1
|
Gao J, Liu H, Wu K, Yan J, Li H, Yang R, Tong C, Pang L, Li J. Biocatalyst and colorimetric biosensor of carcinoembryonic antigen constructed via chicken egg white-copper phosphate organic/inorganic hybrid nanoflowers. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 601:50-59. [PMID: 34077844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
In this article, the dual-functional chicken egg white-copper phosphate organic-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers (Cu-NFs), combining the functions of signal amplification and biological recognition, were prepared through a simple one-pot method. The Cu-NFs exhibit excellent biocatalytic activity of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase. Besides, a biotin-labeled secondary antibody encapsulated Cu-NFs-2 (Cu-NFs-2@Biotin-NHS-Ab2) capture probe was prepared by using the interaction between avidin in the egg white and biotin. Based upon this superiority, the as-prepared Cu-NFs-2 were used in labeled avidin-biotin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Cu-NFs-2 based-LAB-ELISA) to construct a sensitive colorimetric biosensor for the ultrasensitive detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Under weak alkaline (pH = 7.5) conditions, the as-developed colorimetric sensor displayed a wide linear range of 0.05-40 ng/mL with a detection limit of 3.52 pg/mL. Furthermore, this colorimetric sensor has been successfully applied to the detection of CEA in human serum samples. Therefore, the as-developed colorimetric sensor has broad application prospects in the field of medical diagnosis and portable detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Functionalization for Inorganic Materials, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, PR China
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Functionalization for Inorganic Materials, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China.
| | - Kexin Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Functionalization for Inorganic Materials, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China
| | - Jifeng Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Functionalization for Inorganic Materials, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China
| | - Huayu Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Functionalization for Inorganic Materials, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China
| | - Ruixuan Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Functionalization for Inorganic Materials, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China
| | - Cheng Tong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Functionalization for Inorganic Materials, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China
| | - Lingyan Pang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Functionalization for Inorganic Materials, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China
| | - Junqi Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Functionalization for Inorganic Materials, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jeon BJ, Kim S, Kim MS, Lee JH, Kim BS, Hwang KY. Insights into the structure of mature streptavidin C1 from Streptomyces cinnamonensis reveal the self-binding of the extension C-terminal peptide to biotin-binding sites. IUCRJ 2021; 8:168-177. [PMID: 33708394 PMCID: PMC7924230 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252520015675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The members of the avidin protein family are well known for their high affinity towards d-biotin and their structural stability. These properties make avidins a valuable tool for various biotechnological applications. In the present study, two avidin-like biotin-binding proteins (named streptavidin C1 and C2) from Streptomyces cinnamonensis were newly identified while exploring antifungal proteins against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum. Streptavidin C1 reveals a low correlation (a sequence identity of approximately 64%) with all known streptavidins, whereas streptavidin C2 shares a sequence identity of approximately 94% with other streptavidins. Here, the crystal structures of streptavidin C1 in the mature form and in complex with biotin at 2.1 and 2.5 Å resolution, respectively, were assessed. The overall structures present similar tetrameric features with D 2 symmetry to other (strept)avidin structures. Interestingly, the long C-terminal region comprises a short α-helix (C-Lid; residues 169-179) and an extension C-terminal peptide (ECP; residues 180-191) which stretches into the biotin-binding sites of the same monomer. This ECP sequence (-180VTSANPPAS188-) is a newly defined biotin-binding site, which reduces the ability to bind to (strept)avidin family proteins. The novel streptavidin C1 could help in the development of an engineered tetrameric streptavidin with reduced biotin-binding capacity as well as other biomaterial tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Jun Jeon
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology for BK21 PLUS, Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Sulhee Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology for BK21 PLUS, Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Min-Seok Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology for BK21 PLUS, Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Ji-Ho Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology for BK21 PLUS, Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Beom Seok Kim
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology for BK21 PLUS, Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Kwang Yeon Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology for BK21 PLUS, Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hytönen VP. (Strept)avidin as a template for ligands other than biotin: An overview. Methods Enzymol 2020; 633:21-28. [PMID: 32046847 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chicken avidin and bacterial streptavidin are workhorses in biotechnology. We have used avidin as a scaffold protein to develop avidin variants with novel ligand-binding affinity, so-called antidins. This article covers the strategy applied in the development of antidins. Using a phage display developed for avidin, immobilized ligands were used to select binders from a phage pool displaying avidin variants with randomized sequence in the protein loops. Antidins binding various ligands with nanomolar affinity were obtained. Antidins have already been demonstrated to be suitable for a diagnostic assay measuring serum progesterone levels and they offer a promising alternative to antibodies for the recognition of small molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vesa P Hytönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology and BioMediTech, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu D, Wegner SV. Multifunctional streptavidin–biotin conjugates with precise stoichiometries. Chem Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01589j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multifunctional streptavidin-biotin conjugates with defined stoichiometry and number of open binding pockets provide molecularly precise alternatives to the statistical mixture of products that typically forms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Xu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Seraphine V. Wegner
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
- University of Münster
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Agrawal N, Lehtonen SI, Uusi-Mäkelä M, Jain P, Viitala S, Määttä JAE, Kähkönen N, Azizi L, Riihimäki TA, Kulomaa MS, Johnson MS, Hytönen VP, Airenne TT. Molecular features of steroid-binding antidins and their use for assaying serum progesterone. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212339. [PMID: 30785944 PMCID: PMC6382169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken avidin (Avd) and streptavidin from Streptomyces avidinii are extensively used in bionanotechnology due to their extremely tight binding to biotin (Kd ~ 10−15 M for chicken Avd). We previously reported engineered Avds known as antidins, which have micro- to nanomolar affinities for steroids, non-natural ligands of Avd. Here, we report the 2.8 Å X-ray structure of the sbAvd-2 (I117Y) antidin co-crystallized with progesterone. We describe the creation of new synthetic phage display libraries and report the experimental as well as computational binding analysis of progesterone-binding antidins. We introduce a next-generation antidin with 5 nM binding affinity for progesterone, and demonstrate the use of antidins for measuring progesterone in serum samples. Our data give insights on how to engineer and alter the binding preferences of Avds and to develop better molecular tools for modern bionanotechnological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Agrawal
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Soili I. Lehtonen
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Meri Uusi-Mäkelä
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Purvi Jain
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sari Viitala
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha A. E. Määttä
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Niklas Kähkönen
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Latifeh Azizi
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tiina A. Riihimäki
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Markku S. Kulomaa
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mark S. Johnson
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Vesa P. Hytönen
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- * E-mail: (TTA); (VPH)
| | - Tomi T. Airenne
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- * E-mail: (TTA); (VPH)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Avraham O, Bayer EA, Livnah O. Crystal structure of afifavidin reveals common features of molecular assemblage in the bacterial dimeric avidins. FEBS J 2018; 285:4617-4630. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Orly Avraham
- Department of Biological Chemistry The Alexander Silverman Institute of Life Sciences The Wolfson Centre for Applied Structural Biology The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Israel
| | - Edward A. Bayer
- Department of Biological Chemistry The Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel
| | - Oded Livnah
- Department of Biological Chemistry The Alexander Silverman Institute of Life Sciences The Wolfson Centre for Applied Structural Biology The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Israel
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Strzelczyk P, Bujacz G. Crystal structure and ligand affinity of avidin in the complex with 4′-hydroxyazobenzene-2-carboxylic acid. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
8
|
Lehtonen SI, Tullila A, Agrawal N, Kukkurainen S, Kähkönen N, Koskinen M, Nevanen TK, Johnson MS, Airenne TT, Kulomaa MS, Riihimäki TA, Hytönen VP. Artificial Avidin-Based Receptors for a Panel of Small Molecules. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:211-21. [PMID: 26550684 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Proteins with high specificity, affinity, and stability are needed for biomolecular recognition in a plethora of applications. Antibodies are powerful affinity tools, but they may also suffer from limitations such as low stability and high production costs. Avidin and streptavidin provide a promising scaffold for protein engineering, and due to their ultratight binding to D-biotin they are widely used in various biotechnological and biomedical applications. In this study, we demonstrate that the avidin scaffold is suitable for use as a novel receptor for several biologically active small molecules: Artificial, chicken avidin-based proteins, antidins, were generated using a directed evolution method for progesterone, hydrocortisone, testosterone, cholic acid, ketoprofen, and folic acid, all with micromolar to nanomolar affinity and significantly reduced biotin-binding affinity. We also describe the crystal structure of an antidin, sbAvd-2(I117Y), a steroid-binding avidin, which proves that the avidin scaffold can tolerate significant modifications without losing its characteristic tetrameric beta-barrel structure, helping us to further design avidin-based small molecule receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soili I. Lehtonen
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Biokatu 6, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Antti Tullila
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 2, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Nitin Agrawal
- Structural
Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Sampo Kukkurainen
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Biokatu 6, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Biokatu
4, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Niklas Kähkönen
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Biokatu 6, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Masi Koskinen
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Biokatu 6, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Tarja K. Nevanen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 2, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Mark S. Johnson
- Structural
Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Tomi T. Airenne
- Structural
Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Markku S. Kulomaa
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Biokatu 6, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Tiina A. Riihimäki
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Biokatu 6, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Vesa P. Hytönen
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Biokatu 6, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Biokatu
4, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kurppa K, Hytönen VP, Nakari-Setälä T, Kulomaa MS, Linder MB. Molecular engineering of avidin and hydrophobin for functional self-assembling interfaces. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 120:102-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
10
|
Sun X, Montiel D, Li H, Yang H. “Plug-and-Go” Strategy To Manipulate Streptavidin Valencies. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:1375-80. [DOI: 10.1021/bc500296p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xun Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Daniel Montiel
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Haw Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tossavainen H, Kukkurainen S, Määttä JAE, Kähkönen N, Pihlajamaa T, Hytönen VP, Kulomaa MS, Permi P. Chimeric Avidin--NMR structure and dynamics of a 56 kDa homotetrameric thermostable protein. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100564. [PMID: 24959850 PMCID: PMC4069078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric avidin (ChiAVD) is a product of rational protein engineering remarkably resistant to heat and harsh conditions. In quest of the fundamentals behind factors affecting stability we have elucidated the solution NMR spectroscopic structure of the biotin–bound form of ChiAVD and characterized the protein dynamics through 15N relaxation and hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange of this and the biotin–free form. To surmount the challenges arising from the very large size of the protein for NMR spectroscopy, we took advantage of its high thermostability. Conventional triple resonance experiments for fully protonated proteins combined with methyl–detection optimized experiments acquired at 58°C were adequate for the structure determination of this 56 kDa protein. The model–free parameters derived from the 15N relaxation data reveal a remarkably rigid protein at 58°C in both the biotin–bound and the free forms. The H/D exchange experiments indicate a notable increase in hydrogen protection upon biotin binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Tossavainen
- Program in Structural Biology and Biophysics, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sampo Kukkurainen
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Juha A. E. Määttä
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- BioMediTech, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Niklas Kähkönen
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- BioMediTech, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tero Pihlajamaa
- Program in Structural Biology and Biophysics, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vesa P. Hytönen
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- BioMediTech, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Markku S. Kulomaa
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- BioMediTech, Tampere, Finland
| | - Perttu Permi
- Program in Structural Biology and Biophysics, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rangl M, Leitner M, Riihimäki T, Lehtonen S, Hytönen VP, Gruber HJ, Kulomaa M, Hinterdorfer P, Ebner A. Investigating the binding behaviour of two avidin-based testosterone binders using molecular recognition force spectroscopy. J Mol Recognit 2014; 27:92-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Rangl
- Institute of Biophysics; Johannes Kepler University Linz; Gruberstrasse 40 4020 Linz Austria
| | - Michael Leitner
- Institute of Biophysics; Johannes Kepler University Linz; Gruberstrasse 40 4020 Linz Austria
| | - Tiina Riihimäki
- Institute of Biomedical Technology; University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital; Biokatu 6 33520 Tampere Finland
| | - Soili Lehtonen
- Institute of Biomedical Technology; University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital; Biokatu 6 33520 Tampere Finland
| | - Vesa P. Hytönen
- Institute of Biomedical Technology; University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital; Biokatu 6 33520 Tampere Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories; Biokatu 4 33520 Tampere Finland
| | - Hermann J. Gruber
- Institute of Biophysics; Johannes Kepler University Linz; Gruberstrasse 40 4020 Linz Austria
| | - Markku Kulomaa
- Institute of Biomedical Technology; University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital; Biokatu 6 33520 Tampere Finland
| | - Peter Hinterdorfer
- Institute of Biophysics; Johannes Kepler University Linz; Gruberstrasse 40 4020 Linz Austria
- Center for Advanced Bioanalysis; Gruberstrasse 40 4020 Linz Austria
| | - Andreas Ebner
- Institute of Biophysics; Johannes Kepler University Linz; Gruberstrasse 40 4020 Linz Austria
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Strzelczyk P, Bujacz A, Plażuk D, Zakrzewski J, Bujacz G. Structural investigation of the interactions of biotinylruthenocene with avidin. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 204:6-12. [PMID: 23603015 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of avidin, a protein from hen egg white, was determined in the form of a complex with biotinylruthenocene. This biotin-derived organometallic ligand is a potential anticancer agent for targeted therapy based upon avidin-biotin technology. Isothermal titration calorimetry experiments, involving avidin complexes with biotin (vitamin H or B7) derivatives, show differences in their affinity to the protein in comparison to its avidin-biotin complex, the strongest known biochemical interaction in Nature. The crystal structure of the first complex of avidin with biotinylruthenocene, determined at 2.5Å resolution (PDB: 4I60), shows unique interactions of the ruthenocene moiety with avidin. Biotin derivatives exhibit weaker affinity to avidin then biotin, which allows their wider use in biotechnology. The specific properties of biotinylruthenocene and the knowledge of its interactions with avidin may be useful in biochemical, medical, and nanotechnological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Strzelczyk
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Stefanowskiego 4/10, Poland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Niederhauser B, Siivonen J, Määttä JA, Jänis J, Kulomaa MS, Hytönen VP. DNA family shuffling within the chicken avidin protein family – A shortcut to more powerful protein tools. J Biotechnol 2012; 157:38-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
|
15
|
Riihimäki TA, Hiltunen S, Rangl M, Nordlund HR, Määttä JAE, Ebner A, Hinterdorfer P, Kulomaa MS, Takkinen K, Hytönen VP. Modification of the loops in the ligand-binding site turns avidin into a steroid-binding protein. BMC Biotechnol 2011; 11:64. [PMID: 21658230 PMCID: PMC3201017 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-11-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Engineered proteins, with non-immunoglobulin scaffolds, have become an important alternative to antibodies in many biotechnical and therapeutic applications. When compared to antibodies, tailored proteins may provide advantageous properties such as a smaller size or a more stable structure. Results Avidin is a widely used protein in biomedicine and biotechnology. To tailor the binding properties of avidin, we have designed a sequence-randomized avidin library with mutagenesis focused at the loop area of the binding site. Selection from the generated library led to the isolation of a steroid-binding avidin mutant (sbAvd-1) showing micromolar affinity towards testosterone (Kd ~ 9 μM). Furthermore, a gene library based on the sbAvd-1 gene was created by randomizing the loop area between β-strands 3 and 4. Phage display selection from this library led to the isolation of a steroid-binding protein with significantly decreased biotin binding affinity compared to sbAvd-1. Importantly, differential scanning calorimetry and analytical gel-filtration revealed that the high stability and the tetrameric structure were preserved in these engineered avidins. Conclusions The high stability and structural properties of avidin make it an attractive molecule for the engineering of novel receptors. This methodology may allow the use of avidin as a universal scaffold in the development of novel receptors for small molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiina A Riihimäki
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Riihimäki TA, Kukkurainen S, Varjonen S, Hörhä J, Nyholm TKM, Kulomaa MS, Hytönen VP. Construction of chimeric dual-chain avidin by tandem fusion of the related avidins. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20535. [PMID: 21655240 PMCID: PMC3105096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Avidin is a chicken egg-white protein with high affinity to vitamin H, also known as D-biotin. Many applications in life science research are based on this strong interaction. Avidin is a homotetrameric protein, which promotes its modification to symmetrical entities. Dual-chain avidin, a genetically engineered avidin form, has two circularly permuted chicken avidin monomers that are tandem-fused into one polypeptide chain. This form of avidin enables independent modification of the two domains, including the two biotin-binding pockets; however, decreased yields in protein production, compared to wt avidin, and complicated genetic manipulation of two highly similar DNA sequences in the tandem gene have limited the use of dual-chain avidin in biotechnological applications. Principal Findings To overcome challenges associated with the original dual-chain avidin, we developed chimeric dual-chain avidin, which is a tandem fusion of avidin and avidin-related protein 4 (AVR4), another member of the chicken avidin gene family. We observed an increase in protein production and better thermal stability, compared with the original dual-chain avidin. Additionally, PCR amplification of the hybrid gene was more efficient, thus enabling more convenient and straightforward modification of the dual-chain avidin. When studied closer, the generated chimeric dual-chain avidin showed biphasic biotin dissociation. Significance The improved dual-chain avidin introduced here increases its potential for future applications. This molecule offers a valuable base for developing bi-functional avidin tools for bioseparation, carrier proteins, and nanoscale adapters. Additionally, this strategy could be helpful when generating hetero-oligomers from other oligomeric proteins with high structural similarity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiina A. Riihimäki
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sampo Kukkurainen
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Suvi Varjonen
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jarno Hörhä
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Thomas K. M. Nyholm
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Markku S. Kulomaa
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Vesa P. Hytönen
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Leppiniemi J, Määttä JAE, Hammaren H, Soikkeli M, Laitaoja M, Jänis J, Kulomaa MS, Hytönen VP. Bifunctional avidin with covalently modifiable ligand binding site. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16576. [PMID: 21305032 PMCID: PMC3029397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The extensive use of avidin and streptavidin in life sciences originates from the extraordinary tight biotin-binding affinity of these tetrameric proteins. Numerous studies have been performed to modify the biotin-binding affinity of (strept)avidin to improve the existing applications. Even so, (strept)avidin greatly favours its natural ligand, biotin. Here we engineered the biotin-binding pocket of avidin with a single point mutation S16C and thus introduced a chemically active thiol group, which could be covalently coupled with thiol-reactive molecules. This approach was applied to the previously reported bivalent dual chain avidin by modifying one binding site while preserving the other one intact. Maleimide was then coupled to the modified binding site resulting in a decrease in biotin affinity. Furthermore, we showed that this thiol could be covalently coupled to other maleimide derivatives, for instance fluorescent labels, allowing intratetrameric FRET. The bifunctional avidins described here provide improved and novel tools for applications such as the biofunctionalization of surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Leppiniemi
- Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Juha A. E. Määttä
- Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Henrik Hammaren
- Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mikko Soikkeli
- Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mikko Laitaoja
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Janne Jänis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Markku S. Kulomaa
- Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Vesa P. Hytönen
- Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Murray C, Markwick NP, Kaji R, Poulton J, Martin H, Christeller JT. Expression of various biotin-binding proteins in transgenic tobacco confers resistance to potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (fam. Gelechiidae). Transgenic Res 2010; 19:1041-51. [PMID: 20217475 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-010-9380-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The high affinity biotin-binding proteins (BBPs) avidin and streptavidin are established insecticidal agents, effective against a range of insect pests. Earlier work showed that, when expressed in planta, full length avidin and a truncated form of streptavidin are highly insecticidal. More recently, a wide range of BBPs, found in diverse organisms or engineered for various biotechnological applications have been reported. However, their effectiveness as plant-based insecticides has not been established. Here we report in planta expression of three different genes, designed to produce BBP variant proteins in the vacuole. The first was mature full length chicken avidin, the second a circularly permuted dual chain chicken avidin, and the third was an avidin homologue, a native bradavidin from Bradyrhyzobium japonicum. All three proteins were expressed in Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco). The transgenic tobacco lines were healthy, phenotypically normal and, when subjected to bioassay, resistant to the important cosmopolitan pest, potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella) larvae at concentrations of ~50 ppm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Murray
- The New Zealand Institute of Plant and Food Research Ltd., Private Bag 11030, Manawatu Mail Centre, 4442, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Määttä JAE, Airenne TT, Nordlund HR, Jänis J, Paldanius TA, Vainiotalo P, Johnson MS, Kulomaa MS, Hytönen VP. Rational Modification of Ligand-Binding Preference of Avidin by Circular Permutation and Mutagenesis. Chembiochem 2008; 9:1124-35. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
20
|
Helppolainen S, Nurminen K, Määttä J, Halling K, Slotte J, Huhtala T, Liimatainen T, Ylä-Herttuala S, Airenne K, Närvänen A, Jänis J, Vainiotalo P, Valjakka J, Kulomaa M, Nordlund H. Rhizavidin from Rhizobium etli: the first natural dimer in the avidin protein family. Biochem J 2007; 405:397-405. [PMID: 17447892 PMCID: PMC2267316 DOI: 10.1042/bj20070076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rhizobium etli CFN42 is a symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacterium of the common bean Phaseolus vulgaris. The symbiotic plasmid p42d of R. etli comprises a gene encoding a putative (strept)avidin-like protein, named rhizavidin. The amino acid sequence identity of rhizavidin in relation to other known avidin-like proteins is 20-30%. The amino acid residues involved in the (strept)avidin-biotin interaction are well conserved in rhizavidin. The structural and functional properties of rhizavidin were carefully studied, and we found that rhizavidin shares characteristics with bradavidin, streptavidin and avidin. However, we found that it is the first naturally occurring dimeric protein in the avidin protein family, in contrast with tetrameric (strept)avidin and bradavidin. Moreover, it possesses a proline residue after a flexible loop (GGSG) in a position close to Trp-110 in avidin, which is an important biotin-binding residue. [3H]Biotin dissociation and ITC (isothermal titration calorimetry) experiments showed dimeric rhizavidin to be a high-affinity biotin-binding protein. Its thermal stability was lower than that of avidin; although similar to streptavidin, it was insensitive to proteinase K. The immunological cross-reactivity of rhizavidin was tested with human serum samples obtained from cancer patients exposed to (strept)avidin. No significant cross-reactivity was observed. The biodistribution of the protein was studied by SPECT (single-photon emission computed tomography) imaging in rats. Similarly to avidin, rhizavidin was observed to accumulate rapidly, mainly in the liver. Evidently, rhizavidin could be used as a complement to (strept)avidin in (strept)avidin-biotin technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satu H. Helppolainen
- *Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Kirsi P. Nurminen
- *Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Juha A. E. Määttä
- *Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Katrin K. Halling
- †Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - J. Peter Slotte
- †Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Tuulia Huhtala
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo Liimatainen
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- §A.I. Virtanen Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kari J. Airenne
- §A.I. Virtanen Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ale Närvänen
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Janne Jänis
- ∥Department of Chemistry, University of Joensuu, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Pirjo Vainiotalo
- ∥Department of Chemistry, University of Joensuu, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Jarkko Valjakka
- *Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Markku S. Kulomaa
- *Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Henri R. Nordlund
- *Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
- To whom correspondence should be addressed, at the present address NEXT Biomed Technologies Oy, Viikinkaar, 4, Fl-00790 Helsinki, Finland (email )
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Laitinen OH, Nordlund HR, Hytönen VP, Kulomaa MS. Brave new (strept)avidins in biotechnology. Trends Biotechnol 2007; 25:269-77. [PMID: 17433846 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2006] [Revised: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 04/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Avidin and streptavidin are widely used in (strept)avidin-biotin technology, which is based on their tight biotin-binding capability. These techniques are exceptionally diverse, ranging from simple purification and labeling methods to sophisticated drug pre-targeting and nanostructure-building approaches. Improvements in protein engineering have provided new possibilities to develop tailored protein tools. The (strept)avidin scaffold has been engineered to extend the existing range of applications and to develop new ones. Modifications to (strept)avidins--such as simple amino acid substitutions to reduce biotin binding and alter physico-chemical characters--have recently developed into more sophisticated changes, including chimeric (strept)avidins, topology rearrangements and stitching of non-natural amino acids into the active sites. In this review, we highlight the current status in genetically engineered (strept)avidins and illustrate their versatility as advanced tools in the multiple fields of modern bioscience, medicine and nanotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olli H Laitinen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Structure and characterization of a novel chicken biotin-binding protein A (BBP-A). BMC STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2007; 7:8. [PMID: 17343730 PMCID: PMC1831776 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6807-7-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Accepted: 03/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background The chicken genome contains a BBP-A gene showing similar characteristics to avidin family genes. In a previous study we reported that the BBP-A gene may encode a biotin-binding protein due to the high sequence similarity with chicken avidin, especially at regions encoding residues known to be located at the ligand-binding site of avidin. Results Here, we expand the repertoire of known macromolecular biotin binders by reporting a novel biotin-binding protein A (BBP-A) from chicken. The BBP-A recombinant protein was expressed using two different expression systems and purified with affinity chromatography, biochemically characterized and two X-ray structures were solved – in complex with D-biotin (BTN) and in complex with D-biotin D-sulfoxide (BSO). The BBP-A protein binds free biotin with high, "streptavidin-like" affinity (Kd ~ 10-13 M), which is about 50 times lower than that of chicken avidin. Surprisingly, the affinity of BBP-A for BSO is even higher than the affinity for BTN. Furthermore, the solved structures of the BBP-A – BTN and BBP-A – BSO complexes, which share the fold with the members of the avidin and lipocalin protein families, are extremely similar to each other. Conclusion BBP-A is an avidin-like protein having a β-barrel fold and high affinity towards BTN. However, BBP-A differs from the other known members of the avidin protein family in thermal stability and immunological properties. BBP-A also has a unique ligand-binding property, the ability to bind BTN and BSO at comparable affinities. BBP-A may have use as a novel material in, e.g. modern bio(nano)technological applications.
Collapse
|
23
|
Hytönen VP, Hörhä J, Airenne TT, Niskanen EA, Helttunen KJ, Johnson MS, Salminen TA, Kulomaa MS, Nordlund HR. Controlling Quaternary Structure Assembly: Subunit Interface Engineering and Crystal Structure of Dual Chain Avidin. J Mol Biol 2006; 359:1352-63. [PMID: 16787776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Revised: 04/12/2006] [Accepted: 04/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dual chain avidin (dcAvd) is an engineered avidin form, in which two circularly permuted chicken avidin monomers are fused into one polypeptide chain. DcAvd can theoretically form two different pseudotetrameric quaternary assemblies because of symmetry at the monomer-monomer interfaces. Here, our aim was to control the assembly of the quaternary structure of dcAvd. We introduced the mutation I117C into one of the circularly permuted domains of dcAvd and scanned residues along the 1-3 subunit interface of the other domain. Interestingly, V115H resulted in a single, disulfide locked quaternary assembly of dcAvd, whereas I117H could not guide the oligomerisation process even though it stabilised the protein. The modified dcAvd forms were found to retain their characteristic pseudotetrameric state both at high and low pH, and were shown to bind D-biotin at levels comparable to that of wild-type chicken avidin. The crystal structure of dcAvd-biotin complex at 1.95 Angstroms resolution demonstrates the formation of the functional dcAvd pseudotetramer at the atomic level and reveals the molecular basis for its special properties. Altogether, our data facilitate further engineering of the biotechnologically valuable dcAvd scaffold and gives insights into how to guide the quaternary structure assembly of oligomeric proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vesa P Hytönen
- NanoScience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Nordlund H, Hytönen V, Hörhä J, Määttä J, White D, Halling K, Porkka E, Slotte J, Laitinen O, Kulomaa M. Tetravalent single-chain avidin: from subunits to protein domains via circularly permuted avidins. Biochem J 2005; 392:485-91. [PMID: 16092919 PMCID: PMC1316287 DOI: 10.1042/bj20051038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2005] [Revised: 08/04/2005] [Accepted: 08/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
scAvd (single-chain avidin, where two dcAvd are joined in a single polypeptide chain), having four biotin-binding domains, was constructed by fusion of topologically modified avidin units. scAvd showed similar biotin binding and thermal stability properties as chicken avidin. The DNA construct encoding scAvd contains four circularly permuted avidin domains, plus short linkers connecting the four domains into a single polypeptide chain. In contrast with wild-type avidin, which contains four identical avidin monomers, scAvd enables each one of the four avidin domains to be independently modified by protein engineering. Therefore the scAvd scaffold can be used to construct spatially and stoichiometrically defined pseudotetrameric avidin molecules showing different domain characteristics. In addition, unmodified scAvd could be used as a fusion partner, since it provides a unique non-oligomeric structure, which is fully functional with four high-affinity biotin-binding sites. Furthermore, the subunit-to-domain strategy described in the present study could be applied to other proteins and protein complexes, facilitating the development of sophisticated protein tools for applications in nanotechnology and life sciences.
Collapse
Key Words
- avidin–biotin technology
- circular permutation
- dual- chain avidin
- protein engineering
- single-chain avidin
- subunit fusion
- avd, chicken avidin protein
- cpavd5→4 domain, circularly permuted avidin domain, where the new n-terminus is before β-strand 5 and the new c-terminus after β-strand 4
- cpavd6→5 domain, circularly permuted avidin domain, where the new n-terminus is before β-strand 6 and the new c-terminus after β-strand 5
- dcavd, dual chain avidin, where the circularly permuted avidins cpavd5→4 and cpavd6→5 are joined in a single polypeptide chain
- dsc, differential scanning calorimetry
- scavd, single-chain avidin, where two dcavds are joined in a single polypeptide chain
- scfv, single-chain fv
- wt, wild-type
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henri R. Nordlund
- *Department of Biological and Environmental Science, NanoScience Center, P.O. Box 35 (YAB), FIN-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Vesa P. Hytönen
- *Department of Biological and Environmental Science, NanoScience Center, P.O. Box 35 (YAB), FIN-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jarno Hörhä
- *Department of Biological and Environmental Science, NanoScience Center, P.O. Box 35 (YAB), FIN-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Juha A. E. Määttä
- *Department of Biological and Environmental Science, NanoScience Center, P.O. Box 35 (YAB), FIN-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Daniel J. White
- *Department of Biological and Environmental Science, NanoScience Center, P.O. Box 35 (YAB), FIN-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Katrin Halling
- †Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Åbo Akademi University, P.O. Box 66, FIN-20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Eevaleena J. Porkka
- *Department of Biological and Environmental Science, NanoScience Center, P.O. Box 35 (YAB), FIN-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - J. Peter Slotte
- †Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Åbo Akademi University, P.O. Box 66, FIN-20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Olli H. Laitinen
- ‡A.I. Virtanen Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku S. Kulomaa
- *Department of Biological and Environmental Science, NanoScience Center, P.O. Box 35 (YAB), FIN-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| |
Collapse
|