1
|
Wang B, Wu B, Xu M, Zuo K, Han Y, Zhou Z. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Role of Sucrose in the Production of Latilactobacillus sakei L3 Exopolysaccharide. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7185. [PMID: 39000292 PMCID: PMC11241291 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Latilactobacillus (L.) sakei is a species of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) mostly studied according to its application in food fermentation. Previously, L. sakei L3 was isolated by our laboratory and possessed the capability of high exopolysaccharide (EPS) yield during sucrose-added fermentation. However, the understanding of sucrose promoting EPS production is still limited. Here, we analyzed the growth characteristics of L. sakei L3 and alterations of its transcriptional profiles during sucrose-added fermentation. The results showed that L. sakei L3 could survive between pH 4.0 and pH 9.0, tolerant to NaCl (<10%, w/v) and urea (<6%, w/v). Meanwhile, transcriptomic analysis showed that a total of 426 differentially expressed genes and eight non-coding RNAs were identified. Genes associated with sucrose metabolism were significantly induced, so L. sakei L3 increased the utilization of sucrose to produce EPS, while genes related to uridine monophosphate (UMP), fatty acids and folate synthetic pathways were significantly inhibited, indicating that L. sakei L3 decreased self-growth, substance and energy metabolism to satisfy EPS production. Overall, transcriptome analysis provided valuable insights into the mechanisms by which L. sakei L3 utilizes sucrose for EPS biosynthesis. The study provided a theoretical foundation for the further application of functional EPS in the food industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030000, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Baomei Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - Min Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Kaiyue Zuo
- School of Life Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - Ye Han
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhijiang Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Salmon-Divon M, Yeheskel A, Kornspan D. Genomic analysis of the original Elberg Brucella melitensis Rev.1 vaccine strain reveals insights into virulence attenuation. Virulence 2018; 9:1436-1448. [PMID: 30139304 PMCID: PMC6141144 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1511677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The live attenuated Brucella melitensis Rev.1 Elberg-originated vaccine strain has been widely used to control brucellosis in small ruminants. However, despite extensive research, the molecular mechanisms underlying the attenuation of this strain are still unknown. In the current study, we conducted a comprehensive comparative analysis of the whole-genome sequence of Rev.1 against that of the virulent reference strain, B. melitensis 16M. This analysis revealed five regions of insertion and three regions of deletion within the Rev.1 genome, among which, one large region of insertion, comprising 3,951 bp, was detected in the Rev.1 genome. In addition, we found several missense mutations within important virulence-related genes, which may be used to determine the mechanism underlying virulence attenuation. Collectively, our findings provide new insights into the Brucella virulence mechanisms and, therefore, may serve as a basis for the rational design of new Brucella vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mali Salmon-Divon
- Genomic Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Adva Yeheskel
- Bioinformatics Unit, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - David Kornspan
- Department of Bacteriology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hardt N, Kinfu BM, Chow J, Schoenenberger B, Streit WR, Obkircher M, Wohlgemuth R. Biocatalytic Asymmetric Phosphorylation Catalyzed by Recombinant Glycerate-2-Kinase. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1518-1522. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norman Hardt
- Sigma-Aldrich; Member of Merck Group; Industriestrasse 25 9470 Buchs Switzerland
| | - Birhanu M. Kinfu
- Universität Hamburg; Abteilung für Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie; Ohnhorststrasse 18 22609 Hamburg Germany
| | - Jennifer Chow
- Universität Hamburg; Abteilung für Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie; Ohnhorststrasse 18 22609 Hamburg Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang R. Streit
- Universität Hamburg; Abteilung für Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie; Ohnhorststrasse 18 22609 Hamburg Germany
| | - Markus Obkircher
- Sigma-Aldrich; Member of Merck Group; Industriestrasse 25 9470 Buchs Switzerland
| | - Roland Wohlgemuth
- Sigma-Aldrich; Member of Merck Group; Industriestrasse 25 9470 Buchs Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a major psychiatric disorder that lacks a unifying neuropathology, while currently available pharmacological treatments provide only limited benefits to many patients. This review will discuss how the field of neuroepigenetics could contribute to advancements of the existing knowledge on the neurobiology and treatment of psychosis. Genome-scale mapping of DMA methylation, histone modifications and variants, and chromosomal loopings for promoter-enhancer interactions and other epigenetic determinants of genome organization and function are likely to provide important clues about mechanisms contributing to dysregulated expression of synaptic and metabolic genes in schizophrenia brain, including the potential links to the underlying genetic risk architecture and environmental exposures. In addition, studies in animal models are providing a rapidly increasing list of chromatin-regulatory mechanisms with significant effects on cognition and complex behaviors, thereby pointing to the therapeutic potential of epigenetic drug targets in the nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Schahram Akbarian
- Department of Psychiatry, Friedman Brain Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Carbohydrate metabolism in Archaea: current insights into unusual enzymes and pathways and their regulation. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2014; 78:89-175. [PMID: 24600042 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00041-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of Archaea, the third domain of life, resembles in its complexity those of Bacteria and lower Eukarya. However, this metabolic complexity in Archaea is accompanied by the absence of many "classical" pathways, particularly in central carbohydrate metabolism. Instead, Archaea are characterized by the presence of unique, modified variants of classical pathways such as the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway and the Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway. The pentose phosphate pathway is only partly present (if at all), and pentose degradation also significantly differs from that known for bacterial model organisms. These modifications are accompanied by the invention of "new," unusual enzymes which cause fundamental consequences for the underlying regulatory principles, and classical allosteric regulation sites well established in Bacteria and Eukarya are lost. The aim of this review is to present the current understanding of central carbohydrate metabolic pathways and their regulation in Archaea. In order to give an overview of their complexity, pathway modifications are discussed with respect to unusual archaeal biocatalysts, their structural and mechanistic characteristics, and their regulatory properties in comparison to their classic counterparts from Bacteria and Eukarya. Furthermore, an overview focusing on hexose metabolic, i.e., glycolytic as well as gluconeogenic, pathways identified in archaeal model organisms is given. Their energy gain is discussed, and new insights into different levels of regulation that have been observed so far, including the transcript and protein levels (e.g., gene regulation, known transcription regulators, and posttranslational modification via reversible protein phosphorylation), are presented.
Collapse
|
6
|
Kouril T, Wieloch P, Reimann J, Wagner M, Zaparty M, Albers S, Schomburg D, Ruoff P, Siebers B. Unraveling the function of the two Entner–Doudoroff branches in the thermoacidophilic CrenarchaeonSulfolobus solfataricusP2. FEBS J 2013; 280:1126-38. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Kouril
- Molecular Enzyme Technology and Biochemistry, Biofilm Centre, Faculty of Chemistry University of Duisburg‐Essen Germany
| | - Patricia Wieloch
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry Technische Universität Braunschweig Germany
| | - Julia Reimann
- Molecular Biology of Archaea Max‐Planck‐Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology Marburg Germany
| | - Michaela Wagner
- Molecular Biology of Archaea Max‐Planck‐Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology Marburg Germany
| | - Melanie Zaparty
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Anatomy University of Regensburg Germany
| | - Sonja‐Verena Albers
- Molecular Biology of Archaea Max‐Planck‐Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology Marburg Germany
| | - Dietmar Schomburg
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry Technische Universität Braunschweig Germany
| | - Peter Ruoff
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Centre of Organelle Research University of Stavanger Norway
| | - Bettina Siebers
- Molecular Enzyme Technology and Biochemistry, Biofilm Centre, Faculty of Chemistry University of Duisburg‐Essen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Terwilliger TC, Adams PD, Read RJ, McCoy AJ, Moriarty NW, Grosse-Kunstleve RW, Afonine PV, Zwart PH, Hung LW. Decision-making in structure solution using Bayesian estimates of map quality: the PHENIX AutoSol wizard. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D: BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2009; 65:582-601. [PMID: 19465773 PMCID: PMC2685735 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444909012098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 725] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Ten measures of experimental electron-density-map quality are examined and the skewness of electron density is found to be the best indicator of actual map quality. A Bayesian approach to estimating map quality is developed and used in the PHENIX AutoSol wizard to make decisions during automated structure solution. Estimates of the quality of experimental maps are important in many stages of structure determination of macromolecules. Map quality is defined here as the correlation between a map and the corresponding map obtained using phases from the final refined model. Here, ten different measures of experimental map quality were examined using a set of 1359 maps calculated by re-analysis of 246 solved MAD, SAD and MIR data sets. A simple Bayesian approach to estimation of map quality from one or more measures is presented. It was found that a Bayesian estimator based on the skewness of the density values in an electron-density map is the most accurate of the ten individual Bayesian estimators of map quality examined, with a correlation between estimated and actual map quality of 0.90. A combination of the skewness of electron density with the local correlation of r.m.s. density gives a further improvement in estimating map quality, with an overall correlation coefficient of 0.92. The PHENIX AutoSol wizard carries out automated structure solution based on any combination of SAD, MAD, SIR or MIR data sets. The wizard is based on tools from the PHENIX package and uses the Bayesian estimates of map quality described here to choose the highest quality solutions after experimental phasing.
Collapse
|
8
|
Glycerate 2-kinase of Thermotoga maritima and genomic reconstruction of related metabolic pathways. J Bacteriol 2007; 190:1773-82. [PMID: 18156253 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01469-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of a novel glycerate-2-kinase (GK-II) family were tentatively identified in a broad range of species, including eukaryotes and archaea and many bacteria that lack a canonical enzyme of the GarK (GK-I) family. The recently reported three-dimensional structure of GK-II from Thermotoga maritima (TM1585; PDB code 2b8n) revealed a new fold distinct from other known kinase families. Here, we verified the enzymatic activity of TM1585, assessed its kinetic characteristics, and used directed mutagenesis to confirm the essential role of the two active-site residues Lys-47 and Arg-325. The main objective of this study was to apply comparative genomics for the reconstruction of metabolic pathways associated with GK-II in all bacteria and, in particular, in T. maritima. Comparative analyses of approximately 400 bacterial genomes revealed a remarkable variety of pathways that lead to GK-II-driven utilization of glycerate via a glycolysis/gluconeogenesis route. In the case of T. maritima, a three-step serine degradation pathway was inferred based on the tentative identification of two additional enzymes, serine-pyruvate aminotransferase and hydroxypyruvate reductase (TM1400 and TM1401, respectively), that convert serine to glycerate via hydroxypyruvate. Both enzymatic activities were experimentally verified, and the entire pathway was validated by its in vitro reconstitution.
Collapse
|
9
|
Kehrer D, Ahmed H, Brinkmann H, Siebers B. Glycerate kinase of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermoproteus tenax: new insights into the phylogenetic distribution and physiological role of members of the three different glycerate kinase classes. BMC Genomics 2007; 8:301. [PMID: 17764545 PMCID: PMC2063504 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 08/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The presence of the branched Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway in two hyperthermophilic Crenarchaea, the anaerobe Thermoproteus tenax and the aerobe Sulfolobus solfataricus, was suggested. However, so far no enzymatic information of the non-phosphorylative ED branch and especially its key enzyme – glycerate kinase – was available. In the T. tenax genome, a gene homolog with similarity to putative hydroxypyruvate reductase/glycerate dehydrogenase and glycerate kinase was identified. Results The encoding gene was expressed in E. coli in a recombinant form, the gene product purified and the glycerate kinase activity was confirmed by enzymatic studies. The enzyme was active as a monomer and catalyzed the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of D-glycerate forming exclusively 2-phosphoglycerate. The enzyme was specific for glycerate and highest activity was observed with ATP as phosphoryl donor and Mg2+ as divalent cation. ATP could be partially replaced by GTP, CTP, TTP and UTP. The enzyme showed high affinity for D-glycerate (Km 0.02 ± 0.01 mM, Vmax of 5.05 ± 0.52 U/mg protein) as well as ATP (Km of 0.03 ± 0.01 mM, Vmax of 4.41 ± 0.04 U/mg protein), although at higher glycerate concentrations, substrate inhibition was observed. Furthermore, the enzyme was inhibited by its product ADP via competitive inhibition. Data bank searches revealed that archaeal glycerate kinases are members of the MOFRL (multi-organism fragment with rich leucine) family, and homologs are found in all three domains of life. Conclusion A re-evaluation of available genome sequence information as well as biochemical and phylogenetic studies revealed the presence of the branched ED pathway as common route for sugar degradation in Archaea that utilize the ED pathway. Detailed analyses including phylogenetic studies demonstrate the presence of three distinct glycerate kinase classes in extant organisms that share no common origin. The affiliation of characterized glycerate kinases with the different enzyme classes as well as their physiological/cellular function reveals no association with particular pathways but a separate phylogenetic distribution. This work highlights the diversity and complexity of the central carbohydrate metabolism. The data also support a key function of the conversion of glycerate to 2- or 3-phosphoglycerate via glycerate kinase in funneling various substrates into the common EMP pathway for catabolic and anabolic purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kehrer
- Department of Biology and Geography, Institute of Biology, Microbiology I, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr, 5, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu B, Hong Y, Wu L, Li Z, Ni J, Sheng D, Shen Y. A unique highly thermostable 2-phosphoglycerate forming glycerate kinase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus horikoshii: gene cloning, expression and characterization. Extremophiles 2007; 11:733-9. [PMID: 17563835 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-007-0079-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Accepted: 03/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A glycerate kinase (GK) gene (PH0495) from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus horikoshii, was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant protein was purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography and ion exchange chromatography. The enzyme was likely a homodimer based on SDS-PAGE (47 kDa) and gel filtration chromatography (100 kDa) analysis. A radioisotope-labeling examination method was initially used for the enzymatic activity detection, and the enzyme (GK(ph)) was found to catalyze the formation of 2-phosphoglycerate using D: -glycerate as the substrate. The enzyme exhibited unique phosphoryl donor specificity with maximal activity towards pyrophosphate. The temperature and pH optima of the enzyme were 45 degrees C and 7.0, respectively, and about half of the maximal activity remained at 100 degrees C. The enzyme was highly thermostable with almost no loss of activity at 90 degrees C for 12 h. Based on sequence alignment and structural comparison it was assigned to group I of the trichotomy of GKs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 250100, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|