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Moccia F, Brunetti V, Soda T, Berra-Romani R, Scarpellino G. Cracking the Endothelial Calcium (Ca 2+) Code: A Matter of Timing and Spacing. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16765. [PMID: 38069089 PMCID: PMC10706333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A monolayer of endothelial cells lines the innermost surface of all blood vessels, thereby coming into close contact with every region of the body and perceiving signals deriving from both the bloodstream and parenchymal tissues. An increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) is the main mechanism whereby vascular endothelial cells integrate the information conveyed by local and circulating cues. Herein, we describe the dynamics and spatial distribution of endothelial Ca2+ signals to understand how an array of spatially restricted (at both the subcellular and cellular levels) Ca2+ signals is exploited by the vascular intima to fulfill this complex task. We then illustrate how local endothelial Ca2+ signals affect the most appropriate vascular function and are integrated to transmit this information to more distant sites to maintain cardiovascular homeostasis. Vasorelaxation and sprouting angiogenesis were selected as an example of functions that are finely tuned by the variable spatio-temporal profile endothelial Ca2+ signals. We further highlighted how distinct Ca2+ signatures regulate the different phases of vasculogenesis, i.e., proliferation and migration, in circulating endothelial precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Moccia
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (V.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Valentina Brunetti
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (V.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Teresa Soda
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Roberto Berra-Romani
- Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72410, Mexico;
| | - Giorgia Scarpellino
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (V.B.); (G.S.)
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Wang AN, Fraser GM, McGuire JJ. Characterization of Endothelium-Dependent Relaxation in the Saphenous Artery and Its Caudal Branches in Young and Old Adult Sprague Dawley Rats. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070889. [PMID: 35883445 PMCID: PMC9312764 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing is associated with reduced endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) production in the femoral artery of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. In the current study, we examined endothelium-dependent relaxation (EDR) in the saphenous artery and its caudal branches. We used acetylcholine and the Proteinase-Activated receptor-2 (PAR2)-specific agonist (2fLIGRLO) with nitroarginine methylester (L-NAME) to assess EDR in two groups of male SD rats (age in weeks: young, 10–12; old, 27–29). Acetylcholine and 2fLIGRLO were potent NO-dependent relaxant agents in all arteries. For all arteries, EDR by acetylcholine decreased significantly in old compared to young SD rats. Interestingly, PAR2-induced EDR of proximal saphenous artery segments and caudal branches decreased significantly in old compared to young, but did not differ for the in-between middle and distal ends of the saphenous artery. L-NAME treatment increased subsequent contractions of proximal and middle segments of saphenous arteries by phenylephrine and U46619 in young, but not in old, SD rats. We conclude the SD saphenous artery and caudal branches exhibit regional characteristics that differ in response to specific EDR agonists, endothelial NO synthase inhibitor, and changes to endothelium function with increased age, which are, in part, attributed to decreased sensitivity of vascular smooth muscle to the gaseous transmitter NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N. Wang
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
| | - Graham M. Fraser
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL A1B 3V6, Canada;
| | - John J. McGuire
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Agonist-evoked endothelial Ca 2+ signalling microdomains. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2019; 45:8-15. [PMID: 30986569 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Localized, oscillating Ca2+ signals have been identified in discrete microdomains of vascular endothelial cells. At myoendothelial contacts (between endothelial and smooth muscle cells), both endothelial Ca2+ pulsars (IP3-mediated release of intracellular Ca2+) and Ca2+ sparklets (extracellular Ca2+ entry via TRP channels) contribute to endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization of smooth muscle, vasodilation, and feedback control of vasoconstriction. Ca2+ sparklets occurring at close-contact domains between endothelial cells are possibly involved in conducted hyperpolarization and spreading vasodilation in arterial networks. This review summarizes these Ca2+ signalling phenomena, examines the proposed mechanisms leading to their generation by G-protein-coupled receptor agonists, and explores the proposed physiological roles of these localized and specialized Ca2+ signals.
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Fujii N, McNeely BD, Zhang SY, Abdellaoui YC, Danquah MO, Kenny GP. Activation of protease-activated receptor 2 mediates cutaneous vasodilatation but not sweating: roles of nitric oxide synthase and cyclo-oxygenase. Exp Physiol 2018; 102:265-272. [PMID: 27981668 DOI: 10.1113/ep086092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is located in the endothelial cells of skin vessels and eccrine sweat glands. However, a functional role of PAR2 in the control of cutaneous blood flow and sweating remains to be assessed in humans in vivo. What is the main finding and its importance? Our results demonstrate that in normothermic resting humans in vivo, activation of PAR2 elicits cutaneous vasodilatation partly through nitric oxide synthase-dependent mechanisms, but does not mediate sweating. These results provide important new insights into the physiological significance of PAR2 in human skin. Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is present in human skin, including keratinocytes, endothelial cells of skin microvessels and eccrine sweat glands. However, whether PAR2 contributes functionally to the regulation of cutaneous blood flow and sweating remains entirely unclear in humans in vivo. We hypothesized that activation of PAR2 directly stimulates cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating via actions of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and cyclo-oxygenase (COX). In 12 physically active young men (29 ± 5 years old), cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) and sweat rate were measured at four intradermal microdialysis forearm skin sites that were treated with the following: (i) lactated Ringer's solution (control); (ii) 10 mm NG -nitro-l-arginine (NOS inhibitor); (iii) 10 mm ketorolac (COX inhibitor); or (iv) a combination of both inhibitors. At all sites, a PAR2 agonist (SLIGKV-NH2 ) was co-administered in a dose-dependent fashion (0.06, 0.18, 0.55, 1.66 and 5 mm, each for 25 min). The highest dose of SLIGKV-NH2 (5 mm) increased CVC from baseline at the control site (P ≤ 0.05). This increase in CVC associated with PAR2 activation was attenuated by NOS inhibition regardless of the presence or absence of simultaneous COX inhibition (both P ≤ 0.05). However, COX inhibition alone did not affect the PAR2-mediated increase in CVC (P > 0.05). No increase in sweat rate was measured at any administered dose of SLIGKV-NH2 (all P > 0.05). We show that in normothermic resting humans in vivo, PAR2 activation does not increase sweat rate, whereas it does modulate cutaneous vasodilatation through NOS-dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Fujii
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brendan D McNeely
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Y Zhang
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yasmine C Abdellaoui
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mercy O Danquah
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Glen P Kenny
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Roviezzo F, Brancaleone V, Mattera Iacono V, Bertolino A, De Cunto G, Vellecco V, Lungarella G, Lucattelli M, Cirino G. Proteinase activated receptor-2 counterbalances the vascular effects of endothelin-1 in fibrotic tight-skin mice. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 174:4032-4042. [PMID: 27625162 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The majority of the severe vascular complications in fibrosis are a consequence of a deregulated activity of mediators controlling vasomotor tone. One of the most important of these mediators is endothelin-1 (ET-1). Here, we have investigated the role of proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) in the vascular dysfunction in a model of fibrosis, using tight-skin (Tsk) mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Aortas were collected from Tsk, transgenic over-expressing PAR2 (TgPAR2), PAR2 deficient (PAR2-/- ) or the corresponding WT mice. Histological and immunohistochemistry analysis for α-smooth muscle actin, PAR2 and ET-1 receptors were performed on aorta sections. Vascular responses to phenylephrine, ET-1 and PAR2 activating peptide (PAR2-AP) were assessed on aortic rings. KEY RESULTS In aortas from Tsk mice, responses to phenylephrine were reduced, contractions to ET-1 were increased and vasorelaxation to PAR2-AP was enhanced. These alterations matched changes observed in whole vessel architecture such as vascular fibre re-organization, increased collagen deposition and enhanced α-smooth muscle actin expression. Expression of both ETA receptors and PAR2 was enhanced in Tsk mice. Antagonism of PAR2 potentiated vascular effects of ET-1, whereas antagonism of ETA receptors increased vasorelaxation induced by PAR2-AP. In TgPAR2 mice, responses to ET-1 and ET-1 plasma levels were reduced. Conversely, PAR2-/- mice showed enhanced ET-1 induced contraction in aortic rings and higher circulating ET-1 levels. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our data show that PAR2 counterbalanced enhanced contractions to ET-1 in aortas from Tsk mice. PAR2 could represent a possible target for novel drugs in the treatment of vascular complications in fibrosis. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Targeting Inflammation to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease Risk. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.22/issuetoc and http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bcp.v82.4/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincenzo Brancaleone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Bertolino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Giuseppe Cirino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Characterization and Functions of Protease-Activated Receptor 2 in Obesity, Diabetes, and Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:3130496. [PMID: 27006943 PMCID: PMC4781943 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3130496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a cell surface receptor activated by serine proteinases or specific synthetic compounds. Interest in PAR2 as a pharmaceutical target for various diseases is increasing. Here we asked two questions relevant to endothelial dysfunction and diabetes: How is PAR2 function affected in blood vessels? What role does PAR2 have in promoting obesity, diabetes, and/or metabolic syndrome, specifically via the endothelium and adipose tissues? We conducted a systematic review of the published literature in PubMed and Scopus (July 2015; search terms: par2, par-2, f2lr1, adipose, obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome). Seven studies focused on PAR2 and vascular function. The obesity, diabetes, or metabolic syndrome animal models differed amongst studies, but each reported that PAR2-mediated vasodilator actions were preserved in the face of endothelial dysfunction. The remaining studies focused on nonvascular functions and provided evidence supporting the concept that PAR2 activation promoted obesity. Key studies showed that PAR2 activation regulated cellular metabolism, and PAR2 antagonists inhibited adipose gain and metabolic dysfunction in rats. We conclude that PAR2 antagonists for treatment of obesity indeed show early promise as a therapeutic strategy; however, endothelial-specific PAR2 functions, which may offset mechanisms that produce vascular dysfunction in diabetes, warrant additional study.
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Maruyama K, Kagota S, McGuire JJ, Wakuda H, Yoshikawa N, Nakamura K, Shinozuka K. Enhanced Nitric Oxide Synthase Activation via Protease-Activated Receptor 2 Is Involved in the Preserved Vasodilation in Aortas from Metabolic Syndrome Rats. J Vasc Res 2016; 52:232-43. [DOI: 10.1159/000442415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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