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Gomes SA, Carolino AT, Teodoro TBP, Silva GA, Bitencourt RDOB, Silva CP, Alkhaibari AM, Butt TM, Samuels RI. The Potential of Metarhizium anisopliae Blastospores to Control Aedes aegypti Larvae in the Field. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:759. [PMID: 37504747 PMCID: PMC10381131 DOI: 10.3390/jof9070759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi are promising as an environmentally benign alternative to chemical pesticides for mosquito control. The current study investigated the virulence of Metarhizium anisopliae blastospores against Aedes aegypti under both laboratory and field conditions. Virulence bioassays of conidia and blastospores were conducted in the laboratory, while field simulation bioassays were conducted under two conditions: totally shaded (TS) or partially shaded (PS). In the first bioassay (zero h), the larvae were added to the cups shortly after the preparation of the blastospores, and in the subsequent assays, larvae were added to the cups 3, 6, 9, and 12 days later. The survival of the larvae exposed to blastospores in the laboratory was zero on day two, as was the case for the larvae exposed to conidia on the sixth day. Under TS conditions, zero survival was seen on the third day of the bioassay. Under PS conditions, low survival rates were recorded on day 7. For the persistence bioassay under PS conditions, low survival rates were also observed. Metarhizium anisopliae blastospores were more virulent to Ae. aegypti larvae than conidia in the laboratory. Blastospores remained virulent under field simulation conditions. However, virulence rapidly declined from the third day of field bioassays. Formulating blastospores in vegetable oil could protect these propagules when applied under adverse conditions. This is the first time that blastospores have been tested against mosquito larvae under simulated field conditions, and the current study could be the basis for the development of a new biological control agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Azevedo Gomes
- Laboratório de Entomologia e Fitopatologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Aline Teixeira Carolino
- Laboratório de Entomologia e Fitopatologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Thais Berçot Pontes Teodoro
- Laboratório de Entomologia e Fitopatologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Gerson Adriano Silva
- Laboratório de Entomologia e Fitopatologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Ricardo de Oliveira Barbosa Bitencourt
- Laboratório de Entomologia e Fitopatologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Carlos Peres Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Abeer M Alkhaibari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq M Butt
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PB, UK
| | - Richard Ian Samuels
- Laboratório de Entomologia e Fitopatologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil
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Bustillos-Rodríguez JC, Ordóñez-García M, Ornelas-Paz JDJ, Sepúlveda-Ahumada DR, Zamudio-Flores PB, Acosta-Muñiz CH, Gallegos-Morales G, Berlanga-Reyes DI, Rios-Velasco C. Effect of High Temperature and UV Radiation on the Insecticidal Capacity of a Spodoptera frugiperda Nucleopolyhedrovirus Microencapsulated in a Matrix Based on Oxidized Corn Starch. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 52:104-113. [PMID: 36626092 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-022-01016-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus native isolate (SfCH32) of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was encapsulated by spray-drying in a matrix based on oxidized corn starch without and with a fluorescent brightener. The microcapsules were exposed to UV radiation (365 nm) for 0, 2, 4, and 8 h at 25 °C or temperatures of 35, 40, and 45 °C for 8 h. The data obtained with temperatures 35, 40, and 45 °C were contrasted with those obtained at 25 °C. The microcapsules were evaluated for size, shape, and insecticidal capacity against third instar S. frugiperda larvae under laboratory conditions. The 82-84.2% of the encapsulating matrix, in a dry-weight basis, was recovered as NPV microcapsules of heterogeneous shape and size. The exposure to UV radiation and temperatures reduced significantly the insecticidal capacity of tested viruses; however, such capacity was higher for microencapsulated than for non-microencapsulated viruses. The non-encapsulated virus that had been exposed to 45 °C or maintained at UV radiation for 8 h showed the lowest insecticidal activity at 5th day post-inoculation, with a larvae mortality of 25.3 and 16%, respectively. The fluorescent brightener increased significantly the insecticidal capacity of encapsulated and non-encapsulated viruses, causing a mortality of 100% at that time point, and decreased the median lethal time independently of the incubation temperature and exposure time to radiation. The findings suggested that an encapsulating matrix based on oxidized corn starch might protect the insecticidal capacity of NPV under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magali Ordóñez-García
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación Y Desarrollo, A.C., Campus Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | - Gabriel Gallegos-Morales
- Departamento de Parasitología Agrícola, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
| | | | - Claudio Rios-Velasco
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación Y Desarrollo, A.C., Campus Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua, Mexico.
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Gonzalez F, Tkaczuk C, Dinu MM, Fiedler Ż, Vidal S, Zchori-Fein E, Messelink GJ. New opportunities for the integration of microorganisms into biological pest control systems in greenhouse crops. JOURNAL OF PEST SCIENCE 2016; 89:295-311. [PMID: 27340390 PMCID: PMC4880627 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-016-0751-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Biological pest control with mass-produced arthropod natural enemies is well developed in greenhouse crops and has often resulted in the evolution of complex ecosystems with persistent populations of multiple arthropod natural enemy species. However, there are cases where arthropod natural enemies are either not effective enough, not available, or their use is rather costly. For these reasons, biological control based on microorganisms, also referred to as 'microbials', represents a complementary strategy for further development. Although commercially available microbials have been around for quite some time, research on and the applied use of combinations of arthropod natural enemies and microbials have remained relatively under explored. Here, we review current uses of entomopathogenic fungi, bacteria and viruses, and their possible direct and indirect effects on arthropod natural enemies in European greenhouses. We discuss how microbials might be combined with arthropod natural enemies in the light of new methodologies and technologies such as conservation biological control, greenhouse climate management, and formulation and delivery. Furthermore, we explore the possibilities of using other microorganisms for biological control, such as endophytes, and the need to understand the effect of insect-associated microorganisms, or symbionts, on the success of biological control. Finally, we suggest future research directions to optimize the combined use of microbials and arthropod natural enemies in greenhouse production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Gonzalez
- />Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Växtskyddsvägen 3, P.O. Box 23053, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Cezary Tkaczuk
- />Department of Plant Protection and Breeding, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Prusa 14 Street, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
| | - Mihaela Monica Dinu
- />Research-Development Institute for Plant Protection, Bd. Ion Ionescu de la Brad nr. 8, Sector 1, P.O. Box 013813, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Żaneta Fiedler
- />Department of Biological Control, Institute of Plant Protection – NRI, Władysława Węgorka 20 Street, 60-318 Poznań, Poland
| | - Stefan Vidal
- />Department of Crop Sciences, Agricultural Entomology, Georg-August-University, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Einat Zchori-Fein
- />Department of Entomology, NeweYa’ar Research Center, P.O. Box 1021, 30095 Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Gerben J. Messelink
- />Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture, PO Box 20, 2265 ZG Bleiswijk, The Netherlands
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Fernandes ÉKK, Rangel DEN, Braga GUL, Roberts DW. Tolerance of entomopathogenic fungi to ultraviolet radiation: a review on screening of strains and their formulation. Curr Genet 2015; 61:427-40. [PMID: 25986971 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-015-0492-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation from sunlight is probably the most detrimental environmental factor affecting the viability of entomopathogenic fungi applied to solar-exposed sites (e.g., leaves) for pest control. Most entomopathogenic fungi are sensitive to UV radiation, but there is great inter- and intraspecies variability in susceptibility to UV. This variability may reflect natural adaptations of isolates to their different environmental conditions. Selecting strains with outstanding natural tolerance to UV is considered as an important step to identify promising biological control agents. However, reports on tolerance among the isolates used to date must be analyzed carefully due to considerable variations in the methods used to garner the data. The current review presents tables listing many studies in which different methods were applied to check natural and enhanced tolerance to UV stress of numerous entomopathogenic fungi, including several well-known isolates of these fungi. The assessment of UV tolerance is usually conducted with conidia using dose-response methods, wherein the UV dose is calculated simply by multiplying the total irradiance by the period (time) of exposure. Although irradiation from lamps seldom presents an environmentally realistic spectral distribution, laboratory tests circumvent the uncontrollable circumstances associated with field assays. Most attempts to increase field persistence of microbial agents have included formulating conidia with UV protectants; however, in many cases, field efficacy of formulated fungi is still not fully adequate for dependable pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éverton K K Fernandes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 746050-50, Brazil,
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Ligozzi M, Maccacaro L, Passilongo M, Pedrotti E, Marchini G, Koncan R, Cornaglia G, Centonze AR, Lo Cascio G. A case of Beauveria bassiana keratitis confirmed by internal transcribed spacer and LSU rDNA D1-D2 sequencing. New Microbes New Infect 2014; 2:84-7. [PMID: 25356350 PMCID: PMC4184664 DOI: 10.1002/nmi2.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a case of fungal keratitis due to Beauveria bassiana in a farmer
with Fuchs' dystrophy, treated with amphotericin B. Surgery with penetrating keratoplasty was
necessary to resolve the lesions. Susceptibility testing and molecular sequencing permitted the
identification and treatment of this rare aetiological agent of invasive fungal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ligozzi
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Diagnostic, University of Verona Verona, Italy
| | - L Maccacaro
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Diagnostic, University of Verona Verona, Italy
| | - M Passilongo
- Eye Clinic, Department of Neurological and Visual Sciences, University of Verona Verona, Italy
| | - E Pedrotti
- Eye Clinic, Department of Neurological and Visual Sciences, University of Verona Verona, Italy
| | - G Marchini
- Eye Clinic, Department of Neurological and Visual Sciences, University of Verona Verona, Italy
| | - R Koncan
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Diagnostic, University of Verona Verona, Italy
| | - G Cornaglia
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Diagnostic, University of Verona Verona, Italy
| | - A R Centonze
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Diagnostic, University of Verona Verona, Italy
| | - G Lo Cascio
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Diagnostic, University of Verona Verona, Italy
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Improving Formulations for Biopesticides: Enhanced UV Protection for Beneficial Microbes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1520/jai102793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Huang BF, Feng MG. Comparative tolerances of various Beauveria bassiana isolates to UV-B irradiation with a description of a modeling method to assess lethal dose. Mycopathologia 2009; 168:145-52. [PMID: 19390989 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-009-9207-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The tolerances of 20 Beauveria bassiana isolates derived from host insects worldwide to UV-B irradiation were assessed quantitatively in multi-dose bioassays. Conidial suspensions of the isolates smeared on glass slides were exposed to the gradient UV-B doses of 0.1-1.6 J cm(-2) (D), which generated from 0.75 to 10.17 min irradiation of weighted 312-nm wavelength at 2.0-2.61 mW cm(-2). Irradiated conidia were then incubated for 24 h at 25 degrees C under saturated humidity. The ratio of germination at each dose over that in the blank control was defined as survival index (I (s)). For all isolates, the I (s) - D observations fit well with the survival model I (s) = 1/[1 + exp(a + bD)] (0.94 < or = r (2) < or = 0.99) generated widely spanned lethal doses of 0.154-0.928, 0.240-1.139, and 0.383-1.493 J cm(-2) for their losses of 50%, 75%, and 95% viabilities, respectively. These were far below the solar UV-B dose of 2.439 J cm(-2) measured in a sunny day during the summer. The large variation of UV-B tolerance among the isolates indicates a necessity to select UV-tolerant candidates for formulations applied to insect control during summer. The highly efficient bioassay method was developed to measure accurately the UV-B tolerances of fungal biocontrol agents as lethal doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Fu Huang
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
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