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Wang XZ, Chen JS, Wang W, Niu DB, Wu HZ, Palli SR, Cao HQ, Sheng CW. Knockdown of the glutamate-gated chloride channel gene decreases emamectin benzoate susceptibility in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 196:105636. [PMID: 37945267 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Emamectin benzoate (EB), a derivative of avermectin, is the primary insecticide used to control the fall armyworm (FAW) in China. However, the specific molecular targets of EB against FAW remain unclear. In this study, we cloned the glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) gene, which is known to be a primary molecular target for avermectin. We first investigated the transcript levels of SfGluCl in FAW and found that the expression level of SfGluCl in the head and nerve cord was significantly higher than that in other tissues. Furthermore, we found that the expression level of SfGluCl was significantly higher in eggs than that in other developmental stages, including larvae, pupae, and adults. Additionally, we identified three variable splice forms of SfGluCl in exons 3 and 9 and found that their splice frequencies remained unaffected by treatment with the LC50 of EB. RNAi mediated knockdown of SfGluCl showed a significant reduction of 42% and 65% after 48 and 72 h of dsRNA feeding, respectively. Importantly, knockdown of SfGluCl sifgnificantly reduced LC50 and LC90 EB treatment induced mortality of FAW larvae by 15% and 44%, respectively, compared to the control group feeding by dsEGFP. In contrast, there were no significant changes in the mortality of FAW larvae treated with the control insecticides chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram. Finally, molecular docking simulations revealed that EB bound to the large amino-terminal extracellular domain of SfGluCl by forming five hydrogen bonds, two alkyl hydrophobic interactions and one salt bridge. These findings strongly suggest that GluCl may serve as one of the molecular targets of EB in FAW, shedding light on the mode of action of this important insecticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Zheng Wang
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Jia-Sheng Chen
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China; Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Duo-Bang Niu
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Hui-Zi Wu
- Guizhou Provincial Tobacco Company Zunyi Branch, Zunyi 563000, PR China
| | - Subba Reddy Palli
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Hai-Qun Cao
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Cheng-Wang Sheng
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China.
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Qian K, Jiang C, Guan D, Zhuang A, Meng X, Wang J. Characterization of Glutamate-Gated Chloride Channel in Tribolium castaneum. INSECTS 2023; 14:580. [PMID: 37504587 PMCID: PMC10380907 DOI: 10.3390/insects14070580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCls) play essential roles in signal transduction by regulating fast inhibitory synaptic transmission in the nervous system of invertebrates. While there is only one GluCl subunit in the insect, the diversity of insect GluCls is broadened by alternative splicing. In the present study, three TcGluCl variant genes were cloned from the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. Analysis of the characteristics of TcGluCls including sequence features, genomic structures, and alternative splicing revealed that TcGluCls had the typical structural features of GluCls and showed high homologies with the GluCls from other insect orders. The TcGluCl-encoding gene consists of nine exons and three variants (TcGluCl-3a, TcGluCl-3b, and TcGluCl-3c) were generated by the alternative splicing of exon 3, which was a highly conserved alternative splicing site in insect GluCls. Homology modeling of TcGluCl-3a showed that the exon 3 coding protein located at the N-terminal extracellular domain, and there were no steric clashes encountered between the exon 3 coding region and ivermectin/glutamate binding pocket, which indicated that the alternative splicing of exon 3 might have no impact on the binding of GluCls to glutamate and insecticide. In addition to the head tissue, TcGluCl-3a and TcGluCl-3c also had high expressions in the ovary and testis of T. castaneum, whereas TcGluCl-3b showed high expression in the midgut, suggesting the diverse physiological functions of TcGluCl variants in T. castaneum. The total TcGluCl and three variants showed the highest expression levels in the early stage larvae. The expressions of TcGluCl, TcGluCl-3b, and TcGluCl-3c were significantly increased from the late-stage larvae to the early stage pupae and indicated that the TcGluCl might be involved in the growth and development of T. castaneum. These results are helpful to further understand the molecular characteristics of insect GluCls and provide foundations for studying the specific function of the GluCl variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Qian
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chengyun Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Daojie Guan
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Anxiang Zhuang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Xiangkun Meng
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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The molecular targets of ivermectin and lotilaner in the human louse Pediculus humanus humanus: New prospects for the treatment of pediculosis. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1008863. [PMID: 33600484 PMCID: PMC7891696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of infestation by cosmopolitan lice (Pediculus humanus) is increasingly difficult due to the transmission of parasites resistant to pediculicides. However, since the targets for pediculicides have no been identified in human lice so far, their mechanisms of action remain largely unknown. The macrocyclic lactone ivermectin is active against a broad range of insects including human lice. Isoxazolines are a new chemical class exhibiting a strong insecticidal potential. They preferentially act on the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor made of the resistant to dieldrin (RDL) subunit and, to a lesser extent on glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCls) in some species. Here, we addressed the pediculicidal potential of isoxazolines and deciphered the molecular targets of ivermectin and the ectoparasiticide lotilaner in the human body louse species Pediculus humanus humanus. Using toxicity bioassays, we showed that fipronil, ivermectin and lotilaner are efficient pediculicides on adult lice. The RDL (Phh-RDL) and GluCl (Phh-GluCl) subunits were cloned and characterized by two-electrode voltage clamp electrophysiology in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Phh-RDL and Phh-GluCl formed functional homomeric receptors respectively gated by GABA and L-glutamate with EC50 values of 16.0 μM and 9.3 μM. Importantly, ivermectin displayed a super agonist action on Phh-GluCl, whereas Phh-RDL receptors were weakly affected. Reversally, lotilaner strongly inhibited the GABA-evoked currents in Phh-RDL with an IC50 value of 40.7 nM, whereas it had no effect on Phh-GluCl. We report here for the first time the insecticidal activity of isoxazolines on human ectoparasites and reveal the mode of action of ivermectin and lotilaner on GluCl and RDL channels from human lice. These results emphasize an expected extension of the use of the isoxazoline drug class as new pediculicidal agents to tackle resistant-louse infestations in humans. Human cosmopolitan lice are responsible for pediculosis, which represent a significant public health concern. Resistant lice against insecticides and lack of safety of the treatments for human and environment is a growing issue worldwide. Here we investigated the efficacy on lice of the classical macrocyclic lactone drug, ivermectin, and of the isoxazoline drug, lotilaner. This study was done to decipher their mode of action at the molecular and functional levels in order to propose new strategies to control lice infestation. Our bioassay results indicate that ivermectin and lotilaner were potent at killing human adult lice, with lotilaner showing a higher efficacy than ivermectin. Furthermore, we identified and pharmacologically characterized the first glutamate- and GABA-gated chloride channels ever described in human lice yet. Mechanistically, our molecular biology and electrophysiology findings demonstrate that ivermectin acted preferentially at glutamate channels, while lotilaner specifically targeted GABA channels. These results provide new insights in the understanding of the insecticide mode of action and highlight the potential of isoxazolines as a new alternative for the treatment of human lice.
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Huang 黄镜梅 JM, Rao 饶聪 C, Wang 王帅 S, He 何林凤 LF, Zhao 赵思琪 SQ, Zhou 周丽琪 LQ, Zhao 赵云霞 YX, Yang 杨凤霞 FX, Gao 高聪芬 CF, Wu 吴顺凡 SF. Multiple target-site mutations occurring in lepidopterans confer resistance to diamide insecticides. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 121:103367. [PMID: 32243905 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Diamide resistant phenotypes have evolved in the field and the resistance has been attributed to target-site mutations in some lepidopteran pests. In this study, we documented the resistance status of Chilo suppressalis to chlorantraniliprole during 2016-2018 in seven provinces of China. To investigate the possible role of target-site mutations as known from lepidopterans, we sequenced respective domains of the RyR gene of C. suppressalis with different levels of diamide resistance. The results revealed that I4758M (corresponding to I4790M in P. xylostella), Y4667D/C (numbered according to C. suppressalis), G4915E (corresponding to G4946E in P. xylostella), and one novel Y4891F (numbered according to C. suppressalis) RyR target-site mutations were present. The contribution of these mutations was further investigated by diamide toxicity bioassays with eight genome modified Drosophila melanogaster lines. The study showed that genome modified flies bearing the Y4667D mutation (corresponding to the Y4667D and I4758M simultaneous mutation in C. suppressalis) exhibited high resistance ratios to chlorantraniliprole (1542.8-fold), cyantraniliprole (487.9-fold) and tetrachlorantraniliprole (290.1-fold). The M4758I and G4915E simultaneous mutations (corresponding to single G4915E mutation in C. suppressalis) showed high resistance ratios to chlorantraniliprole (153.1-fold) and cyantraniliprole (323.5-fold), and relatively low resistance to flubendiamide (28.9-fold) and tetrachlorantraniliprole (25.2-fold). These findings suggest that multiple point mutations in RyR confer diamide resistance of C. suppressalis. The results contribute to a better understanding of insect diamide resistance mechanisms and provide insights on the impact of RyR target-site mutations in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Mei Huang 黄镜梅
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Weigang Road 1, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cong Rao 饶聪
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Weigang Road 1, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuai Wang 王帅
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Weigang Road 1, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin-Feng He 何林凤
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Weigang Road 1, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Si-Qi Zhao 赵思琪
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Weigang Road 1, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li-Qi Zhou 周丽琪
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Weigang Road 1, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun-Xia Zhao 赵云霞
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Weigang Road 1, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng-Xia Yang 杨凤霞
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Weigang Road 1, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cong-Fen Gao 高聪芬
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Weigang Road 1, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Shun-Fan Wu 吴顺凡
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Weigang Road 1, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
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Zhao Q, Sun R, Liu Y, Chen P, Li Y, Yang S, Wang Q. Synthesis and insecticidal activity studies of novel phenylpyrazole derivatives containing arylimine or carbimidate moiety. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:115092. [PMID: 31521460 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Phenylpyrazole insecticides are successful for crop protection and public hygiene by blocking gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-gated chloride channels and glutamate-gated chloride (GluCl) channels. A series of novel phenylpyrazoles containing arylimine or 1-methoxyaryl groups were designed and synthesized. The addition reaction of methanol to the imines 1-11 was investigated and the cayno addition products 13-15 were obtained. The compounds 1-15 were confirmed by 1H NMR and elemental analysis. The results of bioassay indicated that some compounds exhibited comparable bioactivity to fipronil against a broad spectrum of insects such as bean aphid (Aphis craccivora), mosquito (Culex pipiens pallens), diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) and Oriental armyworm (Mythimna separata). Especially, the foliar contact activity against bean aphid of compound 7 at 10 µg mL-1 was 68%, the larvacidal activity against mosquito of compounds 5, 13 and 15 at 0.0025 µg mL-1 was 100%, the larvacidal activity against diamondback moth of compounds 9 and 11 at 0.05 µg mL-1 was 100%, the larvacidal activity against Oriental armyworm of compound 9 at 1 µg mL-1 was 100%. The 3-cayno moiety on pyrazole ring was essential for the high insecticidal activities against bean aphid, diamondback moth and Oriental armyworm, while the 3-carbimidate moiety on pyrazole ring was crucial to the excellent high insecticidal activities against mosquito.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China; Patent Examination Cooperation Center of the Patent Office, SIPO, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Ranfeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuxiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiqi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shaoxiang Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qingmin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China.
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Chen MX, Wijethunge BDIK, Zhou SM, Yang JF, Dai L, Wang SS, Chen C, Fu LJ, Zhang J, Hao GF, Yang GF. Chemical Modulation of Alternative Splicing for Molecular-Target Identification by Potential Genetic Control in Agrochemical Research. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:5072-5084. [PMID: 30986354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS), the process of removing introns from pre-mRNA and the rearrangement of exons to produce several types of mature transcripts, is a remarkable step preceding protein synthesis. In particular, it has now been conclusively shown that up to ∼95% of genes are alternatively spliced to generate a complex and diverse proteome in eukaryotic organisms. Consequently, AS is one of the determinants of the functional repertoire of cells. Many studies have revealed that AS in plants can be regulated by cell type, developmental stage, environmental stress, and the circadian clock. Moreover, increasing amounts of evidence reveal that chemical compounds can affect various steps during splicing to induce major effects on plant physiology. Hence, the chemical modulation of AS can serve as a good strategy for molecular-target identification in attempts to potentially control plant genetics. However, the kind of mechanisms involved in the chemical modulation of AS that can be used in agrochemical research remain largely unknown. This review introduces recent studies describing the specific roles AS plays in plant adaptation to environmental stressors and in the regulation of development. We also discuss recent advances in small molecules that induce alterations of AS and the possibility of using this strategy in agrochemical-target identification, giving a new direction for potential genetic control in agrochemical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo-Xian Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering; Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education; Research and Development Center for Fine Chemicals , Guizhou University , Guiyang 550025 , PR China
- Division of Gastroenterology , Shenzhen Children's Hospital , Shenzhen 518038 , PR China
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055 , PR China
- School of Life Sciences and Shenzhen Research Institute , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shenzhen 518063 , PR China
| | - Boyagane D I K Wijethunge
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079 , PR China
| | - Shao-Ming Zhou
- Division of Gastroenterology , Shenzhen Children's Hospital , Shenzhen 518038 , PR China
| | - Jing-Fang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079 , PR China
| | - Lei Dai
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055 , PR China
| | - Shan-Shan Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Shenzhen Research Institute , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shenzhen 518063 , PR China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Nanjing Second Hospital , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210003 , PR China
| | - Li-Jun Fu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecology-Toxicological Effects & Control for Emerging Contaminants , Putian University , Putian , Fujian 351100 , PR China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , Hong Kong , PR China
| | - Ge-Fei Hao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering; Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education; Research and Development Center for Fine Chemicals , Guizhou University , Guiyang 550025 , PR China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079 , PR China
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Wang JD, Chen LF, Lin DJ, Zhang JS, Zhao JH, Xiao D, Wang R, Wang R, Gao SJ. Molecular cloning, characterization and functional analysis of GluCl from the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata Walker. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 156:56-62. [PMID: 31027581 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCls) mediate inhibitory synaptic transmission in invertebrate nervous systems, and only one GluCl gene has been found in insects. Therefore, insect GluCls are one of the major targets of insecticides including avermectins. In the present study, a 1347 bp full-length cDNA encoding a 449-amino acid protein (named MsGluCl, GenBank ID: MK336885) was cloned from the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata, and characterized two alternative splicing variants of MsGluCl. The protein shares 76.9-98.6% identity with other insect GluCl isoforms. Spatial and temporal expression analysis revealed that MsGluCl was highly expressed in the 3rd instar and adult head. Dietary ingestion of dsMsGluCl significantly reduced the mRNA level of MsGluCl and decreased abamectin mortality. Thus, our results reveal that MsGluCl could be the molecular target of abamectin and provide the basis for further understanding the resistance mechanism to abamectin in arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-da Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Sugarcane, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Li-Fei Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Sugarcane, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Dong-Jiang Lin
- National Engineering Research Center of Sugarcane, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jia-Song Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Sugarcane, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ji-Han Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Sugarcane, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Da Xiao
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
| | - Rong Wang
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - San-Ji Gao
- National Engineering Research Center of Sugarcane, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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8
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Meng X, Miao L, Ge H, Yang X, Dong F, Xu X, Wu Z, Qian K, Wang J. Molecular characterization of glutamate-gated chloride channel and its possible roles in development and abamectin susceptibility in the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 155:72-80. [PMID: 30857629 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCls) mediate fast inhibitory neurotransmission in invertebrate nervous systems, and are of considerable interest in insecticide discovery. The full length cDNA encoding CsGluCl was cloned from the rice stem borer Chilo suppressalis (Walker). Multiple cDNA sequence alignment revealed three variants of CsGluCl generated by alternative splicing of exon 3 and exon 9. While all the transcripts were predominantly expressed in both nerve cord and brain, the expression patterns of these three variants differed among other tissues and developmental stages. Specifically, the expression level of CsGluCl C in cuticle was similar to that in nerve cord and brain, and was the predominant variant in late pupae and early adult stages. Both injection and oral delivery of dsGluCl significantly reduced the mRNA level of CsGluCl. Increased susceptibility to abamectin and reduced larvae growth and pupation rate were observed in dsGluCl-treated larvae. Thus, our results provide the evidence that in addition to act as the target of abamectin, GluCls also play important physiological roles in the development of insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangkun Meng
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lijun Miao
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Huichen Ge
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xuemei Yang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Fan Dong
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xin Xu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhaolu Wu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Kun Qian
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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9
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Wang X, O Reilly AO, Williamson MS, Puinean AM, Yang Y, Wu S, Wu Y. Function and pharmacology of glutamate-gated chloride channel exon 9 splice variants from the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 104:58-64. [PMID: 30550974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCls) are found only in invertebrates and mediate fast inhibitory neurotransmission. The structural and functional diversity of GluCls are produced through assembly of multiple subunits and via posttranscriptional alternations. Alternative splicing is the most common way to achieve this in insect GluCls and splicing occurs primarily at exons 3 and 9. As expression pattern and pharmacological properties of exon 9 alternative splices in invertebrate GluCls remain poorly understood, the cDNAs encoding three alternative splice variants (9a, 9b and 9c) of the PxGluCl gene from the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella were constructed and their pharmacological characterizations were examined using electrophysiological studies. Alternative splicing of exon 9 had little to no impact on PxGluCl sensitivity towards the agonist glutamate when subunits were singly or co-expressed in Xenopus oocytes. In contrast, the allosteric modulator abamectin and the chloride channel blocker fipronil had differing effects on PxGluCl splice variants. PxGluCl9c channels were more resistant to abamectin and PxGluCl9b channels were more sensitive to fipronil than other homomeric channels. In addition, heteromeric channels containing different splice variants showed similar sensitivity to abamectin (except for 9c) and reduced sensitivity to fipronil than homomeric channels. These findings suggest that functionally indistinguishable but pharmacologically distinct GluCls could be formed in P. xylostella and that the upregulated constitutive expression of the specific variants may contribute to the evolution of insecticide resistance in P. xylostella and other arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingliang Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Andrias O O Reilly
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Martin S Williamson
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK.
| | - Alin M Puinean
- Oxitec Limited, 71 Innovation Drive, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, UK.
| | - Yihua Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Shuwen Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yidong Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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10
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Sheng CW, Casida JE, Durkin KA, Chen F, Han ZJ, Zhao CQ. Fiprole insecticide resistance of Laodelphax striatellus: electrophysiological and molecular docking characterization of A2'N RDL GABA receptors. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:2645-2651. [PMID: 29718557 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phenylpyrazole (fiprole) insecticides, including ethiprole, fipronil and flufiprole with excellent activity on rice planthoppers, are very important in Asia but resistance has developed after decades of use. The molecular mechanism of fipronil- but not ethiprole-resistance has been previously studied in rice planthoppers. In our laboratory, a small brown planthopper Laodelphax striatellus strain with ethiprole-resistance was cultured and the molecular mechanisms of ethiprole resistance and of cross-resistance among fiprole insecticides were investigated. RESULTS Ethiprole-resistant L. striatellus has >5000-fold resistance compared to the susceptible strain, and exhibits around 200-fold cross-resistance with fipronil and flufiprole. RDL genes were isolated from susceptible and ethiprole-resistant L. striatellus and expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Electrophysiological studies showed fiprole insecticides inhibited γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-induced current with IC50 = 0.1-1.4 μM to LsRDL-S homomers. In LsRDL-R with A2'N mutation, only 1-13% inhibition was observed on treatment with 10 μM ethiprole, fipronil or flufiprole. Homology models indicate A2'N mutation allows crosslinking hydrogen bonding between Asn sidechains at the 2' position around the channel pore, blocking insecticides from interacting near this position. In contrast, insecticides showed favorable binding near A2' in wild-type L. striatellus. CONCLUSION Cross-resistance is increasing for fiprole insecticides in L. striatellus and management strategies are necessary to minimize resistance. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wang Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops in Eastern China (Ministry of Agriculture of China), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - John E Casida
- Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen A Durkin
- Molecular Graphics and Computation Facility, College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Feng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops in Eastern China (Ministry of Agriculture of China), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhao-Jun Han
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops in Eastern China (Ministry of Agriculture of China), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chun-Qing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops in Eastern China (Ministry of Agriculture of China), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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11
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Meng X, Xie Z, Zhang N, Ji C, Dong F, Qian K, Wang J. Molecular cloning and characterization of GABA receptor and GluCl subunits in the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 150:33-39. [PMID: 30195385 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To understand the role of target site insensitivity in abamectin resistance in the western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), cDNAs encoding gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit (FoRdl) and glutamate-gated chloride channel (FoGluCl) were cloned from WFT, and both single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and mRNA expression levels of FoRdl and FoGluCl were detected in a susceptible strain (ABA-S) and a laboratory selected strain (ABA-R) displaying 45.5-fold resistance to abamectin. Multiple cDNA sequence alignment revealed three alternative splicing variants of FoRdl and two alternative splicing variants of FoGluCl generated by alternative splicing of exon 3. While sequence comparison of FoRdl and FoGluCl in ABA-S and ABA-R strains identified no resistance-associated mutations, the expression level of FoGluCl in ABA-R strain was 2.63-fold higher than that in ABA-S strain. Thus, our preliminary results provide the evidence that the increased mRNA expression of FoGluCl could be an important factor in FoGluCl-mediated target site insensitivity in WFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangkun Meng
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhijuan Xie
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Caihong Ji
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Fan Dong
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Kun Qian
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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12
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Wan X, Zhou C, Kang X, Hu D, Xue W, Li X, Bao H, Peng A. Metabolic Profiling of Amino Acids Associated with Mortality in Patients with Acute Paraquat Poisoning. Med Sci Monit 2018. [PMID: 29513648 PMCID: PMC5854108 DOI: 10.12659/msm.905843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Paraquat is a major cause of fatal poisoning after ingestion in many parts of Asia and the Pacific nations. However, optimal prognostic indicators to evaluate patient mortality have not been unequivocally established. Following acute paraquat poisoning, a number of amino acids (AA), are abnormally expressed in metabolic pathways. However, the alterations in AA metabolite levels after paraquat poisoning remain unknown in humans. Material/Methods In the present study, 40 patients were enrolled, of whom 16 survived and 24 died. A metabolomics approach was used to assess changes in AA metabolites in plasma and its potential prognostic value following paraquat poisoning. Mass spectrometry (MS) based on metabolite identification was conducted. Results Twenty-five AA levels in plasma were abnormally expressed in non-survivor patients. Among them, creatinine, indolelactate, and 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)lactate were found to be highly correlated with paraquat death prediction. It was noted that the intensity levels of these 3 AA metabolites in the non-survivor group were substantially higher than in the survivor group. Furthermore, we examined receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for clinical validation. ROC results showed that 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)lactate had the highest AUC of 0.84, while indolelactate and creatinine had AUCs of 0.75 and 0.83, respectively, suggesting that they can be used to predict the clinical outcome (although this methodology is expensive to implement). Conclusions Metabolic profiling of AA levels could be a reliable tool to identify effective indicators for the early high precision prognosis of paraquat poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxian Wan
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Affiliated Shanghai Tenth Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland).,Department of Nephrology, Lianyungang Oriental Hospital, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Chunyu Zhou
- Center for Nephrology and Clinical Metabolomics, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Xin Kang
- Center for Nephrology and Clinical Metabolomics, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Dayong Hu
- Center for Nephrology and Clinical Metabolomics, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Wen Xue
- Center for Nephrology and Clinical Metabolomics, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Xinhua Li
- Center for Nephrology and Clinical Metabolomics, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Hui Bao
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Affiliated Shanghai Tenth Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland).,Center for Nephrology and Clinical Metabolomics, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Ai Peng
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Affiliated Shanghai Tenth Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland).,Center for Nephrology and Clinical Metabolomics, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
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13
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Wei P, Che W, Wang J, Xiao D, Wang R, Luo C. RNA interference of glutamate-gated chloride channel decreases abamectin susceptibility in Bemisia tabaci. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 145:1-7. [PMID: 29482724 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) cryptic species complex comprises very destructive insect pests of agricultural crops worldwide and has been found to be resistant to various insecticides in China. Abamectin is one of the most widely used insecticides for insect pest control and the glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) in insects was presumed to be the main target site of abamectin. In this study, a 1353bp full-length cDNA encoding GluCl (named BtGluCl, GenBank ID: MF673854) was cloned and characterized from B. tabaci. BtGluCl encodes 450 amino acids, which shares 71-81% identity with other insect GluCl isoforms. Spatial and temporal expression revealed BtGluCl was highly expressed in the 4th nymphal instar and adult head, and the least expressed in the 1st nymphal instar and adult leg. Dietary ingestion of dsBtGluCl significantly reduced the mRNA level of BtGluCl in the treated adults by 62.9% and greatly decreased abamectin-induced mortality. Thus, our results could be conducive to further understanding the mechanisms of resistance to abamectin in arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiling Wei
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wunan Che
- Department of Pesticide Sciences, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Jinda Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Sugarcane, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Da Xiao
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
| | - Chen Luo
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
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14
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Degani-Katzav N, Gortler R, Weissman M, Paas Y. Mutational Analysis at Intersubunit Interfaces of an Anionic Glutamate Receptor Reveals a Key Interaction Important for Channel Gating by Ivermectin. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:92. [PMID: 28428744 PMCID: PMC5382172 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The broad-spectrum anthelmintic drug ivermectin (IVM) activates and stabilizes an open-channel conformation of invertebrate chloride-selective glutamate receptors (GluClRs), thereby causing a continuous inflow of chloride ions and sustained membrane hyperpolarization. These effects suppress nervous impulses and vital physiological processes in parasitic nematodes. The GluClRs are pentamers. Homopentameric receptors assembled from the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) GluClα (GLC-1) subunit can inherently respond to IVM but not to glutamate (the neurotransmitter). In contrast, heteromeric GluClα/β (GLC-1/GLC-2) assemblies respond to both ligands, independently of each other. Glutamate and IVM bind at the interface between adjacent subunits, far away from each other; glutamate in the extracellular ligand-binding domain, and IVM in the ion-channel pore periphery. To understand the importance of putative intersubunit contacts located outside the glutamate and IVM binding sites, we introduced mutations at intersubunit interfaces, between these two binding-site types. Then, we determined the effect of these mutations on the activation of the heteromeric mutant receptors by glutamate and IVM. Amongst these mutations, we characterized an α-subunit point mutation located close to the putative IVM-binding pocket, in the extracellular end of the first transmembrane helix (M1). This mutation (αF276A) moderately reduced the sensitivity of the heteromeric GluClαF276A/βWT receptor to glutamate, and slightly decreased the receptor subunits’ cooperativity in response to glutamate. In contrast, the αF276A mutation drastically reduced the sensitivity of the receptor to IVM and significantly increased the receptor subunits’ cooperativity in response to IVM. We suggest that this mutation reduces the efficacy of channel gating, and impairs the integrity of the IVM-binding pocket, likely by disrupting important interactions between the tip of M1 and the M2-M3 loop of an adjacent subunit. We hypothesize that this physical contact between M1 and the M2-M3 loop tunes the relative orientation of the ion-channel transmembrane helices M1, M2 and M3 to optimize pore opening. Interestingly, pre-exposure of the GluClαF276A/βWT mutant receptor to subthreshold IVM concentration recovered the receptor sensitivity to glutamate. We infer that IVM likely retained its positive modulation activity by constraining the transmembrane helices in a preopen orientation sensitive to glutamate, with no need for the aforementioned disrupted interactions between M1 and the M2-M3 loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurit Degani-Katzav
- Laboratory of Ion Channels, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan UniversityRamat Gan, Israel
| | - Revital Gortler
- Laboratory of Ion Channels, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan UniversityRamat Gan, Israel
| | - Marina Weissman
- Laboratory of Ion Channels, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan UniversityRamat Gan, Israel
| | - Yoav Paas
- Laboratory of Ion Channels, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan UniversityRamat Gan, Israel
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15
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Degani-Katzav N, Klein M, Har-Even M, Gortler R, Tobi R, Paas Y. Trapping of ivermectin by a pentameric ligand-gated ion channel upon open-to-closed isomerization. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42481. [PMID: 28218274 PMCID: PMC5317004 DOI: 10.1038/srep42481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ivermectin (IVM) is a broad-spectrum anthelmintic drug used to treat human parasitic diseases like river blindness and lymphatic filariasis. By activating invertebrate pentameric glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCl receptors; GluClRs), IVM induces sustained chloride influx and long-lasting membrane hyperpolarization that inhibit neural excitation in nematodes. Although IVM activates the C. elegans heteromeric GluClα/β receptor, it cannot activate a homomeric receptor composed of the C. elegans GluClβ subunits. To understand this incapability, we generated a homopentameric α7-GluClβ chimeric receptor that consists of an extracellular ligand-binding domain of an α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor known to be potentiated by IVM, and a chloride-selective channel domain assembled from GluClβ subunits. Application of IVM prior to acetylcholine inhibited the responses of the chimeric α7-GluClβR. Adding IVM to activated α7-GluClβRs, considerably accelerated the decline of ACh-elicited currents and stabilized the receptors in a non-conducting state. Determination of IVM association and dissociation rate constants and recovery experiments suggest that, following initial IVM binding to open α7-GluClβRs, the drug induces a conformational change and locks the ion channel in a closed state for a long duration. We further found that IVM also inhibits the activation by glutamate of a homomeric receptor assembled from the C. elegans full-length GluClβ subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurit Degani-Katzav
- Laboratory of Ion Channels, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and The Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Moshe Klein
- Laboratory of Ion Channels, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and The Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Moran Har-Even
- Laboratory of Ion Channels, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and The Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Revital Gortler
- Laboratory of Ion Channels, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and The Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Ruthi Tobi
- Laboratory of Ion Channels, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and The Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Yoav Paas
- Laboratory of Ion Channels, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and The Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
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