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Yuan J, Yang L, Li M, Bai J, Cheng Y, Feng Y, Zhao J, Lu K. Protocol of the development of a core outcome set for stroke in multidimensional value assessment of traditional Chinese medicine. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e079492. [PMID: 38238171 PMCID: PMC10806626 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-079492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stroke is the most common cause of death in China. In Chinese clinical practise, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and integrative medicine have been widely used as adjuvant therapies for the treatment of stroke. However, their clinical effectiveness, particularly their clinical value, has been inconsistent in the literature mainly because various outcome measures have been used and reported in clinical research. Hence, obtaining a comprehensive list of outcomes for TCM value assessment is crucial for a multidimensional value assessment. Therefore, the main objective of this protocol was to develop an outcome set used in health technology assessment (HTA) decision-making for TCM treatment of stroke. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The outcome set will be developed in four phases: (1) we will perform a systematic literature review to identify candidate outcomes that have been previously measured in published studies; (2) we will develop a comprehensive list of outcome measures by conducting a multistakeholder semistructured interview; (3) we will conduct two-round Delphi surveys to prioritise outcomes for each HTA domain; and (4) we will finalise the outcome sets by holding a ratification meeting with multiple stakeholder groups. The developed outcome set should be measured and reported as the minimum set of outcomes for HTA assessment for the TCM treatment of acute ischaemic stroke (AIS). ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Minhang Hospital of Fudan University. Our findings will be shared at academic conferences and in peer-reviewed publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yuan
- Minhang Hospital, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Yang
- Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghui Li
- The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jingwen Bai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Drug Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinjie Cheng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Drug Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Feng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Drug Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Kevin Lu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcome Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
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Ghinea N, Lipworth W, Kerridge I, Zalcberg JR. How therapeutic advances have transformed the medical landscape: a primer for clinicians. Intern Med J 2023; 53:1306-1310. [PMID: 37255280 DOI: 10.1111/imj.16142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Novel medicines are entering the market rapidly and are increasingly being used alone or in combination to treat illnesses of every sort. While transforming the lives of many patients, these new therapies have also forced us to reconsider the way we evaluate, use and fund medicines. This article offers a primer to help practitioners understand how the therapeutic landscape is changing and how this might impact the evidence generation, access to interventions, patient experience and quality of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narcyz Ghinea
- Department of Philosophy, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wendy Lipworth
- Department of Philosophy, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ian Kerridge
- Department of Philosophy, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Health Ethics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Haematology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John R Zalcberg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Alfred Health and School of Public Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Benning L, Das-Gupta Z, Sousa Fialho L, Wissig S, Tapela N, Gaunt S. Balancing adaptability and standardisation: insights from 27 routinely implemented ICHOM standard sets. BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:1424. [PMID: 36443786 PMCID: PMC9703690 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-08694-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare systems around the world experience increasing pressure to control future growth of healthcare expenditures. Among other initiatives, quality and value-based benchmarking has become an important field to inform clinical evaluation and reimbursement questions. The International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement (ICHOM) has become one of the driving forces to translate scientific evidence into standardized assessments that are routinely applicable in day-to-day care settings. These aim to provide a benchmarking tool that allows the comparison and competition of health care delivery on the basis of value-based health care principles. METHODS This work focuses on the consolidation of the ICHOM methodology and presents insights from 27 routinely implemented Standard Sets. The analysis is based on a literature review of the ICHOM literature repository, a process document review and key informant interviews with ICHOM's outcomes research and development team. RESULTS Key findings are that the scope of ICHOM Standard Sets shifted from a more static focus on burden of disease and poorly standardized care pathways to a more dynamic approach that also takes into account questions about the setting of care, feasibility of implementing a benchmarking tool and compatibility of different Standard Sets. Although certain overlaps exist with other initiatives in the field of patient reported outcomes (PRO), their scopes differ significantly and they hence rather complement each other. ICHOM pursues a pragmatic approach to enable the benchmarking and the analysis of healthcare delivery following the principles of value-based healthcare. CONCLUSION The ICHOM Standard Sets complement other initiatives in the field of patient-reported outcomes (PRO) and functional reporting by placing a particular focus on healthcare delivery, while other initiatives primarily focus on evaluation of academic endpoints. Although ICHOM promotes a pragmatic approach towards developing and devising its Standard Sets, the definition of standardized decision making processes emerged as one of the key challenges. Furthermore, the consolidation of core metrics across number of disease areas to enable the parallel implementation of different Standard Sets in the same care setting is an important goal that will enable the widespread implementation of patient-reported outcome measures (PROM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Benning
- University Emergency Center, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Zofia Das-Gupta
- International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement, London, UK
| | - Luz Sousa Fialho
- International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement, London, UK
| | - Stephanie Wissig
- International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement, Boston, USA
| | - Neo Tapela
- International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement, London, UK
| | - Suzanne Gaunt
- International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement, Boston, USA
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Saldanha IJ, Dodd S, Fish R, Gorst SL, Hall DA, Jacobsen P, Kirkham JJ, Trepel D, Williamson PR. Comparison of published core outcome sets with outcomes recommended in regulatory guidance from the US Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency: cross sectional analysis. BMJ MEDICINE 2022; 1:e000233. [PMID: 36936602 PMCID: PMC9978677 DOI: 10.1136/bmjmed-2022-000233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Objective To compare the outcomes in published core outcome sets with the outcomes recommended in corresponding guidance documents from the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), matched by health condition. Design Cross sectional analysis. Setting US and Europe. Population Sample of core outcome sets related to drugs, devices, and gene therapy that involved patients in the consensus process, published between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2019; and corresponding EMA and FDA guidance documents. Main outcome measures The extent of matches between outcomes included within core outcome sets and those recommended in corresponding EMA and FDA guidance documents were assessed. Matches were considered to be general (ie, non-specific) or specific (ie, exact). General matches were assessed to determine whether the core outcome set or guidance document outcome was narrower. Results Relevant guidance documents were found for for 38 (39%) of 98 eligible published core outcome sets. Among outcomes in core outcome sets, medians of 70% (interquartile range 48-86%) and 52% (33-77%) were matches with outcomes recommended in EMA and FDA documents, respectively. Medians of 46% (27-68%) and 26% (18-46%) were specific matches with outcomes in EMA and FDA documents, respectively. When outcomes were generally matched, the outcomes from core outcome sets were more frequently narrower than the regulatory outcomes (83% and 75% for EMA and FDA, respectively). Conclusion Greater adoption of, and reference to, core outcome sets in regulatory guidance documents can encourage clinical trialists, especially those in industry, to measure and report consistent and agreed outcomes and improve the quality of guidance. Given the overlap between outcomes in core outcome sets and regulatory guidance, and given that most core outcome sets now involve patients in the consensus process, these sets could serve as a useful resource for regulators when recommending outcomes for studies evaluating regulated products. Developers are encouraged to appraise recommended outcomes in salient regulatory documents when planning a core outcome set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Saldanha
- Department of Health Services, Policy, and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Susanna Dodd
- Department of Health Data Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rebecca Fish
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sarah L Gorst
- Department of Health Data Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Deborah A Hall
- Department of Psychology, Heriot-Watt University - Malaysia Campus, Putrajaya, Wilayah Persekutuan Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | | | - Jamie J Kirkham
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Dominic Trepel
- Trinity Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paula R Williamson
- Department of Health Data Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Cox P, R. Williamson P, Dodd S. A pilot study assessing the similarity between core outcome sets and outcomes included in health technology assessments. F1000Res 2022; 10:1084. [PMID: 35528958 PMCID: PMC9069171 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.73647.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Core outcome sets (COS) are an agreed standardised collection of outcomes created with representation from all key stakeholders (such as patients, clinicians, researchers), which should be reported as a minimum for all trials in that corresponding clinical area. There has been little research investigating the use of core outcomes in Health technology assessments (HTAs) and none in non-oncology HTAs. This study aimed to assess the similarity between COS and HTA outcomes. Methods: Ten COS published between 2015 and 2019 were selected, with patient participation taken as a proxy measure for a high quality COS. The INAHTA database was used as a source to identify relevant HTAs, which were accessed through the hyperlinks provided. Outcomes selected for these assessments were categorised as either a specific, partial or no match compared to the COS. An additional cohort of non-oncology HTAs published between 2019 and 2021 were identified from the NICE website and compared against a relevant COS. Results: Six hundred and fifty-one HTAs were matched to the ten COS areas, of which 119 were reviewed. Of a possible 1318 core outcome matches, there were 562 (43%) matches, 413 (31%) specific and 149 (11%) partial. NICE HTA matches against corresponding COS ranged from 44% to 100%, with a total of 78% (73/94) matches, 57 (61%) specific and 16 (17%) partial. Conclusion: Further work is required to promote the awareness and implementation of COS within HTAs. The degree of matching between COS and NICE HTA outcomes is encouraging, demonstrating acceptance of COS by HTA producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Cox
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Paula R. Williamson
- Department of Health Data Science, University of Liverpool (a member of Liverpool Health Partners), Liverpool, UK
| | - Susanna Dodd
- Department of Health Data Science, University of Liverpool (a member of Liverpool Health Partners), Liverpool, UK
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Eichler HG, Trusheim M, Schwarzer-Daum B, Larholt K, Zeitlinger M, Brunninger M, Sherman M, Strutton D, Hirsch G. Precision Reimbursement for Precision Medicine: Using Real-World Evidence to Evolve From Trial-and-Project to Track-and-Pay to Learn-and-Predict. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2021; 111:52-62. [PMID: 34716918 PMCID: PMC9299639 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Basic scientists and drug developers are accelerating innovations toward the goal of precision medicine. Regulators create pathways for timely patient access to precision medicines, including individualized therapies. Healthcare payors acknowledge the need for change but downstream innovation for coverage and reimbursement is only haltingly occurring. Performance uncertainty, high price‐tags, payment timing, and actuarial risk issues associated with precision medicines present novel financial challenges for payors. With traditional drug reimbursement frameworks, payment is based on an assumed randomized controlled trial (RCT) projection of real‐world effectiveness, a “trial‐and‐project” strategy; the clinical benefit realized for patients is not usually ascertained ex post by collection of real‐world data (RWD). To mitigate financial risks resulting from clinical performance uncertainty, manufacturers and payors devised “track‐and‐pay” frameworks (i.e., the tracking of a pre‐agreed treatment outcome which is linked to financial consequences). Whereas some track‐and‐pay arrangements have been successful, inherent weaknesses include the potential for misalignment of incentives, the risk of channeling of patients, and a failure to use the RWD generated to enable continuous learning about treatments. “Precision reimbursement” (PR) intends to overcome inherent weaknesses of simple track‐and‐pay schemes. In combining the collection of RWD with advanced analytics (e.g., artificial intelligence and machine learning) to generate actionable real‐world evidence, with prospective alignment of incentives across all stakeholders (including providers and patients), and with pre‐agreed use and dissemination of information generated, PR becomes a “learn‐and‐predict” model of payment for performance. We here describe in detail the concept of PR and lay out the next steps to make it a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Trusheim
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Center for Biomedical Innovation, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Kay Larholt
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Center for Biomedical Innovation, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Michael Sherman
- Point32Health, Wellesley, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Gigi Hirsch
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Center for Biomedical Innovation, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Cox P, R. Williamson P, Dodd S. A pilot study assessing the similarity between core outcome sets and outcomes included in health technology assessments. F1000Res 2021; 10:1084. [PMID: 35528958 PMCID: PMC9069171 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.73647.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective: Core outcome sets (COS) are an agreed standardised collection of outcomes created with representation from all key stakeholders (such as patients, clinicians, researchers), which should be reported as a minimum for all trials in that corresponding clinical area. There has been little research investigating the use of core outcomes in Health technology assessments (HTAs) and none in non-oncology HTAs. This study aimed to assess the similarity between COS and HTA outcomes. Methods: Ten COS published between 2015 and 2019 were selected, with patient participation taken as a proxy measure for a high quality COS. The INAHTA database was used as a source to identify relevant HTAs, which were accessed through the hyperlinks provided. Outcomes selected for these assessments were categorised as either a specific, partial or no match compared to the COS. An additional cohort of non-oncology HTAs published between 2019 and 2021 were identified from the NICE website and compared against a relevant COS. Results: Six hundred and fifty-one HTAs were matched to the ten COS areas, of which 119 were reviewed. Of a possible 1318 core outcome matches, there were 562 (43%) matches, 413 (31%) specific and 149 (11%) partial. NICE HTA matches against corresponding COS ranged from 44% to 100%, with a total of 78% (73/94) matches, 57 (61%) specific and 16 (17%) partial. Conclusion: Further work is required to promote the awareness and implementation of COS within HTAs. The degree of matching between COS and NICE HTA outcomes is encouraging, demonstrating acceptance of COS by HTA producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Cox
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Paula R. Williamson
- Department of Health Data Science, University of Liverpool (a member of Liverpool Health Partners), Liverpool, UK
| | - Susanna Dodd
- Department of Health Data Science, University of Liverpool (a member of Liverpool Health Partners), Liverpool, UK
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Delnoij DMJ, Steinmann G. Value-based care: requiring conceptual checks and international balances. Eur J Public Health 2021; 31:677-678. [PMID: 34148075 PMCID: PMC8504992 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckab052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Diana M J Delnoij
- Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gijs Steinmann
- Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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