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Santos CL, Weber FB, Belló-Klein A, Bobermin LD, Quincozes-Santos A. Glioprotective Effects of Sulforaphane in Hypothalamus: Focus on Aging Brain. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:2505-2518. [PMID: 38886329 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04196-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Sulforaphane is a natural compound with neuroprotective activity, but its effects on hypothalamus remain unknown. In line with this, astrocytes are critical cells to maintain brain homeostasis, and hypothalamic astrocytes are fundamental for sensing and responding to environmental changes involved in a variety of homeostatic functions. Changes in brain functionality, particularly associated with hypothalamic astrocytes, can contribute to age-related neurochemical alterations and, consequently, neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, here, we investigated the glioprotective effects of sulforaphane on hypothalamic astrocyte cultures and hypothalamic cell suspension obtained from aged Wistar rats (24 months old). Sulforaphane showed anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, as well as modulated the mRNA expression of astroglial markers, such as aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member L1, aquaporin 4, and vascular endothelial growth factor. In addition, it increased the expression and extracellular levels of trophic factors, such as glia-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor, as well as the release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and the mRNA of TrkA, which is a receptor associated with trophic factors. Sulforaphane also modulated the expression of classical pathways associated with glioprotection, including nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2, heme oxygenase-1, nuclear factor kappa B p65 subunit, and AMP-activated protein kinase. Finally, a cell suspension with neurons and glial cells was used to confirm the predominant effect of sulforaphane in glial cells. In summary, this study indicated the anti-aging and glioprotective activities of sulforaphane in aged astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Leite Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Becker Weber
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriane Belló-Klein
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Larissa Daniele Bobermin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - André Quincozes-Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Neurotoxicidade e Glioproteção (LABGLIO), Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 - Anexo, Bairro Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
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Habtemariam S. Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutic Mechanisms of Isothiocyanates: Insights from Sulforaphane. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1169. [PMID: 38927376 PMCID: PMC11200786 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Isothiocyanates (ITCs) belong to a group of natural products that possess a highly reactive electrophilic -N=C=S functional group. They are stored in plants as precursor molecules, glucosinolates, which are processed by the tyrosinase enzyme upon plant tissue damage to release ITCs, along with other products. Isolated from broccoli, sulforaphane is by far the most studied antioxidant ITC, acting primarily through the induction of a transcription factor, the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which upregulates downstream antioxidant genes/proteins. Paradoxically, sulforaphane, as a pro-oxidant compound, can also increase the levels of reactive oxygen species, a mechanism which is attributed to its anticancer effect. Beyond highlighting the common pro-oxidant and antioxidant effects of sulforaphane, the present paper was designed to assess the diverse anti-inflammatory mechanisms reported to date using a variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Sulforaphane downregulates the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, cycloxyhenase-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. The signalling pathways of nuclear factor κB, activator protein 1, sirtuins 1, silent information regulator sirtuin 1 and 3, and microRNAs are among those affected by sulforaphane. These anti-inflammatory actions are sometimes due to direct action via interaction with the sulfhydryl structural moiety of cysteine residues in enzymes/proteins. The following are among the topics discussed in this paper: paradoxical signalling pathways such as the immunosuppressant or immunostimulant mechanisms; crosstalk between the oxidative and inflammatory pathways; and effects dependent on health and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research & Herbal Analysis Services UK, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham-Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
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Alzahrani NA, Bahaidrah KA, Mansouri RA, Aldhahri RS, Abd El-Aziz GS, Alghamdi BS. Possible Prophylactic Effects of Sulforaphane on LPS-Induced Recognition Memory Impairment Mediated by Regulating Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammatory Proteins in the Prefrontal Cortex Region of the Brain. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1107. [PMID: 38791068 PMCID: PMC11118062 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12051107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) presents a significant global health concern, characterized by neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Neuroinflammation is a crucial factor in AD development and progression, yet effective pharmacotherapy remains elusive. Sulforaphane (SFN), derived from cruciferous vegetables and mainly from broccoli, has shown a promising effect via in vitro and in vivo studies as a potential treatment for AD. This study aims to investigate the possible prophylactic mechanisms of SFN against prefrontal cortex (PFC)-related recognition memory impairment induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration. METHODOLOGY Thirty-six Swiss (SWR/J) mice weighing 18-25 g were divided into three groups (n = 12 per group): a control group (vehicle), an LPS group (0.75 mg/kg of LPS), and an LPS + SFN group (25 mg/kg of SFN). The total duration of the study was 3 weeks, during which mice underwent treatments for the initial 2 weeks, with daily monitoring of body weight and temperature. Behavioral assessments via novel object recognition (NOR) and temporal order recognition (TOR) tasks were conducted in the final week of the study. Inflammatory markers (IL-6 and TNF), antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GSH, and CAT), and pro-oxidant (MDA) level, in addition to acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity and active (caspase-3) and phosphorylated (AMPK) levels, were evaluated. Further, PFC neuronal degeneration, Aβ content, and microglial activation were also examined using H&E, Congo red staining, and Iba1 immunohistochemistry, respectively. RESULTS SFN pretreatment significantly improved recognition memory performance during the NOR and TOR tests. Moreover, SFN was protected from neuroinflammation and oxidative stress as well as neurodegeneration, Aβ accumulation, and microglial hyperactivity. CONCLUSION The obtained results suggested that SFN has a potential protective property to mitigate the behavioral and biochemical impairments induced by chronic LPS administration and suggested to be via an AMPK/caspase-3-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Ahmed Alzahrani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 23218, Saudi Arabia; (K.A.B.); (R.A.M.); (R.S.A.)
| | - Khulud Abdullah Bahaidrah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 23218, Saudi Arabia; (K.A.B.); (R.A.M.); (R.S.A.)
| | - Rasha A. Mansouri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 23218, Saudi Arabia; (K.A.B.); (R.A.M.); (R.S.A.)
| | - Rahaf Saeed Aldhahri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 23218, Saudi Arabia; (K.A.B.); (R.A.M.); (R.S.A.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 23218, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamal S. Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Clinical Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Badrah S. Alghamdi
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Unit, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Neuroscience and Geroscience Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Yu Y, Liao X, Xie X, Li Q, Chen X, Liu R. The role of neuroglial cells communication in ischemic stroke. Brain Res Bull 2024; 209:110910. [PMID: 38423190 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.110910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability globally, but its treatment options are limited due to therapeutic window and reperfusion injury constraints. Microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes are the major components of the neurovascular unit, and there is substantial evidence suggesting their contributions to maintaining homeostasis in the central nervous system. Neuroglial cells participate in neuronal physiological functions and the repair of damaged neurons through various communication methods, including gap junctions, chemical signaling, and extracellular vesicles, in conjunction with other components of the neurovascular unit. Ischemia-induced microglia and astrocytes polarize into "M1/M2" and "A1/A2" phenotypes and exert neurotoxic or neuroprotective effects by releasing soluble factors, secreting extracellular vesicles, and forming syncytia networks in the acute (<72 h), subacute (>72 h), and chronic phases (>6 weeks). Apoptosis of oligodendrocytes due to ischemic hypoxia leads to white matter injury, causing long-term cognitive dysfunction, and promoting oligodendrogenesis is a crucial direction for achieving functional recovery in ischemic stroke. In this article, we summarize the cellular interactions following cerebral ischemia, analyze the roles of neuroglial cells through gap junctions, chemical signaling, and extracellular vesicles in different stages of ischemic stroke, and further explore strategies for intervening in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunling Yu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Xinglan Liao
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Xinyu Xie
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Qihua Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Xuehong Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Ruizhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China.
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Purvis EM, Fedorczak N, Prah A, Han D, O’Donnell JC. Porcine Astrocytes and Their Relevance for Translational Neurotrauma Research. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2388. [PMID: 37760829 PMCID: PMC10525191 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are essential to virtually all brain processes, from ion homeostasis to neurovascular coupling to metabolism, and even play an active role in signaling and plasticity. Astrocytic dysfunction can be devastating to neighboring neurons made inherently vulnerable by their polarized, excitable membranes. Therefore, correcting astrocyte dysfunction is an attractive therapeutic target to enhance neuroprotection and recovery following acquired brain injury. However, the translation of such therapeutic strategies is hindered by a knowledge base dependent almost entirely on rodent data. To facilitate additional astrocytic research in the translatable pig model, we present a review of astrocyte findings from pig studies of health and disease. We hope that this review can serve as a road map for intrepid pig researchers interested in studying astrocyte biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M. Purvis
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA (D.H.)
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Natalia Fedorczak
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA (D.H.)
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Annette Prah
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA (D.H.)
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel Han
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA (D.H.)
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John C. O’Donnell
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA (D.H.)
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Cerebroprotective actions of hydrogen sulfide in the epileptic brain in newborn pigs. Pediatr Res 2023:10.1038/s41390-023-02486-5. [PMID: 36694027 PMCID: PMC10363572 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02486-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal epileptic seizures cause postictal dysregulation of cerebral blood flow. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a mediator with vasodilator and antioxidant properties, is produced in the brain by astrocyte cystathionine β-synthase (CBS). This study investigated whether H2S improves the cerebral vascular outcome of seizures. METHODS Epileptic seizures were induced in newborn pigs using bicuculline. The effects of the CBS inhibitor aminooxyacetate (AOA) and the H2S donor NaHS on cerebral vascular outcome of seizures were examined in live pigs, cerebral endothelial cells, and cortical astrocytes. RESULTS Brain H2S was elevated during seizures. AOA blocked H2S and reduced functional hyperemia in the epileptic brain. The endothelium- and astrocyte-dependent vasodilation of pial arterioles was impaired 48 h after seizures suggesting cerebral vascular dysfunction. Systemic NaHS elevated brain H2S and blocked reactive oxygen species in the epileptic brain and in primary endothelial cells and astrocytes during inflammatory and excitotoxic conditions. Postictal cerebrovascular dysfunction was exaggerated in H2S-inhibited pigs and minimized in NaHS-treated pigs. CONCLUSIONS H2S elevation in the epileptic brain via activation of CBS contributes to functional hyperemia and exhibits cerebroprotective properties. The H2S donor NaHS enhances brain antioxidant defense and provides a therapeutic approach for preventing adverse cerebral vascular outcome of neonatal epileptic seizures. IMPACT Epileptic seizures in neonates lead to prolonged postictal cerebral vascular dysregulation. The role of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a mediator with vasodilator and antioxidant properties, in the epileptic brain has been explored. Astrocytes are major sites of enzymatic H2S production in the epileptic brain. Postictal cerebral vascular dysfunction is exaggerated when astrocyte H2S production is pharmacologically inhibited during seizures. Postictal cerebral vascular dysfunction is minimized when the brain H2S is elevated by systemic administration of NaHS during seizures. NaHS provides a therapeutic approach for improving cerebrovascular outcome of epileptic seizures via a mechanism that involves the antioxidant potential of H2S.
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Role of NADPH Oxidases in Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption and Ischemic Stroke. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11101966. [PMID: 36290688 PMCID: PMC9598888 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (Nox) are one of the main sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the central nervous system (CNS). While these enzymes have been shown to be involved in physiological regulation of cerebral vascular tone, excessive ROS produced by Nox1-5 play a critical role in blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction in numerous neuropathologies. Nox-derived ROS have been implicated in mediating matrix metalloprotease (MMP) activation, downregulation of junctional complexes between adjacent brain endothelial cells and brain endothelial cell apoptosis, leading to brain microvascular endothelial barrier dysfunction and consequently, increases in BBB permeability. In this review, we will highlight recent findings on the role played by these enzymes in BBB disruption induced by ischemic stroke.
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Long-term sulforaphane-treatment restores redox homeostasis and prevents cognitive decline in middleaged female and male rats, but cannot revert previous damage in old animals. Biogerontology 2022; 23:587-613. [PMID: 35960458 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-022-09984-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a complex and detrimental process, which disrupts most organs and systems within the organisms. The nervous system is morphologically and functionally affected during normal aging, and oxidative stress has been involved in age-related damage, leading to cognitive decline and neurodegenerative processes. Sulforaphane (SFN) is a hormetin that activates the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses. So, we aimed to evaluate if SFN long-term treatment was able to prevent age-associated cognitive decline in adult and old female and male rats. Memory was evaluated in adult (15-month-old), and old (21-month-old) female and male Wistar rats after three months of SFN treatment. Young rats (4-month-old) were used as age controls. The antioxidant response induction, the redox state (GSH/GSSG), and oxidative damage were determined in the brain cortex (Cx) and hippocampus (Hc). Our results showed that SFN restored redox homeostasis in the Cx and Hc of adult rats, thus preventing cognitive decline in both sexes; however, the redox responses were not the same in males and females. Old rats were not able to recover their redox state as adults did, but they had a mild improvement. These results suggest that SFN mainly prevents rather than reverts neural damage; though, there might also be a range of opportunities to use hormetins like SFN, to improve redox modulation in old animals.
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Chuang WT, Yen CC, Huang CS, Chen HW, Lii CK. Benzyl Isothiocyanate Ameliorates High-Fat Diet-Induced Hyperglycemia by Enhancing Nrf2-Dependent Antioxidant Defense-Mediated IRS-1/AKT/TBC1D1 Signaling and GLUT4 Expression in Skeletal Muscle. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:15228-15238. [PMID: 33301311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Obesity caused lipotoxicity, which results in insulin resistance. We studied whether benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) improved insulin resistance in muscle. BITC was studied in vivo in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and in vitro in C2C12 myotubes treated with palmitic acid (PA). In C2C12 cells, BITC mitigated PA inhibition of glucose uptake and phosphorylation of IRS-1, AKT, and TBC1D1 in response to insulin. BITC upregulated the expression of HO-1, GSTP, and GCLM mRNA and protein as well as GSH contents, which suppressed oxidative damage. Knockdown of Nrf2 abrogated BITC enhancement of antioxidant defense and subsequently reversed BITC protection against PA-induced insulin resistance. Moreover, BITC upregulated the expression of GLUT4, PPARγ, and C/EBPα. In HFD-fed mice, plasma total cholesterol, nonesterified fatty acid, and glucose levels and HOMA-IR were dose-dependently decreased with 0.05 or 0.1% BITC administration. In gastrocnemius muscle, compared with the HFD group, BITC increased the phosphorylation of AKT and TBC1D1, GSH contents, and the expression of antioxidant enzymes as well as GLUT4. These results indicate that BITC ameliorates obesity-induced hyperglycemia by enhancing insulin sensitivity in muscle. This is partly attributed to its inhibition of lipotoxicity-induced oxidative insult and upregulation of GLUT4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Chuang
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, 40402 Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ching Yen
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, China Medical University, 40402 Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, 40447 Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Shiu Huang
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, 41354 Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Haw-Wen Chen
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, 40402 Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chong-Kuei Lii
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, 40402 Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, 41354 Taichung, Taiwan
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