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Karan BM, Little K, Augustine J, Stitt AW, Curtis TM. Aldehyde Dehydrogenase and Aldo-Keto Reductase Enzymes: Basic Concepts and Emerging Roles in Diabetic Retinopathy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1466. [PMID: 37508004 PMCID: PMC10376360 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a complication of diabetes mellitus that can lead to vision loss and blindness. It is driven by various biochemical processes and molecular mechanisms, including lipid peroxidation and disrupted aldehyde metabolism, which contributes to retinal tissue damage and the progression of the disease. The elimination and processing of aldehydes in the retina rely on the crucial role played by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) and aldo-keto reductase (AKR) enzymes. This review article investigates the impact of oxidative stress, lipid-derived aldehydes, and advanced lipoxidation end products (ALEs) on the advancement of DR. It also provides an overview of the ALDH and AKR enzymes expressed in the retina, emphasizing their growing importance in DR. Understanding the relationship between aldehyde metabolism and DR could guide innovative therapeutic strategies to protect the retina and preserve vision in diabetic patients. This review, therefore, also explores various approaches, such as gene therapy and pharmacological compounds that have the potential to augment the expression and activity of ALDH and AKR enzymes, underscoring their potential as effective treatment options for DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Mugdat Karan
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Karis Little
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Josy Augustine
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Alan W Stitt
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Tim M Curtis
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
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Commentary on: Evaluation of spice and herb as phyto-derived selective modulators of human retinaldehyde dehydrogenases using simple in vitro method. Biosci Rep 2021; 42:230568. [PMID: 34940794 PMCID: PMC8753342 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20211522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is commonly known that aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) are a promising therapeutic target in many diseases. Bui et al. - the authors of the paper I am discussing here (Biosci Rep (2021) 41(5): BSR20210491; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1042/BSR20210491) - point that there is a lack of research on the use of spices and herbs as the sources of naturally occurring modulators of ALDH activity. In order to carry out this type of research, the authors prepared ethanolic extracts of 22 spices and herbs. The main objective of the study was to investigate retinaldehyde dehydrogenases (RALDHs), of which retinal is the main substrate and ALDH2, the mitochondrial isoform, having acetaldehyde as the main substrate. The obtained results indicated that the tested extracts exhibited differential regulatory effects on RALDHs/ALDH2 and some of them showed a potential selective inhibition of the activity of RALDHs.
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Non-cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics: Focus on the regulation of gene expression and enzyme activity. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 233:108020. [PMID: 34637840 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative metabolism is one of the major biotransformation reactions that regulates the exposure of xenobiotics and their metabolites in the circulatory system and local tissues and organs, and influences their efficacy and toxicity. Although cytochrome (CY)P450s play critical roles in the oxidative reaction, extensive CYP450-independent oxidative metabolism also occurs in some xenobiotics, such as aldehyde oxidase, xanthine oxidoreductase, flavin-containing monooxygenase, monoamine oxidase, alcohol dehydrogenase, or aldehyde dehydrogenase-dependent oxidative metabolism. Drugs form a large portion of xenobiotics and are the primary target of this review. The common reaction mechanisms and roles of non-CYP450 enzymes in metabolism, factors affecting the expression and activity of non-CYP450 enzymes in terms of inhibition, induction, regulation, and species differences in pharmaceutical research and development have been summarized. These non-CYP450 enzymes are detoxifying enzymes, although sometimes they mediate severe toxicity. Synthetic or natural chemicals serve as inhibitors for these non-CYP450 enzymes. However, pharmacokinetic-based drug interactions through these inhibitors have rarely been reported in vivo. Although multiple mechanisms participate in the basal expression and regulation of non-CYP450 enzymes, only a limited number of inducers upregulate their expression. Therefore, these enzymes are considered non-inducible or less inducible. Overall, this review focuses on the potential xenobiotic factors that contribute to variations in gene expression levels and the activities of non-CYP450 enzymes.
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Calleja LF, Yoval-Sánchez B, Hernández-Esquivel L, Gallardo-Pérez JC, Sosa-Garrocho M, Marín-Hernández Á, Jasso-Chávez R, Macías-Silva M, Salud Rodríguez-Zavala J. Activation of ALDH1A1 by omeprazole reduces cell oxidative stress damage. FEBS J 2021; 288:4064-4080. [PMID: 33400378 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, cells produce low basal levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS); however, in pathologic conditions ROS production increases dramatically, generating high concentrations of toxic unsaturated aldehydes. Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) are responsible for detoxification of these aldehydes protecting the cell. Due to the physiological relevance of these enzymes, it is important to design strategies to modulate their activity. It was previously reported that omeprazole activation of ALDH1A1 protected Escherichia coli cells overexpressing this enzyme, from oxidative stress generated by H2 O2 . In this work, omeprazole cell protection potential was evaluated in eukaryotic cells. AS-30D cell or hepatocyte suspensions were subjected to a treatment with omeprazole and exposure to light (that is required to activate omeprazole in the active site of ALDH) and then exposed to H2 O2 . Cells showed viability similar to control cells, total activity of ALDH was preserved, while cell levels of lipid aldehydes and oxidative stress markers were maintained low. Cell protection by omeprazole was avoided by inhibition of ALDHs with disulfiram, revealing the key role of these enzymes in the protection. Additionally, omeprazole also preserved ALDH2 (mitochondrial isoform) activity, diminishing lipid aldehyde levels and oxidative stress in this organelle, protecting mitochondrial respiration and transmembrane potential formation capacity, from the stress generated by H2 O2 . These results highlight the important role of ALDHs as part of the antioxidant system of the cell, since if the activity of these enzymes decreases under stress conditions, the viability of the cell is compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Francisco Calleja
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología 'Ignacio Chávez', Ciudad de México, México
| | - Belem Yoval-Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología 'Ignacio Chávez', Ciudad de México, México
| | - Luz Hernández-Esquivel
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología 'Ignacio Chávez', Ciudad de México, México
| | - Juan Carlos Gallardo-Pérez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología 'Ignacio Chávez', Ciudad de México, México
| | - Marcela Sosa-Garrocho
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Álvaro Marín-Hernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología 'Ignacio Chávez', Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ricardo Jasso-Chávez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología 'Ignacio Chávez', Ciudad de México, México
| | - Marina Macías-Silva
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
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Etienne J, Joanne P, Catelain C, Riveron S, Bayer Wildberger A, Lafable J, Punzon I, Blot S, Agbulut O, Vilquin JT. The authors reply: Comment on: "Aldehyde dehydrogenases contribute to skeletal muscle homeostasis in healthy, aging, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients" by Etienne et al. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2020; 11:1860-1862. [PMID: 32939998 PMCID: PMC7749569 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jessy Etienne
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3 Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, AIM, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, UMRS 974, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Joanne
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, IBPS, UMR 8256, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Catelain
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, AIM, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, UMRS 974, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Riveron
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, AIM, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, UMRS 974, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | | | - Jérémy Lafable
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, AIM, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, UMRS 974, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Isabel Punzon
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, INSERM, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, IMRB, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ENVA, U955-E10, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Stéphane Blot
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, INSERM, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, IMRB, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ENVA, U955-E10, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Onnik Agbulut
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, IBPS, UMR 8256, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Thomas Vilquin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, AIM, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, UMRS 974, CNRS, AP-HP, Paris, France
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A critical assessment of the potential of pharmacological modulation of aldehyde dehydrogenases to treat the diseases of bone loss. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 886:173541. [PMID: 32896553 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic alcoholism (CA) decreases bone mass and increases the risk of hip fracture. Alcohol and its main metabolite, acetaldehyde impairs osteoblastogenesis by increasing oxidative stress. Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in clearing acetaldehyde from the body. The clinical relevance of ALDH in skeletal function has been established by the discovery of single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP (rs671) in the ALDH2 gene giving rise to an inactive form of the enzyme (ALDH2*2) that causes increased serum acetaldehyde and osteoporosis in the affected individuals. Subsequent mouse genetics studies have replicated human phenotype in mice and confirmed the non-redundant role of ALDH2 in bone homeostasis. The activity of ALDH2 is amenable to pharmacological modulation. ALDH2 inhibition by disulfiram (DSF) and activation by alda-1 cause reduction and induction of bone formation, respectively. DSF also inhibits peak bone mass accrual in growing rats. On the other hand, DSF showed an anti-osteoclastogenic effect and protected mice from alcohol-induced osteopenia by inhibiting ALDH1a1 in bone marrow monocytes. Besides DSF, there are several classes of ALDH inhibitors with disparate skeletal effects. Alda-1, the ALDH2 activator induced osteoblast differentiation by increasing bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP2) expression via ALDH2 activation. Alda-1 also restored ovariectomy-induced bone loss. The scope of structure-activity based studies with ALDH2 and the alda-1-like molecule could lead to the discovery of novel osteoanabolic molecules. This review will critically discuss the molecular mechanism of the ethanol and its principal metabolite, acetaldehyde in the context of ALDH2 in bone cells, and skeletal homeostasis.
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Yoval-Sánchez B, Calleja LF, de la Luz Hernández-Esquivel M, Rodríguez-Zavala JS. Piperlonguminine a new mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase activator protects the heart from ischemia/reperfusion injury. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129684. [PMID: 32679250 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detoxification of aldehydes by aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) is crucial to maintain cell function. In cardiovascular diseases, reactive oxygen species generated during ischemia/reperfusion events trigger lipoperoxidation, promoting cell accumulation of highly toxic lipid aldehydes compromising cardiac function. In this context, activation of ALDH2, may contribute to preservation of cell integrity by diminishing aldehydes content more efficiently. METHODS The theoretic interaction of piperlonguminine (PPLG) with ALDH2 was evaluated by docking analysis. Recombinant human ALDH2 was used to evaluate the effects of PPLG on the kinetics of the enzyme. The effects of PPLG were further investigated in a myocardial infarction model in rats, evaluating ALDHs activity, antioxidant enzymes, oxidative stress markers and mitochondrial function. RESULTS PPLG increased the activity of recombinant human ALDH2 and protected the enzyme from inactivation by lipid aldehydes. Additionally, administration of this drug prevented the damage induced by ischemia/reperfusion in rats, restoring heart rate and blood pressure, which correlated with protection of ALDHs activity in the tissue, a lower content of lipid aldehydes, and the preservation of mitochondrial function. CONCLUSION Activation of ALDH2 by piperlonguminine ameliorates cell damage generated in heart ischemia/reperfusion events, by decreasing lipid aldehydes concentration promoting cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belem Yoval-Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Ciudad de México, 14080, México
| | - Luis Francisco Calleja
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Ciudad de México, 14080, México
| | | | - José Salud Rodríguez-Zavala
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Ciudad de México, 14080, México.
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Calleja LF, Belmont-Díaz JA, Medina-Contreras O, Quezada H, Yoval-Sánchez B, Campos-García J, Rodríguez-Zavala JS. Omeprazole as a potent activator of human cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH1A1. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1864:129451. [PMID: 31678145 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.129451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulation of lipid aldehydes plays a key role in the etiology of human diseases where high levels of oxidative stress are generated. In this regard, activation of aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) prevents oxidative tissue damage during ischemia-reperfusion processes. Although omeprazole is used to reduce stomach gastric acid production, in the present work this drug is described as the most potent activator of human ALDH1A1 reported yet. METHODS Docking analysis was performed to predict the interactions of omeprazole with the enzyme. Recombinant human ALDH1A1 was used to assess the effect of omeprazole on the kinetic properties. Temperature treatment and mass spectrometry were conducted to address the nature of binding of the activator to the enzyme. Finally, the effect of omeprazole was evaluated in an in vivo model of oxidative stress, using E. coli cells expressing the human ALDH1A1. RESULTS Omeprazole interacted with the aldehyde binding site, increasing 4-6 fold the activity of human ALDH1A1, modified the kinetic properties, altering the order of binding of substrates and release of products, and protected the enzyme from inactivation by lipid aldehydes. Furthermore, omeprazole protected E. coli cells over-expressing ALDH1A1 from the effects of oxidative stress generated by H2O2 exposure, reducing the levels of lipid aldehydes and preserving ALDH activity. CONCLUSION Omeprazole can be repositioned as a potent activator of human ALDH1A1 and may be proposed for its use in therapeutic strategies, to attenuate the damage generated during oxidative stress events occurring in different human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Francisco Calleja
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico 14080
| | | | - Oscar Medina-Contreras
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico 06720
| | - Héctor Quezada
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico 06720
| | - Belem Yoval-Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico 14080
| | - Jesús Campos-García
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Microbiana, Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mich., Mexico 58030
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Insights on alpha lipoic and dihydrolipoic acids as promising scavengers of oxidative stress and possible chelators in mercury toxicology. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 195:111-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Ahmed Laskar A, Younus H. Aldehyde toxicity and metabolism: the role of aldehyde dehydrogenases in detoxification, drug resistance and carcinogenesis. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 51:42-64. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2018.1555587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amaj Ahmed Laskar
- Enzymology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Hina Younus
- Enzymology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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Rodríguez-Zavala JS, Calleja LF, Moreno-Sánchez R, Yoval-Sánchez B. Role of Aldehyde Dehydrogenases in Physiopathological Processes. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:405-420. [PMID: 30628442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Many different diseases are associated with oxidative stress. One of the main consequences of oxidative stress at the cellular level is lipid peroxidation, from which toxic aldehydes may be generated. Below their toxicity thresholds, some aldehydes are involved in signaling processes, while others are intermediaries in the metabolism of lipids, amino acids, neurotransmitters, and carbohydrates. Some aldehydes ubiquitously distributed in the environment, such as acrolein or formaldehyde, are extremely toxic to the cell. On the other hand, aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) are able to detoxify a wide variety of aldehydes to their corresponding carboxylic acids, thus helping to protect from oxidative stress. ALDHs are located in different subcellular compartments such as cytosol, mitochondria, nucleus, and endoplasmic reticulum. The aim of this review is to analyze, and highlight, the role of different ALDH isoforms in the detoxification of aldehydes generated in processes that involve high levels of oxidative stress. The ALDH physiological relevance becomes evident by the observation that their expression and activity are enhanced in different pathologies that involve oxidative stress such as neurodegenerative disorders, cardiopathies, atherosclerosis, and cancer as well as inflammatory processes. Furthermore, ALDH mutations bring about several disorders in the cell. Thus, understanding the mechanisms by which these enzymes participate in diverse cellular processes may lead to better contend with the damage caused by toxic aldehydes in different pathologies by designing modulators and/or protocols to modify their activity or expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rafael Moreno-Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica , Instituto Nacional de Cardiología , México 14080 , México
| | - Belem Yoval-Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica , Instituto Nacional de Cardiología , México 14080 , México
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12
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Martins-Neves SR, Cleton-Jansen AM, Gomes CMF. Therapy-induced enrichment of cancer stem-like cells in solid human tumors: Where do we stand? Pharmacol Res 2018; 137:193-204. [PMID: 30316903 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of local recurrence and metastatic disease, most probably attributable to the intrinsic or acquired resistance of tumor cells to standard therapy, still constitute the major clinical problem preventing the cure of cancer patients. Despite progress in the research of new therapeutic targets and compounds, resistant cells displaying stem-like properties seem to play a leading role in therapeutic failures and to be the culprit cells responsible for associated tumor recurrence. A whole new plethora of research studies suggest that drug-tolerant cancer stem cells may be induced by conventional cancer chemotherapeutics such as doxorubicin, cisplatinum and ionizing radiation. This phenotypic plasticity and transition from a differentiated to stem-like cell state associates with the activation of diverse stem cell self-renewal (e.g. Notch, Hedgehog, Wnt), drug efflux (e.g. ABC transporters) and survival-related pathways (e.g. TGF-β, ERK, AKT), which may confer resistance and treatment failures in solid tumors. Therefore, combined therapeutic strategies aiming to simultaneously target drug-sensitive tumor cells and their capacity of phenotypic switching may lead to survival benefits and meaningful disease remissions. This knowledge can be applicable to the clinic and contribute to better therapeutic outcomes and prevent tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara R Martins-Neves
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Sta. Comba, Celas, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal; CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CIMAGO, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Anne-Marie Cleton-Jansen
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Célia M F Gomes
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Sta. Comba, Celas, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal; CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CIMAGO, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Silva FB, Romero WG, Carvalho ALRDA, Souza GAA, Claudio ERG, Abreu GR. Effects of treatment with chemotherapy and/or tamoxifen on the biomarkers of cardiac injury and oxidative stress in women with breast cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e8723. [PMID: 29381962 PMCID: PMC5708961 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000008723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been an increase in deaths from cardiovascular diseases following breast cancer therapy. Evidence has shown that this outcome is, in part, associated with cardiotoxicity induced by the chemotherapeutic drugs and the increase in oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of chemotherapy and hormone therapy with tamoxifen on the biomarkers of cardiac injury and oxidative stress in women with breast cancer.Thirty women were followed-up for 1 year and were divided into 3 groups according to the treatment protocol: women treated only with tamoxifen and clinical follow up for 12 months (Tam, n = 10); women treated only with chemotherapy for 6 months with clinical follow up for an additional 6-month period (Chemo, n = 10); and women who received chemotherapy for 6 months followed by a 6-month period only with tamoxifen therapy and clinical follow up (Chemo + Tam, n = 10). Analysis of the blood levels of cardiac troponin I (cTnI), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and the activity of the plasmatic isoform of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was performed before treatment (T0) and at 6 (T6) and 12 (T12) months after treatment.The Chemo group showed higher levels of cTnI (0.065 ± 0.006 ng/mL, P < .05) and AOPP (4.99 ± 0.84 μmol/L, P < .05) and reduced GPx activity (24.4 ± 1.1 nM/min/mL, P < .05) at T12 than the Tam group (cTnI: 0.031 ± 0.001 ng/mL; AOPP: 1.40 ± 0.10 μmol/L; GPx: 28.0 ± 0.7 nM/min/mL) and Chemo + Tam group (cTnI: 0.037 ± 0.002 ng/mL; AOPP: 2.53 ± 0.30 μmol/L; GPx: 29.5 ± 1.0 nM/min/mL).These data support the hypothesis that long-term oxidative stress after chemotherapy may have an impact on cardiovascular diseases and that tamoxifen has cardioprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Walckiria Garcia Romero
- Department of Nursing, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória-ES, Brazil
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Laskar AA, Khan MA, Askari F, Younus H. Thymoquinone binds and activates human salivary aldehyde dehydrogenase: Potential therapy for the mitigation of aldehyde toxicity and maintenance of oral health. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 103:99-110. [PMID: 28472683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.04.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Human salivary aldehyde dehydrogenase (hsALDH) is a very important anti-oxidant enzyme present in the saliva. It is involved in the detoxification of toxic aldehydes and maintenance of oral health. Reduced level of hsALDH activity is a risk factor for oral cancer development. Thymoquinone (TQ) has many pharmacological activities and health benefits. This study aimed to examine the activation of hsALDH by TQ. The effect of TQ on the activity and kinetics of hsALDH was studied. The binding of TQ with the enzyme was examined by different biophysical methods and molecular docking analysis. TQ enhanced the dehydrogenase activity of crude and purified hsALDH by 3.2 and 2.9 fold, respectively. The Km of the purified enzyme decreased and the Vmax increased. The esterase activity also increased by 1.2 fold. No significant change in the nucleophilicity of the catalytic cysteine residue was observed. TQ forms a strong complex with hsALDH without altering the secondary structures of the enzyme. It fits in the active site of ALDH3A1 close to Cys 243 and the other highly conserved amino acid residues which lead to enhancement of substrate binding affinity and catalytic efficiency of the enzyme. TQ is expected to give better protection from toxic aldehydes in the oral cavity and to reduce the risk of oral cancer development through the activation of hsALDH. Therefore, the addition of TQ in the diet and other oral formulations is expected to be beneficial for health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaj Ahmed Laskar
- Enzymology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Masood Alam Khan
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fizza Askari
- Enzymology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Hina Younus
- Enzymology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
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15
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Belmont-Díaz JA, Yoval-Sánchez B, Calleja-Castañeda LF, Pardo Vázquez JP, Rodríguez-Zavala JS. Alda-1 modulates the kinetic properties of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2). FEBS J 2016; 283:3637-3650. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Belem Yoval-Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología; México D.F México
| | | | - Juan P. Pardo Vázquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica; Facultad de Medicina; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México D.F México
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16
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sjögren-Larsson syndrome (SLS) is a rare neurocutaneous disease characterized by ichthyosis, spasticity, intellectual disability and a distinctive retinopathy. It is caused by inactivating mutations in ALDH3A2, which codes for fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH) and results in abnormal metabolism of long-chain aliphatic aldehydes and alcohols. The potential disease mechanisms leading to symptoms include 1) accumulation of toxic fatty aldehydes that form covalent adducts with lipids and membrane proteins; 2) physical disruption of multi-lamellar membranes in skin and brain; 3) abnormal activation of the JNK cell signaling pathway; and 4) defective farnesol metabolism resulting in abnormal PPAR-α dependent gene expression. Currently, no effective pathogenesis-based therapy is available. AREAS COVERED The clinical, pathologic and genetic features of SLS are summarized. The biochemical abnormalities caused by deficient activity of FALDH are reviewed in the context of proposed pathogenic mechanisms and potential therapeutic interventions. EXPERT OPINION The most promising pharmacologic approach to SLS involves blocking the formation of potentially harmful fatty aldehyde adducts using aldehyde scavenging drugs, currently in phase 2 clinical trials. Other approaches needing further investigation include: 1) ALDH-specific activator drugs and PPAR-α agonists to increase mutant FALDH activity; 2) inhibitors of the JNK phosphorylation cascade; 3) antioxidants to decrease aldehyde load; 4) dietary lipid modification; and 5) gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Rizzo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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