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McNutt SW, Roychowdhury T, Pasala C, Nguyen HT, Thornton DT, Sharma S, Botticelli L, Digwal CS, Joshi S, Yang N, Panchal P, Chakrabarty S, Bay S, Markov V, Kwong C, Lisanti J, Chung SY, Ginsberg SD, Yan P, DeStanchina E, Corben A, Modi S, Alpaugh M, Colombo G, Erdjument-Bromage H, Neubert TA, Chalkley RJ, Baker PR, Burlingame AL, Rodina A, Chiosis G, Chu F. Phosphorylation-Driven Epichaperome Assembly: A Critical Regulator of Cellular Adaptability and Proliferation. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4114038. [PMID: 38645031 PMCID: PMC11030525 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4114038/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The intricate protein-chaperone network is vital for cellular function. Recent discoveries have unveiled the existence of specialized chaperone complexes called epichaperomes, protein assemblies orchestrating the reconfiguration of protein-protein interaction networks, enhancing cellular adaptability and proliferation. This study delves into the structural and regulatory aspects of epichaperomes, with a particular emphasis on the significance of post-translational modifications in shaping their formation and function. A central finding of this investigation is the identification of specific PTMs on HSP90, particularly at residues Ser226 and Ser255 situated within an intrinsically disordered region, as critical determinants in epichaperome assembly. Our data demonstrate that the phosphorylation of these serine residues enhances HSP90's interaction with other chaperones and co-chaperones, creating a microenvironment conducive to epichaperome formation. Furthermore, this study establishes a direct link between epichaperome function and cellular physiology, especially in contexts where robust proliferation and adaptive behavior are essential, such as cancer and stem cell maintenance. These findings not only provide mechanistic insights but also hold promise for the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting chaperone complexes in diseases characterized by epichaperome dysregulation, bridging the gap between fundamental research and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth W McNutt
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
- co-first author, equally contributed to the work
| | - Tanaya Roychowdhury
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- co-first author, equally contributed to the work
| | - Chiranjeevi Pasala
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hieu T Nguyen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Daniel T Thornton
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Sahil Sharma
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Luke Botticelli
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Chander S Digwal
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Suhasini Joshi
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nan Yang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Palak Panchal
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Souparna Chakrabarty
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sadik Bay
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Vladimir Markov
- Antitumor Assessment Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Charlene Kwong
- Antitumor Assessment Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jeanine Lisanti
- Antitumor Assessment Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sun Young Chung
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Stephen D Ginsberg
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience & Physiology & the NYU Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
| | - Pengrong Yan
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Elisa DeStanchina
- Antitumor Assessment Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Adriana Corben
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Shanu Modi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Solid Tumors, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mary Alpaugh
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Giorgio Colombo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Hediye Erdjument-Bromage
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology and Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Thomas A Neubert
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology and Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Robert J Chalkley
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Peter R Baker
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Alma L Burlingame
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Anna Rodina
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gabriela Chiosis
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Solid Tumors, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- These authors jointly supervised this work: Feixia Chu, Gabriela Chiosis
| | - Feixia Chu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
- Hubbard Center for Genome Studies, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
- These authors jointly supervised this work: Feixia Chu, Gabriela Chiosis
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Pal R, Hui D, Menchen H, Zhao H, Mozziconacci O, Wilkins H, Blagg BSJ, Schöneich C, Swerdlow RH, Michaelis ML, Michaelis EK. Protection against Aβ-induced neuronal damage by KU-32: PDHK1 inhibition as important target. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1282855. [PMID: 38035268 PMCID: PMC10682733 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1282855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A feature of most neurodegenerative diseases is the presence of "mis-folded proteins" that form aggregates, suggesting suboptimal activity of neuronal molecular chaperones. Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is the master regulator of cell responses to "proteotoxic" stresses. Some Hsp90 modulators activate cascades leading to upregulation of additional chaperones. Novobiocin is a modulator at the C-terminal ATP-binding site of Hsp90. Of several novobiocin analogs synthesized and tested for protection against amyloid beta (Aβ)-induced neuronal death, "KU-32" was the most potent in protecting primary neurons, but did not increase expression of other chaperones believed to help clear misfolded proteins. However, KU-32 reversed Aβ-induced superoxide formation, activated Complex I of the electron transfer chain in mitochondria, and blocked the Aβ-induced inhibition of Complex I in neuroblastoma cells. A mechanism for these effects of KU-32 on mitochondrial metabolism appeared to be the inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDHK), both in isolated brain mitochondria and in SH-SY5Y cells. PDHK inhibition by the classic enzyme inhibitor, dichloroacetate, led to neuroprotection from Aβ25-35-induced cell injury similarly to KU-32. Inhibition of PDHK in neurons would lead to activation of the PDH complex, increased acetyl-CoA generation, stimulation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and Complex I in the electron transfer chain, and enhanced oxidative phosphorylation. A focus of future studies may be on the potential value of PDHK as a target in AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranu Pal
- Higuchi Biosciences Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Dongwei Hui
- Higuchi Biosciences Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Heather Menchen
- Higuchi Biosciences Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Huiping Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Olivier Mozziconacci
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Heather Wilkins
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Brian S. J. Blagg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, United States
| | - Christian Schöneich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Russell H. Swerdlow
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Mary L. Michaelis
- Higuchi Biosciences Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Elias K. Michaelis
- Higuchi Biosciences Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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Kawai H, Ono K, Eguchi T. Multiplex Immunostaining Method to Distinguish HSP Isoforms in Cancer Tissue Specimens. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2693:281-291. [PMID: 37540442 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3342-7_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are often expressed in all nucleated cells, but their expression profiles differ. In particular, HSP90α and HSP90β have high sequence identity and have not been fully examined for their individual and compensatory functions as molecular chaperones, differences in client proteins, and extracellular distributions with exosomes. Immunohistochemical staining is a technique to visualize the presence and localization of target antigens using specific antibodies, of which the multiplex immunostaining method can reveal differences in protein expression in the same tumor tissue and the localization of proteins of interest within tumor tissue or single cells. The common multiplex immunostaining method uses multiple secondary antibodies of different reacting animal species to identify and detect different antigens, thus requiring different animals to be immunized with each primary antibody. Furthermore, the fluorescent-antibody method is the predominant multiplex staining method but has the critical disadvantage that permanent specimens cannot be prepared. Here, we outline a multiplex staining method for HSP90α and HSP90β based on the enzyme-antibody method that allows permanent specimens to be prepared without the restriction of immunized animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hotaka Kawai
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kisho Ono
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takanori Eguchi
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
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Albakova Z, Mangasarova Y, Albakov A, Gorenkova L. HSP70 and HSP90 in Cancer: Cytosolic, Endoplasmic Reticulum and Mitochondrial Chaperones of Tumorigenesis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:829520. [PMID: 35127545 PMCID: PMC8814359 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.829520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HSP70 and HSP90 are two powerful chaperone machineries involved in survival and proliferation of tumor cells. Residing in various cellular compartments, HSP70 and HSP90 perform specific functions. Concurrently, HSP70 and HSP90 homologs may also translocate from their primary site under various stress conditions. Herein, we address the current literature on the role of HSP70 and HSP90 chaperone networks in cancer. The goal is to provide a comprehensive review on the functions of cytosolic, mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum HSP70 and HSP90 homologs in cancer. Given that high expression of HSP70 and HSP90 enhances tumor development and associates with tumor aggressiveness, further understanding of HSP70 and HSP90 chaperone networks may provide clues for the discoveries of novel anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarema Albakova
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Zarema Albakova,
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Triveri A, Sanchez-Martin C, Torielli L, Serapian SA, Marchetti F, D'Acerno G, Pirota V, Castelli M, Moroni E, Ferraro M, Quadrelli P, Rasola A, Colombo G. Protein allostery and ligand design: Computational design meets experiments to discover novel chemical probes. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167468. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Watroly MN, Sekar M, Fuloria S, Gan SH, Jeyabalan S, Wu YS, Subramaniyan V, Sathasivam KV, Ravi S, Mat Rani NNI, Lum PT, Vaijanathappa J, Meenakshi DU, Mani S, Fuloria NK. Chemistry, Biosynthesis, Physicochemical and Biological Properties of Rubiadin: A Promising Natural Anthraquinone for New Drug Discovery and Development. Drug Des Devel Ther 2021; 15:4527-4549. [PMID: 34764636 PMCID: PMC8576757 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s338548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthraquinones (AQs) are found in a variety of consumer products, including foods, nutritional supplements, drugs, and traditional medicines, and have a wide range of pharmacological actions. Rubiadin, a 1,3-dihydroxy-2-methyl anthraquinone, primarily originates from Rubia cordifolia Linn (Rubiaceae). It was first discovered in 1981 and has been reported for many biological activities. However, no review has been reported so far to create awareness about this molecule and its role in future drug discovery. Therefore, the present review aimed to provide comprehensive evidence of Rubiadin's phytochemistry, biosynthesis, physicochemical properties, biological properties and therapeutic potential. Relevant literature was gathered from numerous scientific databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus and Google Scholar between 1981 and up-to-date. The distribution of Rubiadin in numerous medicinal plants, as well as its method of isolation, synthesis, characterisation, physiochemical properties and possible biosynthesis pathways, was extensively covered in this review. Following a rigorous screening and tabulating, a thorough description of Rubiadin's biological properties was gathered, which were based on scientific evidences. Rubiadin fits all five of Lipinski's rule for drug-likeness properties. Then, the in depth physiochemical characteristics of Rubiadin were investigated. The simple technique for Rubiadin's isolation from R. cordifolia and the procedure of synthesis was described. Rubiadin is also biosynthesized via the polyketide and chorismate/o-succinylbenzoic acid pathways. Rubiadin is a powerful molecule with anticancer, antiosteoporotic, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antibacterial, antimalarial, antifungal, and antiviral properties. The mechanism of action for the majority of the pharmacological actions reported, however, is unknown. In addition to this review, an in silico molecular docking study was performed against proteins with PDB IDs: 3AOX, 6OLX, 6OSP, and 6SDC to support the anticancer properties of Rubiadin. The toxicity profile, pharmacokinetics and possible structural modifications were also described. Rubiadin was also proven to have the highest binding affinity to the targeted proteins in an in silico study; thus, we believe it may be a potential anticancer molecule. In order to present Rubiadin as a novel candidate for future therapeutic development, advanced studies on preclinical, clinical trials, bioavailability, permeability and administration of safe doses are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Nasarudin Watroly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, Perak, 30450, Malaysia
| | - Mahendran Sekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, Perak, 30450, Malaysia
| | - Shivkanya Fuloria
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Centre of Excellence for Biomaterials Engineering, AIMST University, Kedah, 08100, Malaysia
| | - Siew Hua Gan
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Srikanth Jeyabalan
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600116, India
| | - Yuan Seng Wu
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | | | - Kathiresan V Sathasivam
- Faculty of Applied Science & Centre of Excellence for Biomaterials Engineering, AIMST University, Kedah, 08100, Malaysia
| | - Subban Ravi
- Department of Chemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 640 021, India
| | - Nur Najihah Izzati Mat Rani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, Perak, 30450, Malaysia
| | - Pei Teng Lum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, Perak, 30450, Malaysia
| | - Jaishree Vaijanathappa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research Mauritius, Vacoas, Mauritius
| | | | - Shankar Mani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, Mandya, Karnataka, 571418, India
| | - Neeraj Kumar Fuloria
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Centre of Excellence for Biomaterials Engineering, AIMST University, Kedah, 08100, Malaysia
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Workman P. Reflections and Outlook on Targeting HSP90, HSP70 and HSF1 in Cancer: A Personal Perspective. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1243:163-179. [PMID: 32297218 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-40204-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This personal perspective focuses on small-molecule inhibitors of proteostasis networks in cancer-specifically the discovery and development of chemical probes and drugs acting on the molecular chaperones HSP90 and HSP70, and on the HSF1 stress pathway. Emphasis is on progress made and lessons learned and a future outlook is provided. Highly potent, selective HSP90 inhibitors have proved invaluable in exploring the role of this molecular chaperone family in biology and disease pathology. Clinical activity was observed, especially in non small cell lung cancer and HER2 positive breast cancer. Optimal use of HSP90 inhibitors in oncology will likely require development of creative combination strategies. HSP70 family members have proved technically harder to drug. However, recent progress has been made towards useful chemical tool compounds and these may signpost future clinical drug candidates. The HSF1 stress pathway is strongly validated as a target for cancer therapy. HSF1 itself is a ligandless transcription factor that is extremely challenging to drug directly. HSF1 pathway inhibitors have been identified mostly by phenotypic screening, including a series of bisamides from which a clinical candidate has been identified for treatment of ovarian cancer, multiple myeloma and potentially other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Workman
- CRUK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
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Huck JD, Que NLS, Immormino RM, Shrestha L, Taldone T, Chiosis G, Gewirth DT. NECA derivatives exploit the paralog-specific properties of the site 3 side pocket of Grp94, the endoplasmic reticulum Hsp90. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:16010-16019. [PMID: 31501246 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The hsp90 chaperones govern the function of essential client proteins critical for normal cell function as well as cancer initiation and progression. Hsp90 activity is driven by ATP, which binds to the N-terminal domain and induces large conformational changes that are required for client maturation. Inhibitors targeting the ATP-binding pocket of the N-terminal domain have anticancer effects, but most bind with similar affinity to cytosolic Hsp90α and Hsp90β, endoplasmic reticulum Grp94, and mitochondrial Trap1, the four cellular hsp90 paralogs. Paralog-specific inhibitors may lead to drugs with fewer side effects. The ATP-binding pockets of the four paralogs are flanked by three side pockets, termed sites 1, 2, and 3, which differ between the paralogs in their accessibility to inhibitors. Previous insights into the principles governing access to sites 1 and 2 have resulted in development of paralog-selective inhibitors targeting these sites, but the rules for selective targeting of site 3 are less clear. Earlier studies identified 5'N-ethylcarboxamido adenosine (NECA) as a Grp94-selective ligand. Here we use NECA and its derivatives to probe the properties of site 3. We found that derivatives that lengthen the 5' moiety of NECA improve selectivity for Grp94 over Hsp90α. Crystal structures reveal that the derivatives extend further into site 3 of Grp94 compared with their parent compound and that selectivity is due to paralog-specific differences in ligand pose and ligand-induced conformational strain in the protein. These studies provide a structural basis for Grp94-selective inhibition using site 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Huck
- Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, Buffalo, New York 14203.,Department of Structural Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203
| | - Nanette L S Que
- Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, Buffalo, New York 14203
| | | | - Liza Shrestha
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Institute, New York, New York 10021
| | - Tony Taldone
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Institute, New York, New York 10021
| | - Gabriela Chiosis
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Institute, New York, New York 10021
| | - Daniel T Gewirth
- Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, Buffalo, New York 14203 .,Department of Structural Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203
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