a significant association between c-Fos expression and key biological processes such as hypoxia and cell proliferation, as well as the close relationship between hypoxia and EMT in BPH tissues. Furthermore, a strong link between c-Fos expression and the progression of BPH was also been validated. Additionally, notable functional differences were observed in glandular and stromal nodules regarding BE5 cells, with BE5 in glandular nodules exhibiting enhanced capacities for EMT and cell proliferation characterized by club-like cell markers. CONCLUSIONS This study elucidated the comprehensive landscape of epithelial cells during in vivo nodular formation in patients, thereby offering novel insights into the initiation and progression of BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiawei Fei
- Department of Urology, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 201799, People's Republic of China
| | - Jican Liu
- Department of Pathology, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 201799, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyan Xu
- University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, People's Republic of China
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Gongli Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200135, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Jing
- Department of Pathology, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 201799, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhonglin Cai
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Gongli Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200135, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiasheng Yan
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Gongli Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200135, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenqi Wu
- Department of Urology, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 201799, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifeng Li
- Department of Urology, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 201799, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Gongli Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200135, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanting Shen
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Gongli Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200135, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China.
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Herzberg H, Savin Z, Fahoum I, Lifshitz K, Schwarztuch Gildor O, Veredgorn Y, Marom R, Yossepowitch O, Sofer M. Revisiting the issue of "beach balls" in holmium laser enucleation of prostate: clinical and histological characterization. World J Urol 2024; 42:201. [PMID: 38546885 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-024-04902-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To clinically and histologically characterize prostatic nodules resistant to morcellation ("beach balls," BBs). PATIENTS AND METHODS We reviewed a consecutive cohort of 559 holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) procedures performed between January 2020 and November 2023. The BBs group comprised 55 men (10%) and the control group comprised 504 men (90%). The clinical, intraoperative, outcome, and histologic data were statistically processed for the prediction of the presence of BBs and their influence on the perioperative course and outcome. RESULTS The BBs group in comparison to the controls was older (75 vs 73 years, respectively, p = 0.009) and had higher rates of chronic retention (51 vs 29%, p = 0.001), larger prostates on preoperative abdominal ultrasound (AUS) (140 vs 80 cc, p = 0.006E-16), longer operating time (120 vs 80 min, p = 0.001), higher weights of removed tissue (101 vs 60 gr, p = 0.008E-10), higher complication rates (5 vs 1%, p = 0.03), and longer hospitalization (p = 0.014). A multivariate analysis revealed that larger prostates on preoperative AUS and older age independently predicted the presence of BBs which would prolong operating time. ROC analyses revealed that a threshold of 103 cc on AUS predicted BBs with 94% sensitivity and 84% specificity. BBs were mostly characterized histologically by stromal component (p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS BBs are expected in older patients and cases of chronic retention. Prostatic volume is the most reliable predictor of their presence. They contribute to prolonged operating time and increased risk of complications. The predominantly stromal composition of the BBs apparently confers their resistance to morcellation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haim Herzberg
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, 6 Weizmann St., 6423906, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ziv Savin
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, 6 Weizmann St., 6423906, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ibrahim Fahoum
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medial & Health Sciences, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Karin Lifshitz
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, 6 Weizmann St., 6423906, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Omri Schwarztuch Gildor
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, 6 Weizmann St., 6423906, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Yotam Veredgorn
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, 6 Weizmann St., 6423906, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ron Marom
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, 6 Weizmann St., 6423906, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ofer Yossepowitch
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, 6 Weizmann St., 6423906, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Mario Sofer
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, 6 Weizmann St., 6423906, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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Simvastatin Improves Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Role of Peroxisome-Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ and Classic WNT/β-Catenin Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054911. [PMID: 36902342 PMCID: PMC10003121 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common disease in elderly men with an uncertain etiology and mechanistic basis. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is also a very common illness and is closely related to BPH. Simvastatin (SV) is one of the widely used statins for MetS. Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), crosstalking with the WNT/β-catenin pathway, plays important roles in MetS. Our current study aimed to examine SV-PPARγ-WNT/β-catenin signaling in the development of BPH. Human prostate tissues and cell lines plus a BPH rat model were utilized. Immunohistochemical, immunofluorescence, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson's trichrome staining, construction of a tissue microarray (TMA), ELISA, CCK-8 assay, qRT-PCR, flow cytometry, and Western blotting were also performed. PPARγ was expressed in both prostate stroma and epithelial compartments and downregulated in BPH tissues. Furthermore, SV dose-dependently triggered cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase and attenuated tissue fibrosis and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process both in vitro and in vivo. SV also upregulated the PPARγ pathway, whose antagonist could reverse SV produced in the aforementioned biological process. Additionally, crosstalk between PPARγ and WNT/β-catenin signaling was demonstrated. Finally, correlation analysis with our TMA containing 104 BPH specimens showed that PPARγ was negatively related with prostate volume (PV) and free prostate-specific antigen (fPSA) and positively correlated with maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax). WNT-1 and β-catenin were positively related with International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and nocturia, respectively. Our novel data demonstrate that SV could modulate cell proliferation, apoptosis, tissue fibrosis, and the EMT process in the prostate through crosstalk between PPARγ and WNT/β-catenin pathways.
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Changes in the Expression and Functional Activities of C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 13 ( CXCL13) in Hyperplastic Prostate. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010056. [PMID: 36613500 PMCID: PMC9820459 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13), a member of the CXC subtype in chemokine superfamily, affects numerous biological processes of various types of cells and the progress of a great number of clinical diseases. The purpose of the current study was to reveal the internal mechanism between CXCL13 and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). METHODS Human serum, prostate tissues and human prostate cell lines (BPH-1, WPMY-1) were utilized. The effect of recombinant human CXCL13 (rHuCXCL13) protein and the influences of the knockdown/overexpression of CXCL13 on two cell lines were studied. Rescue experiments by anti-CXCR5 were also conducted. In vivo, rHuCXCL13 was injected into the ventral prostate of rats. Additionally, a tissue microarray of hyperplastic prostate tissues was constructed to analyze the correlations between CXCL13 and clinical parameters. RESULTS CXCL13 was highly expressed in the prostate tissues and upregulated in the BPH group. It was observed that CXCL13 modulated cell proliferation, apoptosis, and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through CXCR5 via AKT and the ERK1/2 pathway in BPH-1, while it contributed to inflammation and fibrosis through CXCR5 via the STAT3 pathway in WPMY-1. In vivo, rHuCXCL13 induced the development of rat BPH. Additionally, CXCL13 was positively correlated with the prostate volume and total prostate specific antigen. CONCLUSIONS Our novel data demonstrated that CXCL13 modulated cell proliferation, cell cycle, the EMT of epithelial cells, and induced the fibrosis of prostatic stromal cells via a variety of inflammatory factors, suggesting that CXCL13 might be rediscovered as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of BPH.
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Integrated analysis reveals FOXA1 and Ku70/Ku80 as targets of ivermectin in prostate cancer. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:754. [PMID: 36050295 PMCID: PMC9436997 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05182-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Ivermectin is a widely used antiparasitic drug and shows promising anticancer activity in various cancer types. Although multiple signaling pathways modulated by ivermectin have been identified in tumor cells, few studies have focused on the exact target of ivermectin. Herein, we report the pharmacological effects and targets of ivermectin in prostate cancer. Ivermectin caused G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, induced cell apoptosis and DNA damage, and decreased androgen receptor (AR) signaling in prostate cancer cells. Further in vivo analysis showed ivermectin could suppress 22RV1 xenograft progression. Using integrated omics profiling, including RNA-seq and thermal proteome profiling, the forkhead box protein A1 (FOXA1) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair executer Ku70/Ku80 were strongly suggested as direct targets of ivermectin in prostate cancer. The interaction of ivermectin and FOXA1 reduced the chromatin accessibility of AR signaling and the G0/G1 cell cycle regulator E2F1, leading to cell proliferation inhibition. The interaction of ivermectin and Ku70/Ku80 impaired the NHEJ repair ability. Cooperating with the downregulation of homologous recombination repair ability after AR signaling inhibition, ivermectin increased intracellular DNA double-strand breaks and finally triggered cell death. Our findings demonstrate the anticancer effect of ivermectin in prostate cancer, indicating that its use may be a new therapeutic approach for prostate cancer.
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Hudson CN, He K, Pascal LE, Liu T, Myklebust LK, Dhir R, Srivastava P, Yoshimura N, Wang Z, Ricke WA, DeFranco DB. Increased COX-1 expression in benign prostate epithelial cells is triggered by mitochondrial dysfunction. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2022; 10:234-245. [PMID: 36051613 PMCID: PMC9428567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostatic inflammation is closely linked to the development and progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Clinical studies of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), targeting prostate inflammation patients with symptomatic BPH have demonstrated conflicting results, with some studies demonstrating symptom improvement and others showing no impact. Thus, understanding the role of the cyclooxygenases in BPH and prostatic inflammation is important. METHODS The expression of COX-1 was analyzed in a cohort of donors and BPH patients by immunohistochemistry and compared to previously determined characteristics for this same cohort. The impact of mitochondrial dysfunction on COX-1 and COX-2 was determined in experiments treating human benign prostate epithelial cell lines BPH-1 and RWPE-1 with rotenone and MitoQ. RWPE-1 cells were transfected with small interfering RNA specific to complex 1 gene NDUFS3. RESULTS COX-1 expression was increased in the epithelial cells of BPH specimens compared to young healthy organ donor and normal prostate adjacent to BPH and frequently co-occurred with COX-2 alteration in BPH patients. COX-1 immunostaining was associated with the presence of CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells, but was not associated with age, prostate size, COX-2 or the presence of CD4+, CD20+ or CD68+ inflammatory cells. In cell line studies, COX protein levels were elevated following treatment with inhibitors of mitochondrial function. MitoQ significantly decreased mitochondrial membrane potential in RWPE-1 cells. Knockdown of NDUFS3 stimulated COX-1 expression. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest COX-1 is elevated in BPH epithelial cells and is associated with increased presence of CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells. COX-1 can be induced in benign prostate epithelial cells in response to mitochondrial complex I inhibition, and knockdown of the complex 1 protein NDUFS3. COX-1 and mitochondrial dysfunction may play more of a role than previously recognized in the development of age-related benign prostatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandler N Hudson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kai He
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Laura E Pascal
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Teresa Liu
- Department of Urology, University of WisconsinMadison, WI, USA
| | | | - Rajiv Dhir
- Department of Pathology, UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Pooja Srivastava
- Department of Pathology, UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Naoki Yoshimura
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - William A Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of WisconsinMadison, WI, USA
| | - Donald B DeFranco
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA
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7
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Liu D, Liu J, Li Y, Liu H, Hassan HM, He W, Li M, Zhou Y, Fu X, Zhan J, Wang Z, Yang S, Chen P, Xu D, Wang X, DiSanto ME, Zeng G, Zhang X. Upregulated bone morphogenetic protein 5 enhances proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition process in benign prostatic hyperplasia via BMP/Smad signaling pathway. Prostate 2021; 81:1435-1449. [PMID: 34553788 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common illnesses in aging men. Recent studies found that bone morphogenetic protein 5 (BMP5) is upregulated in BPH tissues, however, the role of BMP5 in the development of BPH has not been examined. The current study aims to elucidate the potential roles of BMP5 and related signaling pathways in BPH. METHODS Human prostate cell lines (BPH-1, WPMY-1) and human/rat hyperplastic prostate tissues were utilized. Western blot, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescent staining, and immunohistochemical staining were performed. BMP5-silenced and -overexpressed cell models were generated and then cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and proliferation were determined. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was also quantitated. And rescue experiments by BMP/Smad signaling pathway agonist or antagonist were accomplished. Moreover, BPH-related tissue microarray analysis was performed and associations between clinical parameters and expression of BMP5 were analyzed. RESULTS Our study demonstrated that BMP5 was upregulated in human and rat hyperplastic tissues and localized both in the epithelial and stromal compartments of the prostate tissues. E-cadherin was downregulated in hyperplastic tissues, while N-cadherin and vimentin were upregulated. Overexpression of BMP5 enhanced cell proliferation and the EMT process via phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8, while knockdown of BMP5 induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase and blocked the EMT process. Moreover, a BMP/Smad signaling pathway agonist and antagonist reversed the effects of BMP5 silencing and overexpression, respectively. In addition, BMP5 expression positively correlated with prostate volume and total prostate-specific antigen. CONCLUSION Our novel data suggest that BMP5 modulated cell proliferation and the EMT process through the BMP/Smad signaling pathway which could contribute to the development of BPH. However, further studies are required to determine the exact mechanism. Our study also indicated that BMP/Smad signaling may be rediscovered as a promising new therapeutic target for the treatment of BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoquan Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianmin Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hassan M Hassan
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weixiang He
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingzhou Li
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongying Zhou
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xun Fu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junfeng Zhan
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu Yang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Deqiang Xu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinhuan Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Michael E DiSanto
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, New Jersey, USA
| | - Guang Zeng
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinhua Zhang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Phua TJ. The Etiology and Pathophysiology Genesis of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostate Cancer: A New Perspective. MEDICINES 2021; 8:medicines8060030. [PMID: 34208086 PMCID: PMC8230771 DOI: 10.3390/medicines8060030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: The etiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer are unknown, with ageing being the greatness risk factor. Methods: This new perspective evaluates the available interdisciplinary evidence regarding prostate ageing in terms of the cell biology of regulation and homeostasis, which could explain the timeline of evolutionary cancer biology as degenerative, inflammatory and neoplasm progressions in these multifactorial and heterogeneous prostatic diseases. Results: This prostate ageing degeneration hypothesis encompasses the testosterone-vascular-inflamm-ageing triad, along with the cell biology regulation of amyloidosis and autophagy within an evolutionary tumorigenesis microenvironment. Conclusions: An understanding of these biological processes of prostate ageing can provide potential strategies for early prevention and could contribute to maintaining quality of life for the ageing individual along with substantial medical cost savings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teow J Phua
- Molecular Medicine, NSW Health Pathology, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia
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Lee SN, Kraska J, Papargiris M, Teng L, Niranjan B, Hammar J, Ryan A, Frydenberg M, Lawrentschuk N, Middendorff R, Ellem SJ, Whittaker M, Risbridger GP, Exintaris B. Oxytocin receptor antagonists as a novel pharmacological agent for reducing smooth muscle tone in the human prostate. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6352. [PMID: 33737570 PMCID: PMC7973579 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85439-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacotherapies for the treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) are targeted at reducing cellular proliferation (static component) or reducing smooth muscle tone (dynamic component), but response is unpredictable and many patients fail to respond. An impediment to identifying novel pharmacotherapies is the incomplete understanding of paracrine signalling. Oxytocin has been highlighted as a potential paracrine mediator of BPH. To better understand oxytocin signalling, we investigated the effects of exogenous oxytocin on both stromal cell proliferation, and inherent spontaneous prostate contractions using primary models derived from human prostate tissue. We show that the Oxytocin Receptor (OXTR) is widely expressed in the human prostate, and co-localises to contractile cells within the prostate stroma. Exogenous oxytocin did not modulate prostatic fibroblast proliferation, but did significantly (p < 0.05) upregulate the frequency of spontaneous contractions in prostate tissue, indicating a role in generating smooth muscle tone. Application of atosiban, an OXTR antagonist, significantly (p < 0.05) reduced spontaneous contractions. Individual tissue responsiveness to both exogenous oxytocin (R2 = 0.697, p < 0.01) and atosiban (R2 = 0.472, p < 0.05) was greater in tissue collected from older men. Overall, our data suggest that oxytocin is a key regulator of inherent spontaneous prostate contractions, and targeting of the OXTR and associated downstream signalling is an attractive prospect in the development of novel BPH pharmacotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie N Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jenna Kraska
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,TissuPath, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa Papargiris
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,TissuPath, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Linda Teng
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Birunthi Niranjan
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Johanna Hammar
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | | | - Mark Frydenberg
- Department of Surgery, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Australian Urology Associates, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nathan Lawrentschuk
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,EJ Whitten Prostate Cancer Research Centre at Epworth Heathcare, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ralf Middendorff
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stuart J Ellem
- School of Health and Wellbeing, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael Whittaker
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Gail P Risbridger
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Betty Exintaris
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.
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