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Xie X, Huang R, Zhang W, Zhang R. Cofactor-dependence alteration of 7β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: Enhancing one-pot synthesis efficiency of chenodeoxycholic acid to ursodeoxycholic acid through cofactor self-recycling. Int J Biol Macromol 2024:136328. [PMID: 39378924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.136328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2024] [Revised: 09/22/2024] [Accepted: 10/03/2024] [Indexed: 10/10/2024]
Abstract
NAD+-dependent 7α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7α-HSDH) and NADPH-dependent 7β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7β-HSDH) are involved in the biosynthesis of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). To realize the one-pot synthesis of CDCA to UDCA through NAD+-NADH cycling, we aimed to improve the binding ability of Hyphomicrobium sp. 7β-HSDH to NADH. The 7β-HSDH structure was modeled and some potential residues to improve NADH affinity near conserved cofactor binding regions were screened, including Ala22, Gln23, Asn24, Asp44, Leu45, and Asn46. The dominant mutant A22T/Q23E/L45A/N46E significantly enhanced the binding affinity for NADH, resulting in a 44.9-fold increase in its kcat/Km value. It increased enzymatic activity by 65.2-fold and catalyzed the synthesis of UDCA at a yield of 77.6 % with 5 g/L 7K-LCA and 12.5 mM NADH. Molecular dynamics simulations indicated increased interactions of mutated 7β-HSDH and the ligand NADH by their spatially reduced binding distance and reaction energy. The modified cofactor-dependence of 7β-HSDH realized efficient one-pot synthesis of CDCA to UDCA through strengthening cofactor-recycling and reducing the use of cofactor, achieving 90.1 % UDCA yield and 54.1 g/L/d spatiotemporal yield when coupled with 7α-HSDH with only 0.5 mM NAD+ as coenzyme. This work also supplies a universal cofactor-dependence engineering technique for homologous HSDH enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiubing Xie
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Runyi Huang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wenchi Zhang
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rongzhen Zhang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Li Y, Li SF, Zhang L, Xue YP, Zheng YG. Engineering of a hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase with simultaneous enhancement in activity and thermostability for efficient biosynthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0123724. [PMID: 39207158 PMCID: PMC11409680 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01237-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDHs) catalyze the oxidation/reduction of hydroxyl/keto groups of steroids with high regio- or stereoselectivity, playing an essential role in producing optically pure chemicals. In this work, a novel approach was developed to simultaneously improve the stability and activity of 7β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7β-HSDH) by combining B-factor analysis and computer-aided prediction. Several advantageous mutants were identified, and the most promising variant, S51Y/P202Y, exhibited 2.3-fold improvements in catalytic activity, 3.3-fold in half-life at 40°C, and 4.7-fold in catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km), respectively. Structural modeling analysis showed that the shortened reversible oxidation reaction catalytic distance and the strengthened residue interactions compared to the wild type were attributed to the improved stability and activity of the obtained mutants. To synthesize ursodeoxycholic acid cost-effectively by mutant S51Y/P202Y, a NAD-kinase was employed to facilitate the substitution of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) in the whole-cell catalysis system. The substrate 7-ketolithocholic acid (100 mM) was converted completely in 0.5 h, achieving a space-time yield of 1,887.3 g L-1 d-1. This work provided a general target-oriented strategy for obtaining stable and highly active dehydrogenase for efficient biosynthesis. IMPORTANCE Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases have emerged as indispensable tools in the synthesis of steroids, bile acids, and other steroid derivatives for the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. In this study, a novel approach was developed to simultaneously improve the stability and activity of a hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase by combining B-factor analysis and computer-aided prediction. This semi-rational method was demonstrated to be highly effective for enzyme engineering. In addition, NAD kinase was introduced to convert NAD+ to NADP+ for effective coenzyme regeneration in the whole-cell multienzyme-catalyzed system. This strategy reduces the significant economic costs associated with externally supplemented cofactors in NADP-dependent biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Ping Xue
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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Pan Y, Zhang H, Li M, He T, Guo S, Zhu L, Tan J, Wang B. Novel approaches in IBD therapy: targeting the gut microbiota-bile acid axis. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2356284. [PMID: 38769683 PMCID: PMC11110704 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2356284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and recurrent condition affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Disturbed gut microbiota and abnormal bile acid (BA) metabolism are notable in IBD, suggesting a bidirectional relationship. Specifically, the diversity of the gut microbiota influences BA composition, whereas altered BA profiles can disrupt the microbiota. IBD patients often exhibit increased primary bile acid and reduced secondary bile acid concentrations due to a diminished bacteria population essential for BA metabolism. This imbalance activates BA receptors, undermining intestinal integrity and immune function. Consequently, targeting the microbiota-BA axis may rectify these disturbances, offering symptomatic relief in IBD. Here, the interplay between gut microbiota and bile acids (BAs) is reviewed, with a particular focus on the role of gut microbiota in mediating bile acid biotransformation, and contributions of the gut microbiota-BA axis to IBD pathology to unveil potential novel therapeutic avenues for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinping Pan
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Haojie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Minghui Li
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Tingjing He
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Sihao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Liancai Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jun Tan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological & Chemical engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Bochu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
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Wang MQ, You ZN, Yang BY, Xia ZW, Chen Q, Pan J, Li CX, Xu JH. Machine-Learning-Guided Engineering of an NADH-Dependent 7β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase for Economic Synthesis of Ursodeoxycholic Acid. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:19672-19681. [PMID: 38016669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic synthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) catalyzed by an NADH-dependent 7β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7β-HSDH) is more economic compared with an NADPH-dependent 7β-HSDH when considering the much higher cost of NADP+/NADPH than that of NAD+/NADH. However, the poor catalytic performance of NADH-dependent 7β-HSDH significantly limits its practical applications. Herein, machine-learning-guided protein engineering was performed on an NADH-dependent Rt7β-HSDHM0 from Ruminococcus torques. We combined random forest, Gaussian Naïve Bayes classifier, and Gaussian process regression with limited experimental data, resulting in the best variant Rt7β-HSDHM3 (R40I/R41K/F94Y/S196A/Y253F) with improvements in specific activity and half-life (40 °C) by 4.1-fold and 8.3-fold, respectively. The preparative biotransformation using a "two stage in one pot" sequential process coupled with Rt7β-HSDHM3 exhibited a space-time yield (STY) of 192 g L-1 d-1, which is so far the highest productivity for the biosynthesis of UDCA from chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) with NAD+ as a cofactor. More importantly, the cost of raw materials for the enzymatic production of UDCA employing Rt7β-HSDHM3 decreased by 22% in contrast to that of Rt7β-HSDHM0, indicating the tremendous potential of the variant Rt7β-HSDHM3 for more efficient and economic production of UDCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Qiang Wang
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Neng You
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Bing-Yi Yang
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Wei Xia
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Qi Chen
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Pan
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Xiu Li
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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Song P, Zhang X, Feng W, Xu W, Wu C, Xie S, Yu S, Fu R. Biological synthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1140662. [PMID: 36910199 PMCID: PMC9998936 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1140662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a fundamental treatment drug for numerous hepatobiliary diseases that also has adjuvant therapeutic effects on certain cancers and neurological diseases. Chemical UDCA synthesis is environmentally unfriendly with low yields. Biological UDCA synthesis by free-enzyme catalysis or whole-cell synthesis using inexpensive and readily available chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), cholic acid (CA), or lithocholic acid (LCA) as substrates is being developed. The free enzyme-catalyzed one-pot, one-step/two-step method uses hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSDH); whole-cell synthesis, mainly uses engineered bacteria (mainly Escherichia coli) expressing the relevant HSDHs. To further develop these methods, HSDHs with specific coenzyme dependence, high enzyme activity, good stability, and high substrate loading concentration, P450 monooxygenase with C-7 hydroxylation activity and engineered strain harboring HSDHs must be exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Song
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
- Jiangxi Zymerck Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanchang, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Wei Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Chaoyun Wu
- Jiangxi Zymerck Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanchang, China
| | - Shaoqing Xie
- Jiangxi Zymerck Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanchang, China
| | - Sisi Yu
- Jiangxi Zymerck Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanchang, China
| | - Rongzhao Fu
- Jiangxi Zymerck Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanchang, China
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Huang B, Yang K, Amanze C, Yan Z, Zhou H, Liu X, Qiu G, Zeng W. Sequence and structure-guided discovery of a novel NADH-dependent 7β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase for efficient biosynthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid. Bioorg Chem 2023; 131:106340. [PMID: 36586301 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
7β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (7β-HSDHs) have attracted increasing attention due to their crucial roles in the biosynthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). However, most published 7β-HSDHs are strictly NADPH-dependent oxidoreductases with poor activity and low productivity. Compared with NADPH, NADH is more stable and cheaper, making it the more popular cofactor for industrial applications of dehydrogenases. Herein, by using a sequence and structure-guided genome mining approach based on the structural information of conserved cofactor-binding motifs, we uncovered a novel NADH-dependent 7β-HSDH (Cle7β-HSDH). The Cle7β-HSDH was overexpressed, purified, and characterized. It exhibited high specific activity (9.6 U/mg), good pH stability and thermostability, significant methanol tolerance, and showed excellent catalytic efficiencies (kcat/Km) towards 7-oxo-lithocholic acid (7-oxo-LCA) and NADH (70.8 mM-1s-1 and 31.8 mM-1s-1, respectively). Molecular docking and mutational analyses revealed that Asp42 could play a considerable role in NADH binding and recognition. Coupling with a glucose dehydrogenase for NADH regeneration, up to 20 mM 7-oxo-LCA could be completely transformed to UDCA within 90 min by Cle7β-HSDH. This study provides an efficient approach for mining promising enzymes from genomic databases for cost-effective biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Huang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Kai Yang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Charles Amanze
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Zhen Yan
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Hongbo Zhou
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Xueduan Liu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Guanzhou Qiu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Weimin Zeng
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Hunan 410083, China.
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Functional Characterization and Synthetic Application of Is2-SDR, a Novel Thermostable and Promiscuous Ketoreductase from a Hot Spring Metagenome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012153. [PMID: 36293010 PMCID: PMC9603792 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In a metagenome mining-based search of novel thermostable hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDHs), enzymes that are able to selectively oxidize/reduce steroidal compounds, a novel short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR), named Is2-SDR, was recently discovered. This enzyme, found in an Icelandic hot spring metagenome, shared a high sequence similarity with HSDHs, but, unexpectedly, showed no activity in the oxidation of the tested steroid substrates, e.g., cholic acid. Despite that, Is2-SDR proved to be a very active and versatile ketoreductase, being able to regio- and stereoselectively reduce a diversified panel of carbonylic substrates, including bulky ketones, α- and β-ketoesters, and α-diketones of pharmaceutical relevance. Further investigations showed that Is2-SDR was indeed active in the regio- and stereoselective reduction of oxidized steroid derivatives, and this outcome was rationalized by docking analysis in the active site model. Moreover, Is2-SDR showed remarkable thermostability, with an apparent melting temperature (TM) around 75 °C, as determined by circular dichroism analysis, and no significant decrease in catalytic activity, even after 5 h at 80 °C. A broad tolerance to both water-miscible and water-immiscible organic solvents was demonstrated as well, thus, confirming the potential of this new biocatalyst for its synthetic application.
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Abstract
Bile acids are detergent molecules that solubilize dietary lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins. Humans synthesize bile acids with α-orientation hydroxyl groups which can be biotransformed by gut microbiota to toxic, hydrophobic bile acids, such as deoxycholic acid (DCA). Gut microbiota can also convert hydroxyl groups from the α-orientation through an oxo-intermediate to the β-orientation, resulting in more hydrophilic, less toxic bile acids. This interconversion is catalyzed by regio- (C-3 vs. C-7) and stereospecific (α vs. β) hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDHs). So far, genes encoding the urso- (7α-HSDH & 7β-HSDH) and iso- (3α-HSDH & 3β-HSDH) bile acid pathways have been described. Recently, multiple human gut clostridia were reported to encode 12α-HSDH, which interconverts DCA and 12-oxolithocholic acid (12-oxoLCA). 12β-HSDH completes the epi-bile acid pathway by converting 12-oxoLCA to the 12β-bile acid denoted epiDCA; however, a gene(s) encoding this enzyme has yet to be identified. We confirmed 12β-HSDH activity in cultures of Clostridium paraputrificum ATCC 25780. From six candidate C. paraputrificum ATCC 25780 oxidoreductase genes, we discovered the first gene (DR024_RS09610) encoding bile acid 12β-HSDH. Phylogenetic analysis revealed unforeseen diversity for 12β-HSDH, leading to validation of two additional bile acid 12β-HSDHs through a synthetic biology approach. By comparison to a previous phylogenetic analysis of 12α-HSDH, we identified the first potential C-12 epimerizing strains: Collinsella tanakaei YIT 12063 and Collinsella stercoris DSM 13279. A Hidden Markov Model search against human gut metagenomes located putative 12β-HSDH genes in about 30% of subjects within the cohorts analyzed, indicating this gene is relevant in the human gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi L. Doden
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Patricia G. Wolf
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA,Cancer Education and Career Development Program, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - H. Rex Gaskins
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Cancer Center at Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - João M. P. Alves
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jason M. Ridlon
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Cancer Center at Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,CONTACT Jason M. Ridlon Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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Li H, Wu Y, Huang N, Zhao Q, Yuan Q, Shao B. γ-Aminobutyric Acid Promotes Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Inducing TNFAIP3. Curr Gene Ther 2021; 20:152-161. [PMID: 32951573 DOI: 10.2174/1566523220999200727122502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease. There is still an unmet need for novel therapeutic agents that could be beneficial as osteoporosis treatments. It has been reported that the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) might be associated with human bone formation. However, the precise mechanism remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of GABA on bone metabolism and explore the possible role of TNFAIP3 in this process. METHODS GABA had little effect on the proliferation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and RAW 264.7 cells, as indicated by the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. The results showed that GABA enhanced the intensity of ALP staining, ALP activity, and accumulation of Ca2+ mineralized nodules in hMSCs during osteogenic induction. RESULTS The qRT-PCR results indicated that GABA treatment significantly increased the mRNA expression of osteogenic genes in hMSCs. In RAW 264.7 cells, TRAP staining showed that GABA did not alter the number or size of osteoclasts or the expression of osteoclastic genes, which suggests that GABA does not affect osteoclastic differentiation. Mechanistically, GABA treatment significantly induced the sustained expression of TNFAIP3. Furthermore, by knocking down TNFAIP3, the osteogenic effect of GABA was antagonized, which suggests that TNFAIP3 mediates the effects of GABA in hMSCs. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that GABA treatment positively regulated osteogenic differentiation by upregulating TNFAIP3, while no obvious effect on osteoclastic differentiation was detected. Therefore, our results provide a potential gene therapy for the treatment of osteoporosis and low bone mineral density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yongyao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ning Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bin Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Liu Z, Zhang R, Zhang W, Xu Y. Ile258Met mutation of Brucella melitensis 7α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase significantly enhances catalytic efficiency, cofactor affinity, and thermostability. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:3573-3586. [PMID: 33937927 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11299-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
NAD(H)-dependent 7α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase catalyzes the oxidation of chenodeoxycholic acid to 7-oxolithocholic acid. Here, we designed mutations of Ile258 adjacent to the catalytic pocket of Brucella melitensis 7α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. The I258M variant gave a 4.7-fold higher kcat, but 4.5-fold lower KM, compared with the wild type, resulting in a 21.8-fold higher kcat/KM value for chenodeoxycholic acid oxidation. It presented a 2.0-fold lower KM value with NAD+, suggesting stronger binding to the cofactor. I258M produced 7-oxolithocholic acid in the highest yield of 92.3% in 2 h, whereas the wild-type gave 88.4% in 12 h. The I258M mutation increased the half-life from 20.8 to 31.1 h at 30 °C. Molecular dynamics simulations indicated increased interactions and a modified tunnel improved the catalytic efficiency, and enhanced rigidity at three regions around the ligand-binding pocket increased the enzyme thermostability. This is the first report about significantly improved catalytic efficiency, cofactor affinity, and enzyme thermostability through single site-mutation of Brucella melitensis 7α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. KEY POINTS: • Sequence and structure analysis guided the site mutation design. • Thermostability, catalytic efficiency and 7-oxo-LCA production were determined. • MD simulation was performed to indicate the improvement by I258M mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongzhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenchi Zhang
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
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11
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Bertuletti S, Ferrandi EE, Marzorati S, Vanoni M, Riva S, Monti D. Insights into the Substrate Promiscuity of Novel Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Bertuletti
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “G. Natta” (SCITEC), CNR Via Mario Bianco 9 20131 Milano Italy
- Università degli Studi di Milano Via Giuseppe Colombo 60 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Erica Elisa Ferrandi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “G. Natta” (SCITEC), CNR Via Mario Bianco 9 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Stefano Marzorati
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “G. Natta” (SCITEC), CNR Via Mario Bianco 9 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Marta Vanoni
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “G. Natta” (SCITEC), CNR Via Mario Bianco 9 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Sergio Riva
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “G. Natta” (SCITEC), CNR Via Mario Bianco 9 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Daniela Monti
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “G. Natta” (SCITEC), CNR Via Mario Bianco 9 20131 Milano Italy
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12
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Ferrandi EE, Bertuletti S, Monti D, Riva S. Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases: An Ongoing Story. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erica Elisa Ferrandi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “G. Natta” (SCITEC); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Via Mario Bianco 9 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Susanna Bertuletti
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “G. Natta” (SCITEC); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Via Mario Bianco 9 20131 Milano Italy
- Università degli Studi di Milano; Via Giuseppe Colombo 60 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Daniela Monti
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “G. Natta” (SCITEC); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Via Mario Bianco 9 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Sergio Riva
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “G. Natta” (SCITEC); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Via Mario Bianco 9 20131 Milano Italy
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13
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Shi S, You Z, Zhou K, Chen Q, Pan J, Qian X, Xu J, Li C. Efficient Synthesis of 12‐Oxochenodeoxycholic Acid Using a 12α‐Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase fromRhodococcus ruber. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shou‐Cheng Shi
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi‐Neng You
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Zhou
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Chen
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, School of BiotechnologyEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Pan
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, School of BiotechnologyEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao‐Long Qian
- Suzhou Bioforany EnzyTech Co. Ltd. No. 8 Yanjiuyuan Road, Economic Development Zone, Changshu Jiangsu 215512 People's Republic of China
| | - Jian‐He Xu
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, School of BiotechnologyEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Chun‐Xiu Li
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, School of BiotechnologyEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
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14
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Tonin F, Otten LG, Arends IWCE. NAD + -Dependent Enzymatic Route for the Epimerization of Hydroxysteroids. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:3192-3203. [PMID: 30265441 PMCID: PMC6681466 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201801862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Epimerization of cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid (CA and CDCA, respectively) is a notable conversion for the production of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). Two enantiocomplementary hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (7α- and 7β-HSDHs) can carry out this transformation fully selectively by specific oxidation of the 7α-OH group of the substrate and subsequent reduction of the keto intermediate to the final product (7β-OH). With a view to developing robust and active biocatalysts, novel NADH-active 7β-HSDH species are necessary to enable a solely NAD+ -dependent redox-neutral cascade for UDCA production. A wild-type NADH-dependent 7β-HSDH from Lactobacillus spicheri (Ls7β-HSDH) was identified, recombinantly expressed, purified, and biochemically characterized. Using this novel NAD+ -dependent 7β-HSDH enzyme in combination with 7α-HSDH from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia permitted the biotransformations of CA and CDCA in the presence of catalytic amounts of NAD+ , resulting in high yields (>90 %) of UCA and UDCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Tonin
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Linda G. Otten
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Isabel W. C. E. Arends
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
- Present address: Faculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityBudapestlaan 63584 CDUtrechtThe Netherlands
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15
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Targeted Synthesis and Characterization of a Gene Cluster Encoding NAD(P)H-Dependent 3α-, 3β-, and 12α-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases from Eggerthella CAG:298, a Gut Metagenomic Sequence. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.02475-17. [PMID: 29330189 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02475-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut metagenomic sequences provide a rich source of microbial genes, the majority of which are annotated by homology or unknown. Genes and gene pathways that encode enzymes catalyzing biotransformation of host bile acids are important to identify in gut metagenomic sequences due to the importance of bile acids in gut microbiome structure and host physiology. Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDHs) are pyridine nucleotide-dependent enzymes with stereospecificity and regiospecificity for bile acid and steroid hydroxyl groups. HSDHs have been identified in several protein families, including medium-chain and short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase families as well as the aldo-keto reductase family. These protein families are large and contain diverse functionalities, making prediction of HSDH-encoding genes difficult and necessitating biochemical characterization. We located a gene cluster in Eggerthella sp. CAG:298 predicted to encode three HSDHs (CDD59473, CDD59474, and CDD59475) and synthesized the genes for heterologous expression in Escherichia coli We then screened bile acid substrates against the purified recombinant enzymes. CDD59475 is a novel 12α-HSDH, and we determined that CDD59474 (3α-HSDH) and CDD59473 (3β-HSDH) constitute novel enzymes in an iso-bile acid pathway. Phylogenetic analysis of these HSDHs with other gut bacterial HSDHs and closest homologues in the database revealed predictable clustering of HSDHs by function and identified several likely HSDH sequences from bacteria isolated or sequenced from diverse mammalian and avian gut samples.IMPORTANCE Bacterial HSDHs have the potential to significantly alter the physicochemical properties of bile acids, with implications for increased/decreased toxicity for gut bacteria and the host. The generation of oxo-bile acids is known to inhibit host enzymes involved in glucocorticoid metabolism and may alter signaling through nuclear receptors such as farnesoid X receptor and G-protein-coupled receptor TGR5. Biochemical or similar approaches are required to fill in many gaps in our ability to link a particular enzymatic function with a nucleic acid or amino acid sequence. In this regard, we have identified a novel 12α-HSDH and a novel set of genes encoding an iso-bile acid pathway (3α-HSDH and 3β-HSDH) involved in epimerization and detoxification of harmful secondary bile acids.
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16
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Gu J, Sui Z, Fang C, Tan Q. Stereochemical considerations in pharmacokinetic processes of representative antineoplastic agents. Drug Metab Rev 2017; 49:438-450. [PMID: 29078726 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2017.1394322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of chemical drugs or drug candidates contain stereocenter(s) in their molecular structures. In these molecules, stereochemical properties are vital properties that influence or even determine their drug actions. Therefore, studying the stereochemical issues of drugs (or drug candidates) is necessary for rational drug use. These stereochemical issues are usually involved with the stereoselectivity in pharmacokinetic processes, especially in the metabolism process. Thus, the investigation of the stereochemical issues in drug metabolism process deserves great attention, especially in those chiral/prochiral antineoplastic agents exhibiting pharmacodynamics and toxicologic differences between stereoisomers. Published reviews concerning this certain issue are inspiring, however they were covering all drug types and only limited antineoplastic drugs were discussed. Here in this review, the research on stereochemical issues in pharmacokinetic processes of some representative antineoplastic agents were described, especially focusing on some newly developed compounds. We highlight the chemical transformations in pharmacokinetic processes of these chiral/prochiral compounds and discuss their different behaviors with metabolic enzymes or transporter proteins, to explicate the observed stereoselectivity intrinsically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gu
- a Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research , Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Zheng Sui
- a Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research , Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Chunshu Fang
- b The Health Team of 77133th Troops , Chinese People's Liberation Army , Chongqing , China
| | - Qunyou Tan
- a Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research , Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
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17
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Wang R, Wu J, Jin DK, Chen Y, Lv Z, Chen Q, Miao Q, Huo X, Wang F. Structure of NADP +-bound 7β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase reveals two cofactor-binding modes. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2017; 73:246-252. [PMID: 28471355 PMCID: PMC5417313 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x17004460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
In mammals, bile acids/salts and their glycine and taurine conjugates are effectively recycled through enterohepatic circulation. 7β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (7β-HSDHs; EC 1.1.1.201), including that from the intestinal microbe Collinsella aerofaciens, catalyse the NADPH-dependent reversible oxidation of secondary bile-acid products to avoid potential toxicity. Here, the first structure of NADP+ bound to dimeric 7β-HSDH is presented. In one active site, NADP+ adopts a conventional binding mode similar to that displayed in related enzyme structures. However, in the other active site a unique binding mode is observed in which the orientation of the nicotinamide is different. Since 7β-HSDH has become an attractive target owing to the wide and important pharmaceutical use of its product ursodeoxycholic acid, this work provides a more detailed template to support rational protein engineering to improve the enzymatic activities of this useful biocatalyst, further improving the yield of ursodeoxycholic acid and its other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Wuxi Biortus Biosciences Co. Ltd, A5, 6 Dongsheng West Road, 214437 Jiangyin, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaquan Wu
- Wuxi Biortus Biosciences Co. Ltd, A5, 6 Dongsheng West Road, 214437 Jiangyin, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - David Kin Jin
- Wuxi Biortus Biosciences Co. Ltd, A5, 6 Dongsheng West Road, 214437 Jiangyin, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yali Chen
- Wuxi Biortus Biosciences Co. Ltd, A5, 6 Dongsheng West Road, 214437 Jiangyin, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhijia Lv
- Wuxi Biortus Biosciences Co. Ltd, A5, 6 Dongsheng West Road, 214437 Jiangyin, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Chen
- Wuxi Biortus Biosciences Co. Ltd, A5, 6 Dongsheng West Road, 214437 Jiangyin, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiwei Miao
- Wuxi Biortus Biosciences Co. Ltd, A5, 6 Dongsheng West Road, 214437 Jiangyin, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Huo
- Wuxi Biortus Biosciences Co. Ltd, A5, 6 Dongsheng West Road, 214437 Jiangyin, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Wang
- Wuxi Biortus Biosciences Co. Ltd, A5, 6 Dongsheng West Road, 214437 Jiangyin, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
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18
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Panek A, Świzdor A, Milecka-Tronina N, Panek JJ. Insight into the orientational versatility of steroid substrates-a docking and molecular dynamics study of a steroid receptor and steroid monooxygenase. J Mol Model 2017; 23:96. [PMID: 28251412 PMCID: PMC5332494 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-017-3278-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Numerous steroids are essential plant, animal, and human hormones. The medical and industrial applications of these hormones require the identification of new synthetic routes, including biotransformations. The metabolic fate of a steroid can be complicated; it may be transformed into a variety of substituted derivatives. This may be because a steroid molecule can adopt several possible orientations in the binding pocket of a receptor or an enzyme. The present study, based on docking and molecular dynamics, shows that it is indeed possible for a steroid molecule to bind to a receptor binding site in two or more orientations (normal, head-to-tail reversed, upside down). Three steroids were considered: progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and 7-oxo-dehydroepiandrosterone. Two proteins were employed as hosts: the human mineralocorticoid receptor and a bacterial Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase. When the steroids were in nonstandard orientations, the estimated binding strength was found to be only moderately diminished and the network of hydrogen bonds between the steroid and the host was preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Panek
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C. K. Norwida 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Alina Świzdor
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C. K. Norwida 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Natalia Milecka-Tronina
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C. K. Norwida 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jarosław J Panek
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland.
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19
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Zheng MM, Chen KC, Wang RF, Li H, Li CX, Xu JH. Engineering 7β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase for Enhanced Ursodeoxycholic Acid Production by Multiobjective Directed Evolution. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:1178-1185. [PMID: 28116898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is the main active ingredient of natural bear bile powder with multiple pharmacological functions. 7β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSDH) is a key biocatalyst for the synthesis of UDCA. However, all the 7β-HSDHs reported commonly suffer from poor activity and thermostability, resulting in limited productivity of UDCA. In this study, a multiobjective directed evolution (MODE) strategy was proposed and applied to improve the activity, thermostability, and pH optimum of a 7β-HSDH. The best variant (V3-1) showed a specific activity 5.5-fold higher than and a half-life 3-fold longer than those of the wild type. In addition, the pH optimum of the variant was shifted to a weakly alkaline value. In the cascade reaction, the productivity of UDCA with V3-1 increased to 942 g L-1 day-1, in contrast to 141 g L-1 day-1 with the wild type. Therefore, this study provides a useful strategy for improving the catalytic efficiency of a key enzyme that significantly facilitated the bioproduction of UDCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Min Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and ‡Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Ke-Cai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and ‡Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Ru-Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and ‡Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and ‡Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Xiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and ‡Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and ‡Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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