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Yoladı FB, Burmaoğlu E, Palabıyık ŞS. Experimental In Vivo Toxicity Models for Alcohol Toxicity. Eurasian J Med 2023; 55:82-90. [PMID: 39109811 PMCID: PMC11075036 DOI: 10.5152/eurasianjmed.2023.23345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Alcohol consumption poses a significant risk for the development of chronic illnesses, one of the leading causes of "preventable" disease and death worldwide. Harmful consumption of alcohol is thought to result in approximately 2.5-3 million deaths each year, the majority of which are caused by alcohol-related liver diseases. Hepatocellular carcinoma, cirrhosis, fibrosis, steatosis, and steatohepatitis are among the liver illnesses caused by alcohol. The mechanisms behind human diseases are often mimicked and understood through the use of animal models. Rodents are the ideal animals to study alcohol-related liver diseases. In these experimental models using rodents, the ethanol ratio, method of administration, and diet to be applied vary. Within the scope of this review, it is aimed at providing information about the experimental models used today for alcohol toxicity and the advantages and disadvantages of these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Betül Yoladı
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Atatürk University Faculty of Pharmacy, Erzurum, Turkey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Şaziye Sezin Palabıyık
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Atatürk University Faculty of Pharmacy, Erzurum, Turkey
- Clinical Research, Development and Design Application and Research Center, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Mohammad Omar J, Hai Y, Jin S. Hypoxia-induced factor and its role in liver fibrosis. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14299. [PMID: 36523459 PMCID: PMC9745792 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis develops as a result of severe liver damage and is considered a major clinical concern throughout the world. Many factors are crucial for liver fibrosis progression. While advancements have been made to understand this disease, no effective pharmacological drug and treatment strategies have been established that can effectively prevent liver fibrosis or even could halt the fibrotic process. Most of those advances in curing liver fibrosis have been aimed towards mitigating the causes of fibrosis, including the development of potent antivirals to inhibit the hepatitis virus. It is not practicable for many individuals; however, a liver transplant becomes the only suitable alternative. A liver transplant is an expensive procedure. Thus, there is a significant need to identify potential targets of liver fibrosis and the development of such agents that can effectively treat or reverse liver fibrosis by targeting them. Researchers have identified hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) in the last 16 years as important transcription factors driving several facets of liver fibrosis, making them possible therapeutic targets. The latest knowledge on HIFs and their possible role in liver fibrosis, along with the cell-specific activities of such transcription factors that how they play role in liver fibrosis progression, is discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Mohammad Omar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yang Hai
- College of International Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shizhu Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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Zhu L, Li HD, Xu JJ, Li JJ, Cheng M, Meng XM, Huang C, Li J. Advancements in the Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease Model. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081035. [PMID: 36008929 PMCID: PMC9406170 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is an intricate disease that results in a broad spectrum of liver damage. The presentation of ALD can include simple steatosis, steatohepatitis, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Effective prevention and treatment strategies are urgently required for ALD patients. In previous decades, numerous rodent models were established to investigate the mechanisms of alcohol-associated liver disease and explore therapeutic targets. This review provides a summary of the latest developments in rodent models, including those that involve EtOH administration, which will help us to understand the characteristics and causes of ALD at different stages. In addition, we discuss the pathogenesis of ALD and summarize the existing in vitro models. We analyse the pros and cons of these models and their translational relevance and summarize the insights that have been gained regarding the mechanisms of alcoholic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiao-Ming Meng
- Correspondence: (X.-M.M.); (C.H.); (J.L.); Tel.: +86-551-65161001 (J.L.); Fax: +86-551-65161001 (J.L.)
| | - Cheng Huang
- Correspondence: (X.-M.M.); (C.H.); (J.L.); Tel.: +86-551-65161001 (J.L.); Fax: +86-551-65161001 (J.L.)
| | - Jun Li
- Correspondence: (X.-M.M.); (C.H.); (J.L.); Tel.: +86-551-65161001 (J.L.); Fax: +86-551-65161001 (J.L.)
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Zhou J, Sun C, Yang L, Wang J, Jn-Simon N, Zhou C, Bryant A, Cao Q, Li C, Petersen B, Pi L. Liver regeneration and ethanol detoxification: A new link in YAP regulation of ALDH1A1 during alcohol-related hepatocyte damage. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22224. [PMID: 35218575 PMCID: PMC9126254 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101686r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Yes-associated protein (YAP), a central effector in the Hippo pathway, is involved in the regulation of organ size, stem cell self-renewal, and tissue regeneration. In this study, we observed YAP activation in patients with alcoholic steatosis, hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Accumulation of this protein in the nucleus was also observed in murine livers that were damaged after chronic-plus-single binge or moderate ethanol ingestion combined with carbon tetrachloride intoxication (ethanol/CCl4 ). To understand the role of this transcriptional coactivator in alcohol-related liver injury, we knocked out the Yap1 gene in hepatocytes of floxed homozygotes through adeno-associated virus (AAV8)-mediated deletion utilizing Cre recombinase. Yap1 hepatocyte-specific knockouts (KO) exhibited hemorrhage, massive hepatic necrosis, enhanced oxidative stress, elevated hypoxia, and extensive infiltration of CD11b+ inflammatory cells into hepatic microenvironments rich for connective tissue growth factor (Ctgf) during ethanol/CCl4 -induced liver damage. Analysis of whole-genome transcriptomics indicated upregulation of genes involved in hypoxia and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, whereas genes related to hepatocyte proliferation, progenitor cell activation, and ethanol detoxification were downregulated in the damaged livers of Yap1 KO. Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (Aldh)1a1, a gene that encodes a detoxification enzyme for aldehyde substrates, was identified as a potential YAP target because this gene could be transcriptionally activated by a hyperactive YAP mutant. The ectopic expression of the human ALDH1A1 gene caused increase in hepatocyte proliferation and decrease in hepatic necrosis, oxidative stress, ECM remodeling, and inflammation during ethanol/CCl4 -induced liver damage. Taken together, these observations indicated that YAP was crucial for liver repair during alcohol-associated injury. Its regulation of ALDH1A1 represents a new link in liver regeneration and detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmei Zhou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine in Liver Injury and Repair, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Chunbao Sun
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Jinhui Wang
- Integrative Genomics Core, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Natacha Jn-Simon
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Chen Zhou
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Andrew Bryant
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Qi Cao
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Chenglong Li
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Bryon Petersen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Liya Pi
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Fujimoto Y, Kaji K, Nishimura N, Enomoto M, Murata K, Takeda S, Takaya H, Kawaratani H, Moriya K, Namisaki T, Akahane T, Yoshiji H. Dual therapy with zinc acetate and rifaximin prevents from ethanol-induced liver fibrosis by maintaining intestinal barrier integrity. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:8323-8342. [PMID: 35068872 PMCID: PMC8717023 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i48.8323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic overload of gut-derived lipopolysaccharide dictates the progression of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) by inducing oxidative stress and activating Kupffer cells and hepatic stellate cells through toll-like receptor 4 signaling. Therefore, targeting the maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity has attracted attention for the treatment of ALD. Zinc acetate and rifaximin, which is a nonabsorbable antibiotic, had been clinically used for patients with cirrhosis, particularly those with hepatic encephalopathy, and had been known to improve intestinal barrier dysfunction. However, only few studies focused on their efficacies in preventing the ALD-related fibrosis development.
AIM To investigate the effects of a combined zinc acetate with rifaximin on liver fibrosis in a mouse ALD model.
METHODS To induce ALD-related liver fibrosis, female C57BL/6J mice were fed a 2.5% (v/v) ethanol-containing Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet and received intraperitoneal carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) injection twice weekly (1 mL/kg) for 8 wk. Zinc acetate (100 mg/L) and/or rifaximin (100 mg/L) were orally administered during experimental period. Hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis as well as intestinal barrier function were evaluated by histological and molecular analyses. Moreover, the direct effects of both agents on Caco-2 barrier function were assessed by in vitro assays.
RESULTS In the ethanol plus CCl4-treated mice, combination of zinc acetate and rifaximin attenuated oxidative lipid peroxidation with downregulation of Nox2 and Nox4. This combination significantly inhibited the Kupffer cells expansion and the proinflammatory response with blunted hepatic exposure of lipopolysaccharide and the toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor kB pathway. Consequently, liver fibrosis and hepatic stellate cells activation were efficiently suppressed with downregulation of Mmp-2, -9, -13, and Timp1. Both agents improved the atrophic changes and permeability in the ileum, with restoration of tight junction proteins (TJPs) by decreasing the expressions of tumor necrosis factor α and myosin light chain kinase. In the in vitro assay, both agents directly reinforced ethanol or lipopolysaccharide-stimulated paracellular permeability and upregulated TJPs in Caco-2 cells.
CONCLUSION Dual therapy with zinc acetate and rifaximin may serve as a strategy to prevent ALD-related fibrosis by maintaining intestinal barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Fujimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 6348521, Nara, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kaji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 6348521, Nara, Japan
| | - Norihisa Nishimura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 6348521, Nara, Japan
| | - Masahide Enomoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 6348521, Nara, Japan
| | - Koji Murata
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 6348521, Nara, Japan
| | - Soichi Takeda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 6348521, Nara, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Takaya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 6348521, Nara, Japan
| | - Hideto Kawaratani
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 6348521, Nara, Japan
| | - Kei Moriya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 6348521, Nara, Japan
| | - Tadashi Namisaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 6348521, Nara, Japan
| | - Takemi Akahane
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 6348521, Nara, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yoshiji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 6348521, Nara, Japan
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Chen X, Wang Z, Han S, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Li X, Xia N, Yu W, Jia C, Ni Y, Pu L. Targeting SYK of monocyte-derived macrophages regulates liver fibrosis via crosstalking with Erk/Hif1α and remodeling liver inflammatory environment. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:1123. [PMID: 34853322 PMCID: PMC8636632 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04403-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a danger signal indicating a huge risk of liver cancer occurrence, but there is still no effective clinical means to regulate the progress of liver fibrosis. Although a variety of drugs targeting SYK have been developed for tumors and autoimmune diseases, the mechanism and specific efficacy of SYK's role in liver fibrosis are not yet clear. Our studies based on chronic CCL4, bile duct ligation, and subacute TAA mouse models show that SYK in monocyte-derived macrophages (MoMFs) is fully dependent on phosphorylation of Erk to up-regulate the expression of Hif1α, thereby forming the crosstalk with SYK to drive liver fibrosis progress. We have evaluated the ability of the small molecule SYK inhibitor GS9973 in a variety of models. Contrary to previous impressions, high-frequency administration of GS9973 will aggravate CCL4-induced liver fibrosis, which is especially unsuitable for patients with cholestasis whose clinical features are bile duct obstruction. In addition, we found that inhibition of MoMFs SYK impairs the expression of CXCL1, on one hand, it reduces the recruitment of CD11bhiLy6Chi inflammatory cells, and on the other hand, it promotes the phenotype cross-dress process of pro-resolution MoMFs, thereby remodeling the chronic inflammatory environment of the fibrotic liver. Our further findings indicate that on the basis of the administration of CCR2/CCR5 dual inhibitor Cenicriviroc, further inhibiting MoMFs SYK may give patients with fibrosis additional benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Chen
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation (Nanjing Medical University), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation (Nanjing Medical University), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Sheng Han
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation (Nanjing Medical University), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zeng Wang
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation (Nanjing Medical University), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation (Nanjing Medical University), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation (Nanjing Medical University), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Nan Xia
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation (Nanjing Medical University), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenjie Yu
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation (Nanjing Medical University), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chenyang Jia
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong Ni
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Liyong Pu
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation (Nanjing Medical University), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Dong W, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Fan Z, Zhang Z, Fan X, Xu Y. BRG1 Links TLR4 Trans-Activation to LPS-Induced SREBP1a Expression and Liver Injury. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:617073. [PMID: 33816466 PMCID: PMC8012493 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.617073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple organ failure is one of the most severe consequences in patients with septic shock. Liver injury is frequently observed during this pathophysiological process. In the present study we investigated the contribution of Brahma related gene 1 (BRG1), a chromatin remodeling protein, to septic shock induced liver injury. When wild type (WT) and liver conditional BRG1 knockout (LKO) mice were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), liver injury was appreciably attenuated in the LKO mice compared to the WT mice as evidenced by plasma ALT/AST levels, hepatic inflammation and apoptosis. Of interest, there was a down-regulation of sterol response element binding protein 1a (SREBP1a), known to promote liver injury, in the LKO livers compared to the WT livers. BRG1 did not directly bind to the SREBP1a promoter. Instead, BRG1 was recruited to the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) promoter and activated TLR4 transcription. Ectopic TLR4 restored SREBP1a expression in BRG1-null hepatocytes. Congruently, adenovirus carrying TLR4 or SREBP1a expression vector normalized liver injury in BRG1 LKO mice injected with LPS. Finally, a positive correlation between BRG1 and TLR4 expression was detected in human liver biopsy specimens. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that a BRG1-TLR4-SREBP1a axis that mediates LPS-induced liver injury in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Invention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuwen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Invention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yangxi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Invention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiwen Fan
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Jiangxi, Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, China.,Central Laboratory, Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiangshan Fan
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Invention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Biomedical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
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Ishida K, Kaji K, Sato S, Ogawa H, Takagi H, Takaya H, Kawaratani H, Moriya K, Namisaki T, Akahane T, Yoshiji H. Sulforaphane ameliorates ethanol plus carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in mice through the Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response and acetaldehyde metabolization with inhibition of the LPS/TLR4 signaling pathway. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 89:108573. [PMID: 33388347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD)-related fibrosis results from a variety of mechanisms including the accumulation of acetaldehyde, reactive oxygen species, and hepatic overload of endogenous lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Alcohol cessation is the therapeutic mainstay for patients with all stages of ALD, whereas pharmacological strategies for liver fibrosis have not been established. Sulforaphane, a phytochemical found in cruciferous vegetables, activates nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and exerts anticancer, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial effects; however, few studies investigated its efficacy in the development of ALD-related fibrosis. Herein, we investigated the effect of sulforaphane on acetaldehyde metabolism and liver fibrosis in HepaRG and LX-2 cells, human hepatoma and hepatic stellate cell lines, respectively, as well as in a mouse model of alcoholic liver fibrosis induced by ethanol plus carbon tetrachloride (EtOH/CCl4). Sulforaphane treatment induced the activity of acetaldehyde-metabolizing mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase in HepaRG cells and suppressed the acetaldehyde-induced proliferation and profibrogenic activity in LX-2 cells with upregulation of Nrf2-regulated antioxidant genes, including HMOX1, NQO1, and GSTM3. Moreover, sulforaphane attenuated the LPS/toll-like receptor 4-mediated sensitization to transforming growth factor-β with downregulation of NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1) and NOX4. In EtOH/CCl4-treated mice, oral sulforaphane administration augmented hepatic acetaldehyde metabolism. Additionally, sulforaphane significantly inhibited Kupffer cell infiltration and fibrosis, decreased fat accumulation and lipid peroxidation, and induced Nrf2-regulated antioxidant response genes in EtOH/CCl4-treated mice. Furthermore, sulforaphane treatment blunted hepatic exposure of gut-derived LPS and suppressed hepatic toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway. Taken together, these results suggest sulforaphane as a novel therapeutic strategy in ALD-related liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Ishida
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kaji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan.
| | - Shinya Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ogawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Hirotetsu Takagi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Takaya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Hideto Kawaratani
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Kei Moriya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Tadashi Namisaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Takemi Akahane
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yoshiji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
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Furuya S, Cichocki JA, Konganti K, Dreval K, Uehara T, Katou Y, Fukushima H, Kono H, Pogribny IP, Argemi J, Bataller R, Rusyn I. Histopathological and Molecular Signatures of a Mouse Model of Acute-on-Chronic Alcoholic Liver Injury Demonstrate Concordance With Human Alcoholic Hepatitis. Toxicol Sci 2020; 170:427-437. [PMID: 30517762 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human alcoholic hepatitis (AH) carries a high mortality rate. AH is an acute-on-chronic form of liver injury characterized by hepatic steatosis, ballooned hepatocytes, neutrophil infiltration, and pericellular fibrosis. We aimed to study the pathogenesis of AH in an animal model which combines chronic hepatic fibrosis with intragastric alcohol administration. Adult male C57BL6/J mice were treated with CCl4 (0.2 ml/kg, 2×weekly by intraperitoneal injections for 6 weeks) to induce chronic liver fibrosis. Then, ethyl alcohol (up to 25 g/kg/day for 3 weeks) was administered continuously to mice via a gastric feeding tube, with or without one-half dose of CCl4. Liver and serum markers and liver transcriptome were evaluated to characterize acute-on-chronic-alcoholic liver disease in our model. CCl4 or alcohol treatment alone induced liver fibrosis or steatohepatitis, respectively, findings that were consistent with expected pathology. Combined treatment resulted in a marked exacerbation of liver injury, as evident by the development of inflammation, steatosis, and pericellular fibrosis, pathological features of human AH. E. coli and Candida were also detected in livers of mice cotreated with CCl4 and alcohol, indicating pathogen translocation from gut to liver, similar to human AH. Importantly, liver transcriptomic changes specific to combined treatment group demonstrated close concordance with pathways perturbed in patients with severe AH. Overall, mice treated with CCl4 and alcohol displayed key molecular and pathological characteristics of human AH-pericellular fibrosis, increased hepatic bacterial load, and dysregulation of the same molecular pathways. This model may be useful for developing therapeutics for AH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kranti Konganti
- Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Kostiantyn Dreval
- Program in Cancer Genetics, Epigenetics and Genomics, Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87102
| | - Takeki Uehara
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuuki Katou
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Kono
- First Department of Surgery, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Igor P Pogribny
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | - Josepmaria Argemi
- Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Ramon Bataller
- Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences
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Hepatoprotective Activity of BV-7310, a Proprietary Herbal Formulation of Phyllanthus niruri, Tephrosia purpurea, Boerhavia diffusa, and Andrographis paniculata, in Alcohol-Induced HepG2 Cells and Alcohol plus a Haloalkane, CCl 4, Induced Liver Damage in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:6428906. [PMID: 32308713 PMCID: PMC7132358 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6428906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Excessive alcohol consumption is a worldwide threat with severe morbidity and mortality. Other than abstinence, there is still no FDA-approved drug for alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Liver is the primary site of ethanol metabolism and hence gets the most damage from excessive drinking. It triggers multiple signalling events including inflammation, leading to an array of hepatic lesions like steatosis, hepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Similarly, when medications or xenobiotic compounds are ingested orally, the liver gets the highest exposure of those metabolites, which in turn can cause severe liver toxicity. BV-7310 is a standardized mixture of four Ayurvedic plants, namely, Phyllanthus niruri, Tephrosia purpurea, Boerhavia diffusa, and Andrographis paniculata. In different systems of traditional medicine, each of these plants has been known to have use in gastrointestinal disorders. We wanted to assess the combined effect of these plant extracts on alcohol-induced liver damage. First, we investigated the hepatoprotective activity of BV-7310 against alcohol-induced toxicity in human liver HepG2 cells. Ethanol treatment (120 mM for 48 hours) significantly showed toxicity (around 42%) in these cells, and coincubation with BV-7310 prevented ethanol-induced cell death in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, the formulation BV-7310 showed synergistic activity than any individual extract tested in this assay. BV-7310 also showed potent antioxidant activity in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Next, we induced hepatitis in Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats using repeated alcohol (40%) dosing, and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) 24 hours before termination. Both oral doses of BV-7310 (250 and 500 mg/kg body weight) protected the alcohol-induced body weight loss and significantly improved the elevated levels of liver enzymes compared to the vehicle treated group. Thus, BV-7310 prevents alcohol-induced toxicity in both in-vitro and in-vivo models and could be beneficial for the treatment of ALD or other conditions, which may cause liver toxicity.
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Recent Advances in Practical Methods for Liver Cell Biology: A Short Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062027. [PMID: 32188134 PMCID: PMC7139397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular and cellular research modalities for the study of liver pathologies have been tremendously improved over the recent decades. Advanced technologies offer novel opportunities to establish cell isolation techniques with excellent purity, paving the path for 2D and 3D microscopy and high-throughput assays (e.g., bulk or single-cell RNA sequencing). The use of stem cell and organoid research will help to decipher the pathophysiology of liver diseases and the interaction between various parenchymal and non-parenchymal liver cells. Furthermore, sophisticated animal models of liver disease allow for the in vivo assessment of fibrogenesis, portal hypertension and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and for the preclinical testing of therapeutic strategies. The purpose of this review is to portray in detail novel in vitro and in vivo methods for the study of liver cell biology that had been presented at the workshop of the 8th meeting of the European Club for Liver Cell Biology (ECLCB-8) in October of 2018 in Bonn, Germany.
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Brol MJ, Rösch F, Schierwagen R, Magdaleno F, Uschner FE, Manekeller S, Queck A, Schwarzkopf K, Odenthal M, Drebber U, Thiele M, Lingohr P, Plamper A, Kristiansen G, Lotersztajn S, Krag A, Klein S, Rheinwalt KP, Trebicka J. Combination of CCl 4 with alcoholic and metabolic injuries mimics human liver fibrosis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 317:G182-G194. [PMID: 31188634 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00361.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic and alcoholic liver injuries result in nonalcoholic (NAFLD) or alcoholic (ALD) fatty liver disease, respectively. In particular, presence of fibrosis in NAFLD and ALD requires treatment, but development of drugs is hampered by the lack of suitable models with significant fibrosis. The carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) liver fibrosis model does not reflect human NAFLD or ALD, but CCl4 may serve as a fibrosis accelerator in addition to another injury. Ethanol in drinking water (16%) or Western diet (WD) were administered for 7 wk in mice either alone or in combination with CCl4 intoxications. Extent of fibrosis, steatosis, and inflammation was assessed by histology, transcription, and biochemistry. Furthermore, transcription of fibrosis, proliferation, and inflammation-related genes was studied on human liver samples with fibrosis resulting from hepatitis C virus infection (n = 7), NAFLD (n = 8), or ALD (n = 7). WD or ethanol alone induced only mild steatosis and inflammation. Combination of CCl4 and WD induced the most severe steatosis together with significant liver fibrosis and moderate inflammation. Combination of CCl4 and ethanol induced the strongest inflammation, with significant liver fibrosis and moderate steatosis. The relationship pattern between fibrosis, proliferation, and inflammation of human ALD was mostly similar in mice treated with CCl4 and ethanol. The combination of CCl4 intoxication with WD validates previous data suggesting it as an appropriate model for human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Especially, CCl4 plus ethanol for 7 wk induces ALD in mice, providing a model suitable for further basic research and drug testing.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Alcoholic fatty liver disease with significant fibrosis is generated within 7 wk using carbon tetrachloride as a fibrosis accelerator and administering gradually ethanol (up to 16%) in mice. The similarity in the pattern of steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis involved in alcoholic fatty liver disease to those of the human condition renders this mouse model suitable as a preclinical model for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felicitas Rösch
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Frank Erhard Uschner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Germany.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Queck
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Katharina Schwarzkopf
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | | | - Uta Drebber
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Maja Thiele
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
| | | | - Andreas Plamper
- Department of Bariatric, Metabolic, and Plastic Surgery, St. Franziskus-Hospital Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Sophie Lotersztajn
- Inserm UMR-1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.,Département Hospitalo-Universitaire UNITY, Service d'Hépatologie, Hôpital Beaujon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Clichy, France
| | - Aleksander Krag
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Sabine Klein
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Germany.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Karl P Rheinwalt
- Department of Bariatric, Metabolic, and Plastic Surgery, St. Franziskus-Hospital Cologne, Germany
| | - Jonel Trebicka
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Germany.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.,Department of Medical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark.,European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure-EF Clif, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Liver Zonation in Health and Disease: Hypoxia and Hypoxia-Inducible Transcription Factors as Concert Masters. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092347. [PMID: 31083568 PMCID: PMC6540308 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver and its zonation contribute to whole body homeostasis. Acute and chronic, not always liver, diseases impair proper metabolic zonation. Various underlying pathways, such as β-catenin, hedgehog signaling, and the Hippo pathway, along with the physiologically occurring oxygen gradient, appear to be contributors. Interestingly, hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible transcription factors can orchestrate those pathways. In the current review, we connect novel findings of liver zonation in health and disease and provide a view about the dynamic interplay between these different pathways and cell-types to drive liver zonation and systemic homeostasis.
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14
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Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Prolyl 4-Hydroxylases and Metabolism. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:1021-1035. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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Guo F, Zheng K, Benedé-Ubieto R, Cubero FJ, Nevzorova YA. The Lieber-DeCarli Diet-A Flagship Model for Experimental Alcoholic Liver Disease. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:1828-1840. [DOI: 10.1111/acer.13840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Guo
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology; Faculty of Biology; Complutense University of Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - Kang Zheng
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology & ORL; School of Medicine; Complutense University of Madrid; Madrid Spain
- 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12); Madrid Spain
| | - Raquel Benedé-Ubieto
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology; Faculty of Biology; Complutense University of Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Cubero
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology & ORL; School of Medicine; Complutense University of Madrid; Madrid Spain
- 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12); Madrid Spain
| | - Yulia A. Nevzorova
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology; Faculty of Biology; Complutense University of Madrid; Madrid Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine III; University Hospital RWTH Aachen; Aachen Germany
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16
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Tian Y, Deng H, Han L, Hu S, Qi X. Hypoxia-inducible Factor may Induce the Development of Liver Fibrosis in Budd-Chiari Syndrome by Regulating CD248/endosialin Expression: A Hypothesis. J Transl Int Med 2018; 6:66-69. [PMID: 29984199 PMCID: PMC6032187 DOI: 10.2478/jtim-2018-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) leads to the development of liver fibrosis in most of the cases. However, the mechanism of BCS-related liver fibrosis is unclear, and it may be largely different from that induced by chronic viral hepatitis. Hepatic stellate cell (HSC) and its specific marker CD248/endosialin are known to play an important regulatory role in the development of liver fibrosis. Additionally, hypoxia microenvironment and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) are involved in the regulation of CD248/endosialin. Therefore, we hypothesize that hypoxia microenvironment which develops due to BCS can regulate the expression of CD248/endosialin in HSC via HIF signaling pathway, which then affects the function of HSC and development of liver fibrosis. To confirm the hypothesis, two major investigations are necessary: (1) in the BCS animal model and clinical studies, the relationship between the severity of liver fibrosis and the expression of HIF and CD248/endosialin in HSC will be explored; and (2) in the in vitro cell system, the effect of hypoxic microenvironment, HIF-1α or HIF-2α, on the expression of CD248/endosialin in HSC will be explored. It will be important to elucidate whether HIF signaling pathway regulates the expression of CD248/endosialin, thereby inducing the development of BCS-related liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Han Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
- Yuebei People’s Hospital, Shaoguan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lei Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Sijun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Dr. Xingshun Qi, MD, Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area, No. 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110840, Liaoning Province, China. Dr. Sijun Hu, PhD, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xingshun Qi
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
- Dr. Xingshun Qi, MD, Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area, No. 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110840, Liaoning Province, China. Dr. Sijun Hu, PhD, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
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17
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HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTOR AS A MOLECULAR TARGET IN HEPATORENAL SYNDROME. WORLD OF MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.26724/2079-8334-2018-3-65-23-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Lu Y, Cederbaum AI. Cytochrome P450s and Alcoholic Liver Disease. Curr Pharm Des 2018; 24:1502-1517. [PMID: 29637855 PMCID: PMC6053342 DOI: 10.2174/1381612824666180410091511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption causes liver diseases, designated as Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD). Because alcohol is detoxified by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), a major ethanol metabolism system, the development of ALD was initially believed to be due to malnutrition caused by alcohol metabolism in liver. The discovery of the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) changed this dogma. Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP) constitute the major components of MEOS. Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) in MEOS is one of the major ROS generators in liver and is considered to be contributive to ALD. Our labs have been studying the relationship between CYP2E1 and ALD for many years. Recently, we found that human CYP2A6 and its mouse analog CYP2A5 are also induced by alcohol. In mice, the alcohol induction of CYP2A5 is CYP2E1-dependent. Unlike CYP2E1, CYP2A5 protects against the development of ALD. The relationship of CYP2E1, CYP2A5, and ALD is a major focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongke Lu
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, East Tennessee State University
| | - Arthur I. Cederbaum
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
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Satishchandran A, Ambade A, Rao S, Hsueh YC, Iracheta-Vellve A, Tornai D, Lowe P, Gyongyosi B, Li J, Catalano D, Zhong L, Kodys K, Xie J, Bala S, Gao G, Szabo G. MicroRNA 122, Regulated by GRLH2, Protects Livers of Mice and Patients From Ethanol-Induced Liver Disease. Gastroenterology 2018; 154:238-252.e7. [PMID: 28987423 PMCID: PMC5742049 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic, excessive alcohol consumption leads to alcoholic liver disease (ALD) characterized by steatosis, inflammation, and eventually cirrhosis. The hepatocyte specific microRNA 122 (MIR122) regulates hepatocyte differentiation and metabolism. We investigated whether an alcohol-induced decrease in level of MIR122 contributes to development of ALD. METHODS We obtained liver samples from 12 patients with ALD and cirrhosis and 9 healthy individuals (controls) and analyzed them by histology and immunohistochemistry. C57Bl/6 mice were placed on a Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet, in which they were fed ethanol for 8 weeks, as a model of ALD, or a control diet. These mice were also given injections of CCl4, to increase liver fibrosis, for 8 weeks. On day 28, mice with ethanol-induced liver disease and advanced fibrosis, and controls, were given injections of recombinant adeno-associated virus 8 vector that expressed the primary miR-122 transcript (pri-MIR122, to overexpress MIR122 in hepatocytes) or vector (control). Two weeks before ethanol feeding, some mice were given injections of a vector that expressed an anti-MIR122, to knock down its expression. Serum and liver tissues were collected; hepatocytes and liver mononuclear cells were analyzed by histology, immunoblots, and confocal microscopy. We performed in silico analyses to identify targets of MIR122 and chromatin immunoprecipitation quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses in Huh-7 cells. RESULTS Levels of MIR122 were decreased in liver samples from patients with ALD and mice on the Lieber-DeCarli diet, compared with controls. Transgenic expression of MIR122 in hepatocytes of mice with ethanol-induced liver disease and advanced fibrosis significantly reduced serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and liver steatosis and fibrosis, compared with mice given injections of the control vector. Ethanol feeding reduced expression of pri-MIR122 by increasing expression of the spliced form of the transcription factor grainyhead like transcription factor 2 (GRHL2) in liver tissues from mice. Levels of GRHL2 also were increased in liver tissues from patients with ALD, compared with controls; increases correlated with decreases in levels of MIR122 in human liver. Mice given injections of the anti-MIR122 before ethanol feeding had increased steatosis, inflammation, and serum levels of alanine aminotransferase compared with mice given a control vector. Levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α) mRNA, a target of MIR122, were increased in liver tissues from patients and mice with ALD, compared with controls. Mice with hepatocyte-specific disruption of Hif1α developed less-severe liver injury following administration of ethanol, injection of anti-MIR122, or both. CONCLUSIONS Levels of MIR122 decrease in livers from patients with ALD and mice with ethanol-induced liver disease, compared with controls. Transcription of MIR122 is inhibited by GRHL2, which is increased in livers of mice and patients with ALD. Expression of an anti-MIR122 worsened the severity of liver damage following ethanol feeding in mice. MIR122 appears to protect the liver from ethanol-induced damage by reducing levels of HIF1α. These processes might be manipulated to reduce the severity of ALD in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Satishchandran
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Aditya Ambade
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Sitara Rao
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Ying-Chao Hsueh
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Arvin Iracheta-Vellve
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - David Tornai
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Patrick Lowe
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Benedek Gyongyosi
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Jia Li
- Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Donna Catalano
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Li Zhong
- Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Karen Kodys
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Jun Xie
- Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts; Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Shashi Bala
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Guangping Gao
- Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts; Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.
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20
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Van Welden S, Selfridge AC, Hindryckx P. Intestinal hypoxia and hypoxia-induced signalling as therapeutic targets for IBD. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 14:596-611. [PMID: 28853446 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2017.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tissue hypoxia occurs when local oxygen demand exceeds oxygen supply. In chronic inflammatory conditions such as IBD, the increased oxygen demand by resident and gut-infiltrating immune cells coupled with vascular dysfunction brings about a marked reduction in mucosal oxygen concentrations. To counter the hypoxic challenge and ensure their survival, mucosal cells induce adaptive responses, including the activation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) and modulation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Both pathways are tightly regulated by oxygen-sensitive prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs), which therefore represent promising therapeutic targets for IBD. In this Review, we discuss the involvement of mucosal hypoxia and hypoxia-induced signalling in the pathogenesis of IBD and elaborate in detail on the role of HIFs, NF-κB and PHDs in different cell types during intestinal inflammation. We also provide an update on the development of PHD inhibitors and discuss their therapeutic potential in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Van Welden
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 1K12-E, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andrew C Selfridge
- Robarts Clinical Trials West, 4350 Executive Drive 210, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Pieter Hindryckx
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 1K12-E, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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21
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Ju C, Colgan SP, Eltzschig HK. Hypoxia-inducible factors as molecular targets for liver diseases. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 94:613-27. [PMID: 27094811 PMCID: PMC4879168 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1408-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Liver disease is a growing global health problem, as deaths from end-stage liver cirrhosis and cancer are rising across the world. At present, pharmacologic approaches to effectively treat or prevent liver disease are extremely limited. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is a transcription factor that regulates diverse signaling pathways enabling adaptive cellular responses to perturbations of the tissue microenvironment. HIF activation through hypoxia-dependent and hypoxia-independent signals have been reported in liver disease of diverse etiologies, from ischemia-reperfusion-induced acute liver injury to chronic liver diseases caused by viral infection, excessive alcohol consumption, or metabolic disorders. This review summarizes the evidence for HIF stabilization in liver disease, discusses the mechanistic involvement of HIFs in disease development, and explores the potential of pharmacological HIF modifiers in the treatment of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Ju
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado, Auroa, Colorado, 800045, USA.
| | - Sean P Colgan
- Department of Medicine and Mucosal Inflammation Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Auroa, Colorado, 800045, USA
| | - Holger K Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology and Organ Protection Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Auroa, Colorado, 800045, USA
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Deshpande KT, Liu S, McCracken JM, Jiang L, Gaw TE, Kaydo LN, Richard ZC, O'Neil MF, Pritchard MT. Moderate (2%, v/v) Ethanol Feeding Alters Hepatic Wound Healing after Acute Carbon Tetrachloride Exposure in Mice. Biomolecules 2016; 6:5. [PMID: 26751492 PMCID: PMC4808799 DOI: 10.3390/biom6010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing consists of three overlapping phases: inflammation, proliferation, and matrix synthesis and remodeling. Prolonged alcohol abuse can cause liver fibrosis due to deregulated matrix remodeling. Previous studies demonstrated that moderate ethanol feeding enhances liver fibrogenic markers and frank fibrosis independent of differences in CCl4-induced liver injury. Our objective was to determine whether or not other phases of the hepatic wound healing response were affected by moderate ethanol after CCl4 exposure. Mice were fed moderate ethanol (2% v/v) for two days and then were exposed to CCl4 and euthanized 24–96 h later. Liver injury was not different between pair- and ethanol-fed mice; however, removal of necrotic tissue was delayed after CCl4-induced liver injury in ethanol-fed mice. Inflammation, measured by TNFα mRNA and protein and hepatic Ly6c transcript accumulation, was reduced and associated with enhanced hepatocyte apoptosis after ethanol feeding. Hepatocytes entered the cell cycle equivalently in pair- and ethanol-fed mice after CCl4 exposure, but hepatocyte proliferation was prolonged in livers from ethanol-fed mice. CCl4-induced hepatic stellate cell activation was increased and matrix remodeling was prolonged in ethanol-fed mice compared to controls. Taken together, moderate ethanol affected each phase of the wound healing response to CCl4. These data highlight previously unknown effects of moderate ethanol exposure on hepatic wound healing after acute hepatotoxicant exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krutika T Deshpande
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | - Shinlan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | - Jennifer M McCracken
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | - Lu Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | - Ta Ehpaw Gaw
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | - Lindsey N Kaydo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Zachary C Richard
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Maura F O'Neil
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | - Michele T Pritchard
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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23
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Roth KJ, Copple BL. Role of Hypoxia-Inducible Factors in the Development of Liver Fibrosis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 1:589-597. [PMID: 28210703 PMCID: PMC5301877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis remains a significant clinical problem in the United States and throughout the world. Although important advances in the understanding of this disease have been made, no effective pharmacologic agents have been developed that directly prevent or reverse the fibrotic process. Many of the successes in liver fibrosis treatment have been targeted toward treating the cause of fibrosis, such as the development of new antivirals that eradicate hepatitis virus. For many patients, however, this is not feasible, so a liver transplant remains the only viable option. Thus, there is a critical need to identify new therapeutic targets that will slow or reverse the progression of fibrosis in such patients. Research over the last 16 years has identified hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) as key transcription factors that drive many aspects of liver fibrosis, making them potential targets of therapy. In this review, we discuss the latest work on HIFs and liver fibrosis, including the cell-specific functions of these transcription factors in the development of liver fibrosis.
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Key Words
- BDL, bile duct ligation
- CCl4, carbon tetrachloride
- Ccr, C-C chemokine receptor
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- HGF, hepatocyte growth factor
- HIFs, hypoxia-inducible factors
- HSC, hepatic stellate cell
- Hepatic Stellate Cells
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factors
- Jmjd, Jumonji domain-containing
- Kupffer Cells
- Liver Fibrosis
- PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- Rgs, regulator of G-protein signaling
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor β
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- α-SMA, α-smooth muscle actin
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bryan L. Copple
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Bryan L. Copple, PhD, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, 1355 Bogue Street, B403 Life Sciences Building, East Lansing, Michigan 48824.Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyMichigan State University1355 Bogue Street, B403 Life Sciences BuildingEast LansingMichigan 48824
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24
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Yun JW, Son MJ, Abdelmegeed MA, Banerjee A, Morgan TR, Yoo SH, Song BJ. Binge alcohol promotes hypoxic liver injury through a CYP2E1-HIF-1α-dependent apoptosis pathway in mice and humans. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 77:183-94. [PMID: 25236742 PMCID: PMC4304203 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Binge drinking, a common pattern of alcohol ingestion, is known to potentiate liver injury caused by chronic alcohol abuse. This study was aimed at investigating the effects of acute binge alcohol on hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α)-mediated liver injury and the roles of alcohol-metabolizing enzymes in alcohol-induced hypoxia and hepatotoxicity. Mice and human specimens assigned to binge or nonbinge groups were analyzed for blood alcohol concentration (BAC), alcohol-metabolizing enzymes, HIF-1α-related protein nitration, and apoptosis. Binge alcohol promoted acute liver injury in mice with elevated levels of ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) and hypoxia, both of which were colocalized in the centrilobular areas. We observed positive correlations among elevated BAC, CYP2E1, and HIF-1α in mice and humans exposed to binge alcohol. The CYP2E1 protein levels (r = 0.629, p = 0.001) and activity (r = 0.641, p = 0.001) showed a significantly positive correlation with BAC in human livers. HIF-1α levels were also positively correlated with BAC (r = 0.745, p < 0.001) or CYP2E1 activity (r = 0.792, p < 0.001) in humans. Binge alcohol promoted protein nitration and apoptosis with significant correlations observed between inducible nitric oxide synthase and BAC, CYP2E1, or HIF-1α in human specimens. Binge-alcohol-induced HIF-1α activation and subsequent protein nitration or apoptosis seen in wild type were significantly alleviated in the corresponding Cyp2e1-null mice, whereas pretreatment with an HIF-1α inhibitor, PX-478, prevented HIF-1α elevation with a trend of decreased levels of 3-nitrotyrosine and apoptosis, supporting the roles of CYP2E1 and HIF-1α in binge-alcohol-mediated protein nitration and hepatotoxicity. Thus binge alcohol promotes acute liver injury in mice and humans at least partly through a CYP2E1-HIF-1α-dependent apoptosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Won Yun
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892-9410, USA
| | - Min-Jeong Son
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mohamed A Abdelmegeed
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892-9410, USA
| | - Atrayee Banerjee
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892-9410, USA
| | - Timothy R Morgan
- Gastroenterology Service, Veterans Administration Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, CA 90822, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Seong-Ho Yoo
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Byoung-Joon Song
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892-9410, USA.
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