1
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Malatesta M, Mori G, Acquotti D, Campanini B, Peracchi A, Antin PB, Percudani R. Birth of a pathway for sulfur metabolism in early amniote evolution. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:1239-1246. [PMID: 32601391 PMCID: PMC8364350 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-1232-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Among amniotes, reptiles and mammals are differently adapted to terrestrial life. It is generally appreciated that terrestrialization required adaptive changes of vertebrate metabolism, particularly in the mode of nitrogen excretion. However, the current paradigm is that metabolic adaptation to life on land did not involve synthesis of enzymatic pathways de novo, but rather repurposing of existing ones. Here, by comparing the inventory of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent enzymes in different amniotes, we identify in silico a pathway for sulfur metabolism present in chick embryos but not in mammals. Cysteine lyase contains haem and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate co-factors and converts cysteine and sulfite into cysteic acid and hydrogen sulfide, respectively. A specific cysteic acid decarboxylase produces taurine, while hydrogen sulfide is recycled into cysteine by cystathionine beta-synthase. This reaction sequence enables the formation of sulfonated amino acids during embryo development in the egg at no cost of reduced sulfur. The pathway originated around 300 million years ago in a proto-reptile by cystathionine beta-synthase duplication, cysteine lyase neofunctionalization and cysteic acid decarboxylase co-option. Our findings indicate that adaptation to terrestrial life involved innovations in metabolic pathways, and reveal the molecular mechanisms by which such innovations arose in amniote evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Malatesta
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giulia Mori
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Domenico Acquotti
- Centro Interdipartimentale Misure 'Giuseppe Casnati', University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Alessio Peracchi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Parker B Antin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Riccardo Percudani
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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2
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Pagano K, Paolino M, Fusi S, Zanirato V, Trapella C, Giuliani G, Cappelli A, Zanzoni S, Molinari H, Ragona L, Olivucci M. Bile Acid Binding Protein Functionalization Leads to a Fully Synthetic Rhodopsin Mimic. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:2235-2243. [PMID: 30995409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Rhodopsins are photoreceptive proteins using light to drive a plethora of biological functions such as vision, proton and ion pumping, cation and anion channeling, and gene and enzyme regulation. Here we combine organic synthesis, NMR structural studies, and photochemical characterization to show that it is possible to prepare a fully synthetic mimic of rhodopsin photoreceptors. More specifically, we conjugate a bile acid binding protein with a synthetic mimic of the rhodopsin protonated Schiff base chromophore to achieve a covalent complex featuring an unnatural protein host, photoswitch, and photoswitch-protein linkage with a reverse orientation. We show that, in spite of its molecular-level diversity, light irradiation of the prepared mimic fuels a photochromic cycle driven by sequential photochemical and thermal Z/E isomerizations reminiscent of the photocycles of microbial rhodopsins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiuscia Pagano
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole, CNR , Via A. Corti 12 , 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Marco Paolino
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022) , Università degli Studi di Siena , Via Aldo Moro 2 , 53100 Siena , Italy
| | - Stefania Fusi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022) , Università degli Studi di Siena , Via Aldo Moro 2 , 53100 Siena , Italy
| | | | | | - Germano Giuliani
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022) , Università degli Studi di Siena , Via Aldo Moro 2 , 53100 Siena , Italy
| | - Andrea Cappelli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022) , Università degli Studi di Siena , Via Aldo Moro 2 , 53100 Siena , Italy
| | - Serena Zanzoni
- Centro Piattaforme Tecnologiche , Università di Verona , Strada Le Grazie , 37134 Verona , Italy
| | - Henriette Molinari
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole, CNR , Via A. Corti 12 , 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Laura Ragona
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole, CNR , Via A. Corti 12 , 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Massimo Olivucci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022) , Università degli Studi di Siena , Via Aldo Moro 2 , 53100 Siena , Italy
- Chemistry Department , Bowling Green State University , Bowling Green , Ohio 43403 , United States
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3
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Kurkcuoglu Z, Koukos PI, Citro N, Trellet ME, Rodrigues JPGLM, Moreira IS, Roel-Touris J, Melquiond ASJ, Geng C, Schaarschmidt J, Xue LC, Vangone A, Bonvin AMJJ. Performance of HADDOCK and a simple contact-based protein-ligand binding affinity predictor in the D3R Grand Challenge 2. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2018; 32:175-185. [PMID: 28831657 PMCID: PMC5767195 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-017-0049-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We present the performance of HADDOCK, our information-driven docking software, in the second edition of the D3R Grand Challenge. In this blind experiment, participants were requested to predict the structures and binding affinities of complexes between the Farnesoid X nuclear receptor and 102 different ligands. The models obtained in Stage1 with HADDOCK and ligand-specific protocol show an average ligand RMSD of 5.1 Å from the crystal structure. Only 6/35 targets were within 2.5 Å RMSD from the reference, which prompted us to investigate the limiting factors and revise our protocol for Stage2. The choice of the receptor conformation appeared to have the strongest influence on the results. Our Stage2 models were of higher quality (13 out of 35 were within 2.5 Å), with an average RMSD of 4.1 Å. The docking protocol was applied to all 102 ligands to generate poses for binding affinity prediction. We developed a modified version of our contact-based binding affinity predictor PRODIGY, using the number of interatomic contacts classified by their type and the intermolecular electrostatic energy. This simple structure-based binding affinity predictor shows a Kendall's Tau correlation of 0.37 in ranking the ligands (7th best out of 77 methods, 5th/25 groups). Those results were obtained from the average prediction over the top10 poses, irrespective of their similarity/correctness, underscoring the robustness of our simple predictor. This results in an enrichment factor of 2.5 compared to a random predictor for ranking ligands within the top 25%, making it a promising approach to identify lead compounds in virtual screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Kurkcuoglu
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science - Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Panagiotis I Koukos
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science - Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nevia Citro
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science - Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mikael E Trellet
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science - Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J P G L M Rodrigues
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, S210, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Irina S Moreira
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science - Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, FMUC, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Larga, Polo I, 1ºandar, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jorge Roel-Touris
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science - Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Adrien S J Melquiond
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science - Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cunliang Geng
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science - Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jörg Schaarschmidt
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science - Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Li C Xue
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science - Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Vangone
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science - Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A M J J Bonvin
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science - Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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4
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D'Onofrio M, Zanzoni S, Munari F, Monaco HL, Assfalg M, Capaldi S. The long variant of human ileal bile acid-binding protein associated with colorectal cancer exhibits sub-cellular localization and lipid binding behaviour distinct from those of the common isoform. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:2315-2324. [PMID: 28689989 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ileal bile acid-binding protein, IBABP, participates in the intracellular trafficking of bile salts and influences their signaling activities. The recently discovered variant, IBABP-L, bearing an N-terminal 49-amino acid extension, was found to be associated with colorectal cancer and to protect cancer cells from the cytotoxic effects of deoxycholate. However, the precise function and the molecular properties of this variant are currently unknown. METHODS Bioinformatics tools and confocal microscopy were used to investigate the sub-cellular localization of IBABP-L; protein dynamics, ligand binding and interaction with membrane models were studied by 2D NMR and fluorescence spectroscopy. RESULTS Based on sub-cellular localization experiments we conclude that IBABP-L is targeted to the secretory pathway by a 24-residue signal peptide and, upon its cleavage, the mature protein is constitutively released into the extracellular space. Site-resolved NMR experiments indicated the distinct preference of primary and secondary bile salts to form either heterotypic or homotypic complexes with IBABP-L. The presence of the relatively dynamic N-terminal extension, originating only subtle conformational perturbations in the globular domain, was found to influence binding site occupation in IBABP-L as compared to IBABP. Even more pronounced differences were found in the tendency of the two variants to associate with phospholipid bilayers. CONCLUSIONS IBABP-L exhibits different sub-cellular localization, ligand-binding properties and membrane interaction propensity compared to the canonical short isoform. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our results constitute an essential first step towards an understanding of the role of IBABP-L in bile salt trafficking and signaling under healthy and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariapina D'Onofrio
- Biomolecular NMR Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Ca' Vignal 1, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Serena Zanzoni
- Biomolecular NMR Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Ca' Vignal 1, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Francesca Munari
- Biomolecular NMR Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Ca' Vignal 1, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Hugo L Monaco
- Biocrystallography Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Ca' Vignal 1, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Michael Assfalg
- Biomolecular NMR Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Ca' Vignal 1, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Stefano Capaldi
- Biocrystallography Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Ca' Vignal 1, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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5
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Tomaselli S, Ramirez DOS, Carletto RA, Varesano A, Vineis C, Zanzoni S, Molinari H, Ragona L. Electrospun Lipid Binding Proteins Composite Nanofibers with Antibacterial Properties. Macromol Biosci 2016; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201600300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Tomaselli
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (ISMAC); CNR, via Corti 12 20133 Milano Italy
| | | | | | - Alessio Varesano
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (ISMAC); CNR, C.so G. Pella 16 13900 Biella Italy
| | - Claudia Vineis
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (ISMAC); CNR, C.so G. Pella 16 13900 Biella Italy
| | - Serena Zanzoni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie; Università degli Studi di Verona; Strada le Grazie 15 37134 Verona Italy
| | - Henriette Molinari
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (ISMAC); CNR, via Corti 12 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Laura Ragona
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (ISMAC); CNR, via Corti 12 20133 Milano Italy
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6
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Tomaselli S, Pagano K, Boulton S, Zanzoni S, Melacini G, Molinari H, Ragona L. Lipid binding protein response to a bile acid library: a combined NMR and statistical approach. FEBS J 2015; 282:4094-113. [PMID: 26260520 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Primary bile acids, differing in hydroxylation pattern, are synthesized from cholesterol in the liver and, once formed, can undergo extensive enzyme-catalysed glycine/taurine conjugation, giving rise to a complex mixture, the bile acid pool. Composition and concentration of the bile acid pool may be altered in diseases, posing a general question on the response of the carrier (bile acid binding protein) to the binding of ligands with different hydrophobic and steric profiles. A collection of NMR experiments (H/D exchange, HET-SOFAST, ePHOGSY NOESY/ROESY and (15) N relaxation measurements) was thus performed on apo and five different holo proteins, to monitor the binding pocket accessibility and dynamics. The ensemble of obtained data could be rationalized by a statistical approach, based on chemical shift covariance analysis, in terms of residue-specific correlations and collective protein response to ligand binding. The results indicate that the same residues are influenced by diverse chemical stresses: ligand binding always induces silencing of motions at the protein portal with a concomitant conformational rearrangement of a network of residues, located at the protein anti-portal region. This network of amino acids, which do not belong to the binding site, forms a contiguous surface, sensing the presence of the bound lipids, with a signalling role in switching protein-membrane interactions on and off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Tomaselli
- NMR Laboratory, Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (ISMAC), Milano, Italy
| | - Katiuscia Pagano
- NMR Laboratory, Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (ISMAC), Milano, Italy
| | - Stephen Boulton
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | - Giuseppe Melacini
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Henriette Molinari
- NMR Laboratory, Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (ISMAC), Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Ragona
- NMR Laboratory, Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (ISMAC), Milano, Italy
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7
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All-Purpose Containers? Lipid-Binding Protein - Drug Interactions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132096. [PMID: 26167932 PMCID: PMC4500398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The combined use of in vitro (19F-NMR) and in silico (molecular docking) procedures demonstrates the affinity of a number of human calycins (lipid-binding proteins from ileum, liver, heart, adipose tissue and epidermis, and retinol-binding protein from intestine) for different drugs (mainly steroids and vastatins). Comparative evaluations on the complexes outline some of the features relevant for interaction (non-polar character of the drugs; amino acids and water molecules in the protein calyx most often involved in binding). Dissociation constants (Ki) for drugs typically lie in the same range as Ki for natural ligands; in most instances (different proteins and docking conditions), vastatins are the strongest interactors, with atorvastatin ranking top in half of the cases. The affinity of some calycins for some of the vastatins is in the order of magnitude of the drug Cmax after systemic administration in humans. The possible biological implications of this feature are discussed in connection with drug delivery parameters (route of administration, binding to carrier proteins, distribution to, and accumulation in, human tissues).
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8
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Favretto F, Ceccon A, Zanzoni S, D'Onofrio M, Ragona L, Molinari H, Assfalg M. The unique ligand binding features of subfamily-II iLBPs with respect to bile salts and related drugs. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2015; 95:1-10. [PMID: 25468388 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular lipid binding proteins (iLBPs) are a family of evolutionarily related small cytoplasmic proteins implicated in the transcellular transport of lipophilic ligands. Subfamily-II iLBPs include the liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP), and the ileal and the liver and ileal bile acid binding proteins (L-BABP and I-BABP). Atomic-level investigations during the past 15-20 years have delivered relevant information on bile acid binding by this protein group, revealing unique features including binding cooperativity, promiscuity, and site selectivity. Using NMR spectroscopy and other biophysical techniques, our laboratories have contributed to an understanding of the molecular determinants of some of these properties and their generality among proteins from different animal species. We focused especially on formation of heterotypic complexes, considering the mixed compositions of physiological bile acid pools. Experiments performed with synthetic bile acid derivatives showed that iLBPs could act as targets for cell-specific contrast agents and, more generally, as effective carriers of amphiphilic drugs. This review collects the major findings related to bile salt interactions with iLBPs aiming to provide keys for a deeper understanding of protein-mediated intracellular bile salt trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Favretto
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Alberto Ceccon
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Serena Zanzoni
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Mariapina D'Onofrio
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Laura Ragona
- Institute for Macromolecular Studies, National Research Council, Via Bassini 15, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Henriette Molinari
- Institute for Macromolecular Studies, National Research Council, Via Bassini 15, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Michael Assfalg
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, Verona 37134, Italy.
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9
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Park S, Li C, Haeseleer F, Palczewski K, Ames JB. Structural insights into activation of the retinal L-type Ca²⁺ channel (Cav1.4) by Ca²⁺-binding protein 4 (CaBP4). J Biol Chem 2014; 289:31262-73. [PMID: 25258313 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.604439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CaBP4 modulates Ca(2+)-dependent activity of L-type voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels (Cav1.4) in retinal photoreceptor cells. Mg(2+) binds to the first and third EF-hands (EF1 and EF3), and Ca(2+) binds to EF1, EF3, and EF4 of CaBP4. Here we present NMR structures of CaBP4 in both Mg(2+)-bound and Ca(2+)-bound states and model the CaBP4 structural interaction with Cav1.4. CaBP4 contains an unstructured N-terminal region (residues 1-99) and four EF-hands in two separate lobes. The N-lobe consists of EF1 and EF2 in a closed conformation with either Mg(2+) or Ca(2+) bound at EF1. The C-lobe binds Ca(2+) at EF3 and EF4 and exhibits a Ca(2+)-induced closed-to-open transition like that of calmodulin. Exposed residues in Ca(2+)-bound CaBP4 (Phe(137), Glu(168), Leu(207), Phe(214), Met(251), Phe(264), and Leu(268)) make contacts with the IQ motif in Cav1.4, and the Cav1.4 mutant Y1595E strongly impairs binding to CaBP4. We conclude that CaBP4 forms a collapsed structure around the IQ motif in Cav1.4 that we suggest may promote channel activation by disrupting an interaction between IQ and the inhibitor of Ca(2+)-dependent inactivation domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saebomi Park
- From the Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Congmin Li
- From the Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Françoise Haeseleer
- the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, and
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- the Department of Pharmacology, Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4965
| | - James B Ames
- From the Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616,
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10
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Tomaselli S, Giovanella U, Pagano K, Leone G, Zanzoni S, Assfalg M, Meinardi F, Molinari H, Botta C, Ragona L. Encapsulation of a Rhodamine Dye within a Bile Acid Binding Protein: Toward Water Processable Functional Bio Host–Guest Materials. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:3549-56. [DOI: 10.1021/bm400904s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Tomaselli
- Istituto
per lo Studio delle Macromolecole, CNR, via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Umberto Giovanella
- Istituto
per lo Studio delle Macromolecole, CNR, via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Katiuscia Pagano
- Istituto
per lo Studio delle Macromolecole, CNR, via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Leone
- Istituto
per lo Studio delle Macromolecole, CNR, via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Serena Zanzoni
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, Strada
Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Michael Assfalg
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, Strada
Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Meinardi
- Università degli Studi Milano Bicocca, Via Cozzi 53, 20125, Milano, Italy
| | - Henriette Molinari
- Istituto
per lo Studio delle Macromolecole, CNR, via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Botta
- Istituto
per lo Studio delle Macromolecole, CNR, via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Ragona
- Istituto
per lo Studio delle Macromolecole, CNR, via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
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11
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Ceccon A, D'Onofrio M, Zanzoni S, Longo DL, Aime S, Molinari H, Assfalg M. NMR investigation of the equilibrium partitioning of a water-soluble bile salt protein carrier to phospholipid vesicles. Proteins 2013; 81:1776-91. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.24329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ceccon
- Department of Biotechnology; University of Verona; 37134 Verona Italy
| | | | - Serena Zanzoni
- Department of Biotechnology; University of Verona; 37134 Verona Italy
| | - Dario Livio Longo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences; Molecular Imaging Center, University of Torino; 10126 Torino Italy
| | - Silvio Aime
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences; Molecular Imaging Center, University of Torino; 10126 Torino Italy
| | | | - Michael Assfalg
- Department of Biotechnology; University of Verona; 37134 Verona Italy
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12
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Solution structure, dynamics and binding studies of a family 11 carbohydrate-binding module from Clostridium thermocellum (CtCBM11). Biochem J 2013; 451:289-300. [PMID: 23356867 DOI: 10.1042/bj20120627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Non-catalytic cellulosomal CBMs (carbohydrate-binding modules) are responsible for increasing the catalytic efficiency of cellulosic enzymes by selectively putting the substrate (a wide range of poly- and oligo-saccharides) and enzyme into close contact. In the present study we carried out an atomistic rationalization of the molecular determinants of ligand specificity for a family 11 CBM from thermophilic Clostridium thermocellum [CtCBM11 (C. thermocellum CBM11)], based on a NMR and molecular modelling approach. We have determined the NMR solution structure of CtCBM11 at 25°C and 50°C and derived information on the residues of the protein that are involved in ligand recognition and on the influence of the length of the saccharide chain on binding. We obtained models of the CtCBM11-cellohexaose and CtCBM11-cellotetraose complexes by docking in accordance with the NMR experimental data. Specific ligand-protein CH-π and Van der Waals interactions were found to be determinant for the stability of the complexes and for defining specificity. Using the order parameters derived from backbone dynamics analysis in the presence and absence of ligand and at 25°C and 50°C, we determined that the protein's backbone conformational entropy is slightly positive. This data in combination with the negative binding entropy calculated from ITC (isothermal titration calorimetry) studies supports a selection mechanism where a rigid protein selects a defined oligosaccharide conformation.
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13
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Veggi D, Gentile MA, Cantini F, Lo Surdo P, Nardi-Dei V, Seib KL, Pizza M, Rappuoli R, Banci L, Savino S, Scarselli M. The factor H binding protein of Neisseria meningitidis interacts with xenosiderophores in vitro. Biochemistry 2012; 51:9384-93. [PMID: 23121397 DOI: 10.1021/bi301161w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The factor H binding protein (fHbp) is a key virulence factor of Neisseria meningitidis that confers to the bacterium the ability to resist killing by human serum. The determination of its three-dimensional structure revealed that the carboxyl terminus of the protein folds into an eight-stranded β barrel. The structural similarity of this part of the protein to lipocalins provided the rationale for exploring the ability of fHbp to bind siderophores. We found that fHbp was able to bind in vitro siderophores belonging to the cathecolate family and mapped the interaction site by nuclear magnetic resonance. Our results indicated that the enterobactin binding site was distinct from the site involved in binding to human factor H and stimulates new hypotheses about possible multiple activities of fHbp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Veggi
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, Siena, Italy
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14
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Zanzoni S, D’Onofrio M, Molinari H, Assfalg M. Recombinant proteins incorporating short non-native extensions may display increased aggregation propensity as detected by high resolution NMR spectroscopy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 427:677-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.09.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Joung MJ, Mohan SK, Yu C. Molecular level interaction of inositol hexaphosphate with the C2B domain of human synaptotagmin I. Biochemistry 2012; 51:3675-83. [PMID: 22475172 DOI: 10.1021/bi300005w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Synaptotagmin I is a synaptic vesicle membrane protein that serves as a multifunctional regulator during the exocytosis of neurotransmitter release. It contains C2A and C2B domains. The binding of Ca(2+) to the C2A domain activates the exocytosis of secretory vesicles, while the binding of inositol polyphosphates (IP4-IP6) to the C2B domain inhibits this process. To understand the IP6-induced inhibition of exocytosis of secretory vesicles, we determined the three-dimensional structure of the C2B-IP6 complex by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). In this study, we have determined the binding constant by isothermal titration calorimetry. The circular dichroism measurements demonstrated that IP6 can stabilize the C2B molecule. We identified the binding site using (1)H-(15)N heteronuclear single-quantum coherence spectroscopy titration data and determined the structure of the C2B-IP6 complex using multidimensional NMR studies. This information will aid in the design of better pharmacological treatments for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Je Joung
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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16
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Tomaselli S, Assfalg M, Pagano K, Cogliati C, Zanzoni S, Molinari H, Ragona L. A Disulfide Bridge Allows for Site-Selective Binding in Liver Bile Acid Binding Protein Thereby Stabilising the Orientation of Key Amino Acid Side Chains. Chemistry 2012; 18:2857-66. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Rani SG, Mohan SK, Yu C. Molecular level interactions of S100A13 with amlexanox: inhibitor for formation of the multiprotein complex in the nonclassical pathway of acidic fibroblast growth factor. Biochemistry 2010; 49:2585-92. [PMID: 20178375 DOI: 10.1021/bi9019077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
S100A13 and acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF1) are involved in a wide array of important biological processes, such as angiogenesis, cell differentiation, neurogenesis, and tumor growth. Generally, the biological function of FGF1 is to recognize a specific tyrosine kinase on the cell surface and initiate the cell signal transduction cascade. Amlexanox (2-amino-7-isopropyl-5-oxo-5H-[1]benzopyrano[2,3-b]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid) is an antiallergic drug that binds S100A13 and FGF1 and inhibits the heat shock induced release of S100A13 and FGF1. In the present study, we investigated the interaction of amlexanox with S100A13 using various biophysical techniques, including isothermal titration calorimetry, fluorescence spectrophotometry, and multidimensional NMR spectroscopy. We report the three-dimensional solution structure of the S100A13-amlexanox complex. These data show that amlexanox binds specifically to the FGF1-S100A13 interface and prevents the formation of the FGF1-releasing complex. In addition, we demonstrate that amlexanox acts as an antagonist of S100A13 by binding to its FGF1 binding site and subsequently inhibiting the nonclassical pathway of these proteins. This inhibition likely results in the ability of amlexanox to antagonize the angiogenic and mitogenic activity of FGF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya G Rani
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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18
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Abstract
The liver bile acid-binding proteins, L-BABPs, formerly called the liver "basic" fatty acid-binding proteins, are a subfamily of the fatty acid-binding proteins, FABPs. All the members of this protein group share the same fold: a 10 stranded beta barrel in which two short helices are inserted in between the first and the second strand of antiparallel beta sheet. The barrel encloses the ligand binding cavity of the protein while the two helices are believed to be involved in ligand accessibility to the binding site. The L-BABP subfamily has been found to be present in the liver of several vertebrates: fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds but not in mammals. The members of the FABP family present in mammals that appear to be more closely related to the L-BABPs are the liver FABPs and the ileal BABPs, both very extensively studied. Several L-BABP X-ray structures are available and chicken L-BABP has also been studied using NMR spectroscopy. The stoichiometry of ligand binding for bile acids, first determined by X-ray crystallography for the chicken liver protein, is of two cholates per protein molecule with the only exception of zebrafish L-BABP which, due to the presence of a disulfide bridge, has a stoichiometry of 1:1. The stoichiometry of ligand binding for fatty acids, determined with several different techniques, is 1:1. An unanswered question of great relevance is the identity of the protein that in mammals performs the function that in other vertebrates is carried out by the L-BABPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo L Monaco
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, Verona 37134, Italy.
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19
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Chicken ileal bile-acid-binding protein: a promising target of investigation to understand binding co-operativity across the protein family. Biochem J 2009; 425:413-24. [PMID: 19874274 DOI: 10.1042/bj20091209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Protein-bile acid interactions are crucial microscopic events at the basis of both physiological and pathological biochemical pathways. BABPs (bile-acid-binding proteins) are intracellular transporters able to bind ligands with different stoichiometry, selectivity and co-operativity. The molecular determinants and energetics of interaction are the observables that connect the microscopic to the macroscopic frameworks. The present paper addresses the study and proposes a mechanism for the multi-site interaction of bile acids with chicken I-BABP (ileal BABP) with the aim of elucidating the determinants of ligand binding in comparison with homologous proteins from different species and tissues. A thermodynamic binding model describing two independent consecutive binding sites is derived from isothermal titration calorimetry experiments and validated on the basis of both protein-observed and ligand-observed NMR titration data. It emerges that a singly bound protein is relatively abundant at low ligand/protein molar ratios assessing the absence of strong co-operativity. Both the measured energetics of binding and the distributed protein chemical-shift perturbations are in agreement with a first binding event triggering a global structural rearrangement. The enthalpic and entropic contributions associated with binding of the first ligand indicate that the interaction increases stability and order of the bound protein. The results described in the present study point to the presence of a protein scaffold which is able to establish long-range communication networks, but does not manifest positive-binding co-operativity, as observed for the human protein. We consider chicken I-BABP a suitable model to address the molecular basis for a gain-of-function on going from non-mammalian to mammalian species.
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Pedò M, D'Onofrio M, Ferranti P, Molinari H, Assfalg M. Towards the elucidation of molecular determinants of cooperativity in the liver bile acid binding protein. Proteins 2009; 77:718-31. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.22496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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21
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Pedò M, Löhr F, D'Onofrio M, Assfalg M, Dötsch V, Molinari H. NMR studies reveal the role of biomembranes in modulating ligand binding and release by intracellular bile acid binding proteins. J Mol Biol 2009; 394:852-63. [PMID: 19836400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bile acid molecules are transferred vectorially between basolateral and apical membranes of hepatocytes and enterocytes in the context of the enterohepatic circulation, a process regulating whole body lipid homeostasis. This work addresses the role of the cytosolic lipid binding proteins in the intracellular transfer of bile acids between different membrane compartments. We present nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data describing the ternary system composed of the bile acid binding protein, bile acids, and membrane mimetic systems, such as anionic liposomes. This work provides evidence that the investigated liver bile acid binding protein undergoes association with the anionic membrane and binding-induced partial unfolding. The addition of the physiological ligand to the protein-liposome mixture is capable of modulating this interaction, shifting the equilibrium towards the free folded holo protein. An ensemble of NMR titration experiments, based on nitrogen-15 protein and ligand observation, confirm that the membrane and the ligand establish competing binding equilibria, modulating the cytoplasmic permeability of bile acids. These results support a mechanism of ligand binding and release controlled by the onset of a bile salt concentration gradient within the polarized cell. The location of a specific protein region interacting with liposomes is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Pedò
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
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22
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Cogliati C, Tomaselli S, Assfalg M, Pedò M, Ferranti P, Zetta L, Molinari H, Ragona L. Disulfide bridge regulates ligand-binding site selectivity in liver bile acid-binding proteins. FEBS J 2009; 276:6011-23. [PMID: 19754879 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bile acid-binding proteins (BABPs) are cytosolic lipid chaperones that play central roles in driving bile flow, as well as in the adaptation to various pathological conditions, contributing to the maintenance of bile acid homeostasis and functional distribution within the cell. Understanding the mode of binding of bile acids with their cytoplasmic transporters is a key issue in providing a model for the mechanism of their transfer from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, for delivery to nuclear receptors. A number of factors have been shown to modulate bile salt selectivity, stoichiometry, and affinity of binding to BABPs, e.g. chemistry of the ligand, protein plasticity and, possibly, the formation of disulfide bridges. Here, the effects of the presence of a naturally occurring disulfide bridge on liver BABP ligand-binding properties and backbone dynamics have been investigated by NMR. Interestingly, the disulfide bridge does not modify the protein-binding stoichiometry, but has a key role in modulating recognition at both sites, inducing site selectivity for glycocholic and glycochenodeoxycholic acid. Protein conformational changes following the introduction of a disulfide bridge are small and located around the inner binding site, whereas significant changes in backbone motions are observed for several residues distributed over the entire protein, both in the apo form and in the holo form. Site selectivity appears, therefore, to be dependent on protein mobility rather than being governed by steric factors. The detected properties further establish a parallelism with the behaviour of human ileal BABP, substantiating the proposal that BABPs have parallel functions in hepatocytes and enterocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clelia Cogliati
- Laboratorio NMR, Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole, CNR, Milan, Italy
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23
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Tomaselli S, Zanzoni S, Ragona L, Gianolio E, Aime S, Assfalg M, Molinari H. Solution Structure of the Supramolecular Adduct between a Liver Cytosolic Bile Acid Binding Protein and a Bile Acid-Based Gadolinium(III)-Chelate, a Potential Hepatospecific Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agent. J Med Chem 2008; 51:6782-92. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800820b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Tomaselli
- ISMAC-CNR, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy, Dipartimento Scientifico e Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, Torino, Italy
| | - Serena Zanzoni
- ISMAC-CNR, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy, Dipartimento Scientifico e Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, Torino, Italy
| | - Laura Ragona
- ISMAC-CNR, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy, Dipartimento Scientifico e Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, Torino, Italy
| | - Eliana Gianolio
- ISMAC-CNR, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy, Dipartimento Scientifico e Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, Torino, Italy
| | - Silvio Aime
- ISMAC-CNR, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy, Dipartimento Scientifico e Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, Torino, Italy
| | - Michael Assfalg
- ISMAC-CNR, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy, Dipartimento Scientifico e Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, Torino, Italy
| | - Henriette Molinari
- ISMAC-CNR, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy, Dipartimento Scientifico e Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, Torino, Italy
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24
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Alber F, Förster F, Korkin D, Topf M, Sali A. Integrating diverse data for structure determination of macromolecular assemblies. Annu Rev Biochem 2008; 77:443-77. [PMID: 18318657 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.biochem.77.060407.135530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To understand the cell, we need to determine the macromolecular assembly structures, which may consist of tens to hundreds of components. First, we review the varied experimental data that characterize the assemblies at several levels of resolution. We then describe computational methods for generating the structures using these data. To maximize completeness, resolution, accuracy, precision, and efficiency of the structure determination, a computational approach is required that uses spatial information from a variety of experimental methods. We propose such an approach, defined by its three main components: a hierarchical representation of the assembly, a scoring function consisting of spatial restraints derived from experimental data, and an optimization method that generates structures consistent with the data. This approach is illustrated by determining the configuration of the 456 proteins in the nuclear pore complex (NPC) from baker's yeast. With these tools, we are poised to integrate structural information gathered at multiple levels of the biological hierarchy--from atoms to cells--into a common framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Alber
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California at San Francisco, CA 94158-2330, USA.
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25
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Assfalg M, Gianolio E, Zanzoni S, Tomaselli S, Lo Russo V, Cabella C, Ragona L, Aime S, Molinari H. NMR Structural Studies of the Supramolecular Adducts between a Liver Cytosolic Bile Acid Binding Protein and Gadolinium(III)-Chelates Bearing Bile Acids Residues: Molecular Determinants of the Binding of a Hepatospecific Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agent. J Med Chem 2007; 50:5257-68. [DOI: 10.1021/jm070397i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Assfalg
- Dipartimento Scientifico e Tecnologico, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, Torino, Italy, ISMAC-CNR, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy, Bracco Imaging SpA, via E. Folli 50, 20134 Milano, Italy, and Bracco Imaging Spa, via Ribes 5, 10010 Colleretto Giacosa (TO), Italy
| | - Eliana Gianolio
- Dipartimento Scientifico e Tecnologico, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, Torino, Italy, ISMAC-CNR, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy, Bracco Imaging SpA, via E. Folli 50, 20134 Milano, Italy, and Bracco Imaging Spa, via Ribes 5, 10010 Colleretto Giacosa (TO), Italy
| | - Serena Zanzoni
- Dipartimento Scientifico e Tecnologico, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, Torino, Italy, ISMAC-CNR, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy, Bracco Imaging SpA, via E. Folli 50, 20134 Milano, Italy, and Bracco Imaging Spa, via Ribes 5, 10010 Colleretto Giacosa (TO), Italy
| | - Simona Tomaselli
- Dipartimento Scientifico e Tecnologico, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, Torino, Italy, ISMAC-CNR, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy, Bracco Imaging SpA, via E. Folli 50, 20134 Milano, Italy, and Bracco Imaging Spa, via Ribes 5, 10010 Colleretto Giacosa (TO), Italy
| | - Vito Lo Russo
- Dipartimento Scientifico e Tecnologico, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, Torino, Italy, ISMAC-CNR, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy, Bracco Imaging SpA, via E. Folli 50, 20134 Milano, Italy, and Bracco Imaging Spa, via Ribes 5, 10010 Colleretto Giacosa (TO), Italy
| | - Claudia Cabella
- Dipartimento Scientifico e Tecnologico, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, Torino, Italy, ISMAC-CNR, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy, Bracco Imaging SpA, via E. Folli 50, 20134 Milano, Italy, and Bracco Imaging Spa, via Ribes 5, 10010 Colleretto Giacosa (TO), Italy
| | - Laura Ragona
- Dipartimento Scientifico e Tecnologico, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, Torino, Italy, ISMAC-CNR, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy, Bracco Imaging SpA, via E. Folli 50, 20134 Milano, Italy, and Bracco Imaging Spa, via Ribes 5, 10010 Colleretto Giacosa (TO), Italy
| | - Silvio Aime
- Dipartimento Scientifico e Tecnologico, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, Torino, Italy, ISMAC-CNR, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy, Bracco Imaging SpA, via E. Folli 50, 20134 Milano, Italy, and Bracco Imaging Spa, via Ribes 5, 10010 Colleretto Giacosa (TO), Italy
| | - Henriette Molinari
- Dipartimento Scientifico e Tecnologico, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, Torino, Italy, ISMAC-CNR, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy, Bracco Imaging SpA, via E. Folli 50, 20134 Milano, Italy, and Bracco Imaging Spa, via Ribes 5, 10010 Colleretto Giacosa (TO), Italy
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