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You Y, Kong H, Li C, Gu Z, Ban X, Li Z. Carbohydrate binding modules: Compact yet potent accessories in the specific substrate binding and performance evolution of carbohydrate-active enzymes. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 73:108365. [PMID: 38677391 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs) are independent non-catalytic domains widely found in carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), and they play an essential role in the substrate binding process of CAZymes by guiding the appended catalytic modules to the target substrates. Owing to their precise recognition and selective affinity for different substrates, CBMs have received increasing research attention over the past few decades. To date, CBMs from different origins have formed a large number of families that show a variety of substrate types, structural features, and ligand recognition mechanisms. Moreover, through the modification of specific sites of CBMs and the fusion of heterologous CBMs with catalytic domains, improved enzymatic properties and catalytic patterns of numerous CAZymes have been achieved. Based on cutting-edge technologies in computational biology, gene editing, and protein engineering, CBMs as auxiliary components have become portable and efficient tools for the evolution and application of CAZymes. With the aim to provide a theoretical reference for the functional research, rational design, and targeted utilization of novel CBMs in the future, we systematically reviewed the function-related characteristics and potentials of CAZyme-derived CBMs in this review, including substrate recognition and binding mechanisms, non-catalytic contributions to enzyme performances, module modifications, and innovative applications in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxian You
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Haocun Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Caiming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Zhengbiao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ban
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhaofeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing 214200, China.
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Cabral VÁ, Govoni B, Verli H. Unravelling carbohydrate binding module 21 (CBM21) dynamics of interaction with amylose. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 330:121792. [PMID: 38368081 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
The carbohydrate binding module 21 (CBM21) from Rhizopus oryzae is a dual-site CBM proposed to disrupt polysaccharide structures. Additionally, it serves as a purification tag in industry. CBM21 crystal structure features a Glc residue in an unusual 1S3 conformation, whose relevance for the CBM mechanism of action is unclear. In this context, we seek to contribute for the understanding of CBM21 mechanism of action by: i) investigating the role of the 1S3 conformation on carbohydrate recognition, and ii) characterize the protein-carbohydrate binding dynamics using molecular dynamics and metadynamics simulations at MM and QM/MM levels. Results indicate the 1S3 Glc conformation is unlikely to occur under biological conditions, being originated from the crystallographic environment. CBM21 binding to small ligands appears transient and unstable, while protein dimerization and polysaccharide chain size influence complex stability. In interactions with amylose, CBM21 exhibits a repeated unbinding followed by re-binding, while simultaneously alternating between binding sites I and II. These results suggest that CBM21 acts through transient interactions, directing carbohydrates to the catalytic center rather than forming strong and long-lasting bonds with carbohydrates. Accordingly, we expect such atomistic depiction of CBM21 mechanism could aid in CBM design targeting biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Ávila Cabral
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91500-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruna Govoni
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91500-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Hugo Verli
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91500-970, RS, Brazil.
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Mashood Ahamed FM, Shakya B, Shakya S. Synthesis and characterization of a novel Mannich base benzimidazole derivative to explore interaction with human serum albumin and antimicrobial property: experimental and theoretical approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:8701-8714. [PMID: 36284457 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2136757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The novel Mannich base benzimidazole derivative (CB-1), 1-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)(3-chlorophenyl)methyl)-3-phenylurea) has been designed and synthesized by reacting benzimidazole, 3-chloro benzaldehyde, and N-Phenyl urea. CB-1 has been characterized by UV- Visible, FTIR, and 1H NMR. CB-1 was explored to study the interaction with the most abundant blood protein which involved in the role of transport of molecules (drugs), human serum albumin (HSA). Fluorescence results are evident for the presence of both dynamic and static quenching mechanisms in the binding of CB-1 to HSA. Antimicrobial screening were carried out against three bacteria and three fungi pathogens employing disc diffusion method. Molecular docking using AutoDock Vina tool further confirms the experimental binding interactions obtained from fluorescence. Density functional theory (DFT) with B3LYP/6-311G++ basis set was used for correlating theoretical data and obtaining optimized structures of CB-1 along with reactants with molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) map and HOMO→LUMO energy gap calculation. HIGHLIGHTSThe novel Mannich base benzimidazole derivative (CB-1) has been designed and synthesized by Mannich reaction.CB-1 has been characterized by UV- Visible, FTIR, and 1H NMR.Fluorescence quenching reveals that HSA binds to CB-1 via aromatic residues, which is corroborated by molecular docking.Antifungal and antibacterial activity was evaluated in comparison to Nystatin and Gentamicin standard drugs, respectively.DFT calculations support experimental data and provide HOMO-LUMO energy gap.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Mashood Ahamed
- PG and Research Department of Chemistry, Jamal Mohamed College (Autonomous), Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Barkha Shakya
- Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Sonam Shakya
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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Meesala G, Syeda AH, Varukolu M, Tigulla P. The charge transfer complex between 2, 3-diamino-5-bromopyridine and chloranilic acid: Preparation, spectroscopic characterization, DNA binding, and DFT/PCM analysis. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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5
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Potential inhibitory activity of phytoconstituents against black fungus: In silico ADMET, molecular docking and MD simulation studies. COMPUTATIONAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 24:100247. [PMID: 36193218 PMCID: PMC9508704 DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2022.100247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mucormycosis or “black fungus” has been currently observed in India, as a secondary infection in COVID-19 infected patients in the post-COVID-stage. Fungus is an uncommon opportunistic infection that affects people who have a weak immune system. In this study, 158 antifungal phytochemicals were screened using molecular docking against glucoamylase enzyme of Rhizopus oryzae to identify potential inhibitors. The docking scores of the selected phytochemicals were compared with Isomaltotriose as a positive control. Most of the compounds showed lower binding energy values than Isomaltotriose (-6.4 kcal/mol). Computational studies also revealed the strongest binding affinity of the screened phytochemicals was Dioscin (-9.4 kcal/mol). Furthermore, the binding interactions of the top ten potential phytochemicals were elucidated and further analyzed. In-silico ADME and toxicity prediction were also evaluated using SwissADME and admetSAR online servers. Compounds Piscisoflavone C, 8-O-methylaverufin and Punicalagin exhibited positive results with the Lipinski filter and drug-likeness and showed mild to moderate of toxicity. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation (at 300 K for 100 ns) was also employed to the docked ligand-target complex to explore the stability of ligand-target complex, improve docking results, and analyze the molecular mechanisms of protein-target interactions.
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6
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Molecular architecture of the glycogen- committed PP1/PTG holoenzyme. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6199. [PMID: 36261419 PMCID: PMC9582199 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33693-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The delicate alternation between glycogen synthesis and degradation is governed by the interplay between key regulatory enzymes altering the activity of glycogen synthase and phosphorylase. Among these, the PP1 phosphatase promotes glycogenesis while inhibiting glycogenolysis. PP1 is, however, a master regulator of a variety of cellular processes, being conveniently directed to each of them by scaffolding subunits. PTG, Protein Targeting to Glycogen, addresses PP1 action to glycogen granules. In Lafora disease, the most aggressive pediatric epilepsy, genetic alterations leading to PTG accumulation cause the deposition of insoluble polyglucosans in neurons. Here, we report the crystallographic structure of the ternary complex PP1/PTG/carbohydrate. We further refine the mechanism of the PTG-mediated PP1 recruitment to glycogen by identifying i) an unusual combination of recruitment sites, ii) their contributions to the overall binding affinity, and iii) the conformational heterogeneity of this complex by in solution SAXS analyses.
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Gaber A, Alsanie WF, Alhomrani M, Alamri AS, Alyami H, Shakya S, Habeeballah H, Alkhatabi HA, Felimban RI, Alamri A, Alhabeeb AA, Raafat BM, Refat MS. Multispectral and Molecular Docking Studies Reveal Potential Effectiveness of Antidepressant Fluoxetine by Forming π-Acceptor Complexes. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185883. [PMID: 36144618 PMCID: PMC9505585 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor mood, lack of pleasure, reduced focus, remorse, unpleasant thoughts, and sleep difficulties are all symptoms of depression. The only approved treatment for children and adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD) is fluoxetine hydrochloride (FXN), a serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor antidepressant. MDD is the most common cause of disability worldwide. In the present research, picric acid (PA); dinitrobenzene; p-nitro benzoic acid; 2,6-dichloroquinone-4-chloroimide; 2,6-dibromoquinone-4-chloroimide; and 7,7′,8,8′-tetracyanoquinodimethane were used to make 1:1 FXN charge-transfer compounds in solid and liquid forms. The isolated complexes were then characterized by elemental analysis, conductivity, infrared, Raman, and 1H-NMR spectra, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray powder diffraction. Additionally, a molecular docking investigation was conducted on the donor moiety using FXN alone and the resulting charge transfer complex [(FXN)(PA)] as an acceptor to examine the interactions against two protein receptors (serotonin or dopamine). Interestingly, the [(FXN)(PA)] complex binds to both serotonin and dopamine more effectively than the FXN drug alone. Furthermore, [(FXN)(PA)]–serotonin had a greater binding energy than [FXN]–serotonin. Theoretical data were also generated by density functional theory simulations, which aided the molecular geometry investigation and could be beneficial to researchers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Gaber
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (M.S.R.)
| | - Walaa F. Alsanie
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majid Alhomrani
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulhakeem S. Alamri
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussain Alyami
- College of Medicine, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sonam Shakya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Hamza Habeeballah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heba A. Alkhatabi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- King Fahd Medical Research Centre, Hematology Research Unit, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raed I. Felimban
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine (CIPM), 3D Bioprinting Unit, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulwahab Alamri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, P.O. Box 2240, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Bassem M. Raafat
- Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moamen S. Refat
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (M.S.R.)
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Alsanie WF, Alhomrani M, Alamri AS, Alyami H, Shakya S, Habeeballah H, Alkhatabi HA, Felimban RI, Alamri A, Alhabeeb AA, Raafat BM, Refat MS, Gaber A. Attempting to Increase the Effectiveness of the Antidepressant Trazodone Hydrochloride Drug Using π-Acceptors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11281. [PMID: 36141553 PMCID: PMC9517268 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a prevalent mood illness that is mildly heritable. Cases with the highest familial risk had recurrence and onset at a young age. Trazodone hydrochloride is an antidepressant medicine that affects the chemical messengers in the brain known as neurotransmitters, which include acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. In the present research, in solid and liquid phases, the 1:1 charge-transfer complexes between trazodone hydrochloride (TZD) and six different π-acceptors were synthesized and investigated using different microscopic techniques. The relation of dative ion pairs [TZD+, A-], where A is the acceptor, was inferred via intermolecular charge-transfer complexes. Additionally, a molecular docking examination was utilized to compare the interactions of protein receptors (serotonin-6BQH) with the TZD alone or in combination with the six distinct acceptor charge-transfer complexes. To refine the docking results acquired from AutoDock Vina and to better examine the molecular mechanisms of receptor-ligand interactions, a 100 ns run of molecular dynamics simulation was used. All the results obtained in this study prove that the 2,6-dichloroquinone-4-chloroimide (DCQ)/TZD complex interacts with serotonin receptors more efficiently than reactant donor TZD only and that [(TZD)(DCQ)]-serotonin has the highest binding energy value of all π-acceptor complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa F. Alsanie
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majid Alhomrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulhakeem S. Alamri
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussain Alyami
- College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sonam Shakya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Hamza Habeeballah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heba A. Alkhatabi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- King Fahd Medical Research Centre, Hematology Research Unit, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raed I. Felimban
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine (CIPM), 3D Bioprinting Unit, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulwahab Alamri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81442, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Bassem M. Raafat
- Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moamen S. Refat
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Gaber
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Al-Hazmi GH, Ibrahim AA, Refat MS, Adam FA, Allam A, Shakya S, Alsuhaibani AM. Intermolecular charge-transfer complexes between chlorothiazide antihypertensive drug against iodine sigma and picric acid pi acceptors: DFT and molecular docking interaction study with Covid-19 protease. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Spectroscopic and Molecular Docking Studies of Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), and Mn(II) Complexes with Anticonvulsant Therapeutic Agent Gabapentin. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134311. [PMID: 35807555 PMCID: PMC9268275 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
New Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), and Mn(II) complexes of the gabapentin (Gpn) bidentate drug ligand were synthesized and studied using elemental analyses, melting temperatures, molar conductivity, UV–Vis, magnetic measurements, FTIR, and surface morphology (scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopes).The gabapentin ligand was shown to form monobasic metal:ligand (1:1) stoichiometry complexes with the metal ions Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), and Mn(II). Molar conductance measurements in dimethyl-sulfoxide solvent with a concentration of 10−3 M correlated to a non-electrolytic character for all of the produced complexes. A deformed octahedral environment was proposed for all metal complexes. Through the nitrogen atom of the –NH2 group and the oxygen atom of the carboxylate group, the Gpn drug chelated as a bidentate ligand toward the Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, and Cu2+ metal ions. This coordination behavior was validated by spectroscopic, magnetic, and electronic spectra using the formulas of the [M(Gpn)(H2O)3(Cl)]·nH2O complexes (where n = 2–6).Transmission electron microscopy was used to examine the nanostructure of the produced gabapentin complexes. Molecular docking was utilized to investigate the comparative interaction between the Gpn drug and its four metal [Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), and Mn(II)] complexes as ligands using serotonin (6BQH) and dopamine (6CM4) receptors. AutoDock Vina results were further refined through molecular dynamics simulation, and molecular processes for receptor–ligand interactions were also studied. The B3LYP level of theory and LanL2DZ basis set was used for DFT (density functional theory) studies. The optimized geometries, along with the MEP map and HOMO → LUMO of the metal complexes, were studied.
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McCorvie TJ, Loria PM, Tu M, Han S, Shrestha L, Froese DS, Ferreira IM, Berg AP, Yue WW. Molecular basis for the regulation of human glycogen synthase by phosphorylation and glucose-6-phosphate. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2022; 29:628-638. [PMID: 35835870 PMCID: PMC9287172 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-022-00799-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase (GYS1) is the central enzyme in muscle glycogen biosynthesis. GYS1 activity is inhibited by phosphorylation of its amino (N) and carboxyl (C) termini, which is relieved by allosteric activation of glucose-6-phosphate (Glc6P). We present cryo-EM structures at 3.0-4.0 Å resolution of phosphorylated human GYS1, in complex with a minimal interacting region of glycogenin, in the inhibited, activated and catalytically competent states. Phosphorylations of specific terminal residues are sensed by different arginine clusters, locking the GYS1 tetramer in an inhibited state via intersubunit interactions. The Glc6P activator promotes conformational change by disrupting these interactions and increases the flexibility of GYS1, such that it is poised to adopt a catalytically competent state when the sugar donor UDP-glucose (UDP-glc) binds. We also identify an inhibited-like conformation that has not transitioned into the activated state, in which the locking interaction of phosphorylation with the arginine cluster impedes subsequent conformational changes due to Glc6P binding. Our results address longstanding questions regarding the mechanism of human GYS1 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J McCorvie
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Biosciences Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Paula M Loria
- Discovery Sciences, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | - Meihua Tu
- Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Seungil Han
- Discovery Sciences, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | - Leela Shrestha
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - D Sean Froese
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Igor M Ferreira
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Allison P Berg
- Rare Disease Research Unit, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Wyatt W Yue
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Biosciences Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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12
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Enhancement of Haloperidol Binding Affinity to Dopamine Receptor Via Forming a Charge-Transfer Complex with Picric Acid and 7,7,8,8-Tetracyanoquinodimethane for Improvement of the Antipsychotic Efficacy. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103295. [PMID: 35630772 PMCID: PMC9146347 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Haloperidol (HPL) is a typical antipsychotic drug used to treat acute psychotic conditions, delirium, and schizophrenia. Solid charge transfer (CT) products of HPL with 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) and picric acid (PA) have not been reported till date. Therefore, we conducted this study to investigate the donor–acceptor CT interactions between HPL (donor) and TCNQ and PA (π-acceptors) in liquid and solid states. The complete spectroscopic and analytical analyses deduced that the stoichiometry of these synthesized complexes was 1:1 molar ratio. Molecular docking calculations were performed for HPL as a donor and the resulting CT complexes with TCNQ and PA as acceptors with two protein receptors, serotonin and dopamine, to study the comparative interactions among them, as they are important neurotransmitters that play a large role in mental health. A molecular dynamics simulation was ran for 100 ns with the output from AutoDock Vina to refine docking results and better examine the molecular processes of receptor–ligand interactions. When compared to the reactant donor, the CT complex [(HPL)(TCNQ)] interacted with serotonin and dopamine more efficiently than HPL only. CT complex [(HPL)(TCNQ)] with dopamine (CTtD) showed the greatest binding energy value among all. Additionally, CTtD complex established more a stable interaction with dopamine than HPL–dopamine.
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Alsanie WF, Alamri AS, Alyami H, Alhomrani M, Shakya S, Habeeballah H, Alkhatabi HA, Felimban RI, Alzahrani AS, Alhabeeb AA, Raafat BM, Refat MS, Gaber A. Increasing the Efficacy of Seproxetine as an Antidepressant Using Charge-Transfer Complexes. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103290. [PMID: 35630766 PMCID: PMC9147639 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The charge transfer interactions between the seproxetine (SRX) donor and π-electron acceptors [picric acid (PA), dinitrobenzene (DNB), p-nitrobenzoic acid (p-NBA), 2,6-dichloroquinone-4-chloroimide (DCQ), 2,6-dibromoquinone-4-chloroimide (DBQ), and 7,7′,8,8′-tetracyanoquinodi methane (TCNQ)] were studied in a liquid medium, and the solid form was isolated and characterized. The spectrophotometric analysis confirmed that the charge–transfer interactions between the electrons of the donor and acceptors were 1:1 (SRX: π-acceptor). To study the comparative interactions between SRX and the other π-electron acceptors, molecular docking calculations were performed between SRX and the charge transfer (CT) complexes against three receptors (serotonin, dopamine, and TrkB kinase receptor). According to molecular docking, the CT complex [(SRX)(TCNQ)] binds with all three receptors more efficiently than SRX alone, and [(SRX)(TCNQ)]-dopamine (CTcD) has the highest binding energy value. The results of AutoDock Vina revealed that the molecular dynamics simulation of the 100 ns run revealed that both the SRX-dopamine and CTcD complexes had a stable conformation; however, the CTcD complex was more stable. The optimized structure of the CT complexes was obtained using density functional theory (B-3LYP/6-311G++) and was compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa F. Alsanie
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (W.F.A.); (A.S.A.); (M.A.)
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdulhakeem S. Alamri
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (W.F.A.); (A.S.A.); (M.A.)
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hussain Alyami
- College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Majid Alhomrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (W.F.A.); (A.S.A.); (M.A.)
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sonam Shakya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India;
| | - Hamza Habeeballah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Heba A. Alkhatabi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.A.); (R.I.F.)
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- King Fahd Medical Research Centre, Hematology Research Unit, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raed I. Felimban
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.A.); (R.I.F.)
- Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine (CIPM), 3D Bioprinting Unit, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed S. Alzahrani
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | - Bassem M. Raafat
- Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Moamen S. Refat
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.S.R.); (A.G.)
| | - Ahmed Gaber
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.S.R.); (A.G.)
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14
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Enhancing the Antipsychotic Effect of Risperidone by Increasing Its Binding Affinity to Serotonin Receptor via Picric Acid: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15030285. [PMID: 35337083 PMCID: PMC8952232 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the utility of inexpensive techniques in evaluating the interactions of risperidone (Ris) with different traditional -acceptors, with subsequent application of the findings into a Ris pharmaceutical formulation with improved therapeutic properties. Molecular docking calculations were performed using Ris and its different charge-transfer complexes (CT) with picric acid (PA), 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanop-benzoquinon (DDQ), tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), tetracyano ethylene (TCNE), tetrabromo-pquinon (BL), and tetrachloro-p-quinon (CL), as donors, and three receptors (serotonin, dopamine, and adrenergic) as acceptors to study the comparative interactions among them. To refine the docking results and further investigate the molecular processes of receptor–ligand interactions, a molecular dynamics simulation was run with output obtained from AutoDock Vina. Among all investigated complexes, the [(Ris) (PA)]-serotonin (CTcS) complex showed the highest binding energy. Molecular dynamics simulation of the 100 ns run revealed that both the Ris-serotonin (RisS) and CTcS complexes had a stable conformation; however, the CTcS complex was more stable.
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15
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de Meirelles JL, Nepomuceno FC, Peña-García J, Schmidt RR, Pérez-Sánchez H, Verli H. Current Status of Carbohydrates Information in the Protein Data Bank. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:684-699. [PMID: 31961683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are well known for their physicochemical, biological, functional, and therapeutic characteristics. Unfortunately, their chemical nature imposes severe challenges for the structural elucidation of these phenomena, impairing not only the depth of our understanding of carbohydrates but also the development of new biotechnological and therapeutic applications based on these molecules. In the recent past, the amount of structural information, obtained mainly from X-ray crystallography, has increased progressively, as well as its quality. In this context, the current work presents a global analysis of the carbohydrate information available in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). From high quality structures, it is clear that most of the data are highly concentrated on a few sets of residue types, on their monosaccharidic forms, and connected by a small diversity of glycosidic linkages. The geometries of these linkages can be mostly associated with the types of linkages instead of residues, while the level of puckering distortion was characterized, quantified, and located in a pseudorotational equilibrium landscape, not only to local minima but also to transitional states. These qualitative and quantitative analyses offer a global picture of the carbohydrate structural content in the PDB, potentially supporting the building of new models for carbohydrate-related biological phenomena at the atomistic level, including new developments on force field parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- João L de Meirelles
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Biologia Celular e Molecular (PPGBCM), Centro de Biotecnologia , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Av. Bento Goncalves, 9500 , Porto Alegre , Brazil 91509-900
| | - Felipe C Nepomuceno
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Biologia Celular e Molecular (PPGBCM), Centro de Biotecnologia , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Av. Bento Goncalves, 9500 , Porto Alegre , Brazil 91509-900
| | - Jorge Peña-García
- Bioinformatics and High Performance Computing Research Group (BIO-HPC), Computer Engineering Department , Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM) , Murcia , Spain 30107
| | - Ricardo Rodríguez Schmidt
- Bioinformatics and High Performance Computing Research Group (BIO-HPC), Computer Engineering Department , Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM) , Murcia , Spain 30107
| | - Horacio Pérez-Sánchez
- Bioinformatics and High Performance Computing Research Group (BIO-HPC), Computer Engineering Department , Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM) , Murcia , Spain 30107
| | - Hugo Verli
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Biologia Celular e Molecular (PPGBCM), Centro de Biotecnologia , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Av. Bento Goncalves, 9500 , Porto Alegre , Brazil 91509-900
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16
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Janeček Š, Mareček F, MacGregor EA, Svensson B. Starch-binding domains as CBM families-history, occurrence, structure, function and evolution. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107451. [PMID: 31536775 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The term "starch-binding domain" (SBD) has been applied to a domain within an amylolytic enzyme that gave the enzyme the ability to bind onto raw, i.e. thermally untreated, granular starch. An SBD is a special case of a carbohydrate-binding domain, which in general, is a structurally and functionally independent protein module exhibiting no enzymatic activity but possessing potential to target the catalytic domain to the carbohydrate substrate to accommodate it and process it at the active site. As so-called families, SBDs together with other carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) have become an integral part of the CAZy database (http://www.cazy.org/). The first two well-described SBDs, i.e. the C-terminal Aspergillus-type and the N-terminal Rhizopus-type have been assigned the families CBM20 and CBM21, respectively. Currently, among the 85 established CBM families in CAZy, fifteen can be considered as families having SBD functional characteristics: CBM20, 21, 25, 26, 34, 41, 45, 48, 53, 58, 68, 69, 74, 82 and 83. All known SBDs, with the exception of the extra long CBM74, were recognized as a module consisting of approximately 100 residues, adopting a β-sandwich fold and possessing at least one carbohydrate-binding site. The present review aims to deliver and describe: (i) the SBD identification in different amylolytic and related enzymes (e.g., CAZy GH families) as well as in other relevant enzymes and proteins (e.g., laforin, the β-subunit of AMPK, and others); (ii) information on the position in the polypeptide chain and the number of SBD copies and their CBM family affiliation (if appropriate); (iii) structure/function studies of SBDs with a special focus on solved tertiary structures, in particular, as complexes with α-glucan ligands; and (iv) the evolutionary relationships of SBDs in a tree common to all SBD CBM families (except for the extra long CBM74). Finally, some special cases and novel potential SBDs are also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Štefan Janeček
- Laboratory of Protein Evolution, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, SK-84551 Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of SS. Cyril and Methodius, Nám. J. Herdu 2, SK-91701 Trnava, Slovakia.
| | - Filip Mareček
- Laboratory of Protein Evolution, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, SK-84551 Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of SS. Cyril and Methodius, Nám. J. Herdu 2, SK-91701 Trnava, Slovakia
| | - E Ann MacGregor
- 2 Nicklaus Green, Livingston EH54 8RX, West Lothian, United Kingdom
| | - Birte Svensson
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 224, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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17
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Metabolite-based mutualism enhances hydrogen production in a two-species microbial consortium. Commun Biol 2019; 2:82. [PMID: 30854474 PMCID: PMC6395672 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustainable hydrogen production from renewable and low-cost substrates is very important to mitigate environmental and energy-related issues. Microbial consortia are promising for diverse bioenergy and environmental applications, yet microbial interactions are not fully understood. Here, we present comprehensive investigation on how two species in an artificial microbial consortium, consisting of Bacillus cereus A1 and Brevundimonas naejangsanensis B1, mutually cooperate to achieve an overall enhancement in hydrogen production and starch utilization. In this consortium, strains A1 and B1 secrete α-amylase and glucoamylase that are functionally complementary in starch hydrolysis. Moreover, strain A1 converts starch into lactate as a carbon source and electron donor, supporting the cell growth and hydrogen generation of strain B1. In return, strain B1 produces formate as an electron shuttle to strain A1 to enhance hydrogen production. The co-culture re-directs the overall metabolic flux, facilitates the cell growth, and up-regulates the key genes of hydrogen production and starch hydrolysis. Wang and Tang et al. show that two-species microbial consortium is more efficient in hydrogen production and starch utilization, compared to pure cultures. This work underscores a utility of synthetic microbial consortia, which can be optimized for increasing production of a certain metabolite.
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18
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NMR solution geometry of saccharides containing the 6-O-(α-D-glucopyranosyl)-α/β-D-glucopyranose (isomaltose) or 6-O-(α-D-galactopyranosyl)-α/β-D-glucopyranose (melibiose) core. Carbohydr Res 2019; 473:18-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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19
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Roth C, Moroz OV, Ariza A, Skov LK, Ayabe K, Davies GJ, Wilson KS. Structural insight into industrially relevant glucoamylases: flexible positions of starch-binding domains. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2018; 74:463-470. [PMID: 29717717 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798318004989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Glucoamylases are one of the most important classes of enzymes in the industrial degradation of starch biomass. They consist of a catalytic domain and a carbohydrate-binding domain (CBM), with the latter being important for the interaction with the polymeric substrate. Whereas the catalytic mechanisms and structures of the individual domains are well known, the spatial arrangement of the domains with respect to each other and its influence on activity are not fully understood. Here, the structures of three industrially used fungal glucoamylases, two of which are full length, have been crystallized and determined. It is shown for the first time that the relative orientation between the CBM and the catalytic domain is flexible, as they can adopt different orientations independently of ligand binding, suggesting a role as an anchor to increase the contact time and the relative concentration of substrate near the active site. The flexibility in the orientations of the two domains presented a considerable challenge for the crystallization of the enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Roth
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, England
| | - Olga V Moroz
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, England
| | - Antonio Ariza
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, England
| | - Lars K Skov
- Novozymes A/S, Krogshøjvej 36, DK-2880 Bagsværd, Denmark
| | | | - Gideon J Davies
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, England
| | - Keith S Wilson
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, England
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20
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Jang SW, Kim JS, Park JB, Jung JH, Park CS, Shin WC, Ha SJ. Characterization of the starch degradation activity from newly isolated Rhizopus oryzae WCS-1 and mixed cultures with Saccharomyces cerevisiae for efficient ethanol production from starch. Food Sci Biotechnol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-015-0235-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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21
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Oh IN, Jane JL, Wang K, Park JT, Park KH. Novel characteristics of a carbohydrate-binding module 20 from hyperthermophilic bacterium. Extremophiles 2015; 19:363-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00792-014-0722-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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