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Lisi F, Amichot M, Desneux N, Gatti JL, Guedes RNC, Nazzi F, Pennacchio F, Russo A, Sánchez-Bayo F, Wang X, Zappalà L, Biondi A. Pesticide immunotoxicity on insects - Are agroecosystems at risk? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175467. [PMID: 39155008 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed heightened scrutiny of the non-target sublethal effects of pesticides on behavioural and physiological traits of insects. Traditionally, attention has focused on investigating pesticides' primary modes of action, often overlooking the potential secondary mechanisms. This review brings forth the nuanced impacts of sublethal pesticide exposure on the immune system of target and non-target insect species. Pesticides, such as for example neonicotinoids, suppress immune response, while others, like certain organophosphates and some insect growth regulators (IGRs), appear to bolster immunocompetence under certain circumstances. Beyond their individual impacts, the synergic effects of pesticide mixtures on insect immunity are garnering increasing interest. This review thus summarizes recent advances in the immunomodulatory effects of pesticides, detailing both mechanisms and consequences of such interactions. The implications of these effects for ecosystem preservation and viability of beneficial organisms, such as pollinators and natural enemies of pests, are discussed. The review also considers further research directions on pesticide secondary modes of action and explores potential implications for integrated pest management (IPM) programs, as several model organisms studied are crop pest species. While current data provide an expansive overview of how insect innate immunity is modulated, concrete endpoints remain elusive requiring further research into pesticide secondary modes of actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Lisi
- University of Catania, Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Marcel Amichot
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, UMR ISA, 06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, UMR ISA, 06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Jean-Luc Gatti
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, UMR ISA, 06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | | | - Francesco Nazzi
- University of Udine, Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), Udine, Italy
| | - Francesco Pennacchio
- University of Naples, Department of Entomology and Zoology, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Agatino Russo
- University of Catania, Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | | | - Xingeng Wang
- USDA ARS Beneficial Insects Introduction Research Unit, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Lucia Zappalà
- University of Catania, Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Biondi
- University of Catania, Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy.
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Dornelas ASP, Pestana JLT, de Souza Saraiva A, Barbosa RS, Cavallini GS, Gravato C, da Maia Soares AMV, Sarmento RA. The combined effects of microbial insecticides and sodium chloride on the development and emergence of Chironomus xanthus. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:2255-2263. [PMID: 36775861 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Freshwater organisms are facing increasing salinity levels, not only due to natural environmental processes, but also human activities, which can cause several physiological adaptations to osmotic stress. Additionally, these organisms might also have to deal with contamination by microbial insecticides. Our main goal was to use Chironomus xanthus to assess the chronic effects of increasing the salinity and commercial formulations of the microbial insecticides based on Bacillus thuringiensis subs. kurstaki (Btk) and Beauveria bassiana (Bb) as active ingredients, respectively. RESULTS A significant interaction of growth was observed between the biopesticide based on Bb and NaCl on the larvae of C. xanthus. Single exposure to NaCl and each one of the formulations demonstrated deleterious impacts not only on larval development, but also on the emergence success and emergence time of this nontarget insect, with potential consequences for freshwater ecosystems due to cascading effects. CONCLUSION The chronic effects induced by both bioinsecticides show that these formulations can have environmental impacts on nontarget freshwater insects. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - João L T Pestana
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Rone Silva Barbosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77402-970, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Grasiele Soares Cavallini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77402-970, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Carlos Gravato
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Renato Almeida Sarmento
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77402-970, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil
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Kolbenschlag S, Gerstle V, Eberhardt J, Bollinger E, Schulz R, Brühl CA, Bundschuh M. A temporal perspective on aquatic subsidy: Bti affects emergence of Chironomidae. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 250:114503. [PMID: 36610297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Emerging aquatic insects serve as one link between aquatic and adjacent riparian food webs via the flux of energy and nutrients. These insects provide high-quality subsidy to terrestrial predators. Thus, any disturbance of emergence processes may cascade to higher trophic levels and lead to effects across ecosystem boundaries. One stressor with potential impact on non-target aquatic insects, especially on non-biting midges (Diptera: Chironomidae), is the widely used mosquito control agent Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti). In a field experiment, we investigated emerging insect communities from Bti-treated (three applications, maximum field rate) and control floodplain pond mesocosms (FPMs) over 3.5 months for changes in their composition, diversity as well as the emergence dynamics and the individual weight of emerged aquatic insects over time. Bti treatments altered community compositions over the entire study duration - an effect mainly attributed to an earlier (∼10 days) and reduced (∼26%) peak in the emergence of Chironomidae, the dominant family (88% of collected individuals). The most reasonable explanation for this significant alteration is less resource competition caused by a decrease in chironomid larval density due to lethal effects of Bti. This is supported by the higher individual weight of Chironomidae emerging from treated FPMs (∼21%) during Bti application (April - May). A temporal shift in the emergence dynamics can cause changes in the availability of prey in linked terrestrial ecosystems. Consequently, terrestrial predators may be affected by a lack of appropriate prey leading to bottom-up and top-down effects in terrestrial food webs. This study indicates the importance of a responsible and elaborated use of Bti and additionally, highlights the need to include a temporal perspective in evaluations of stressors in aquatic-terrestrial meta-ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Kolbenschlag
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau (RPTU), Fortstr. 7, D-76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Verena Gerstle
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau (RPTU), Fortstr. 7, D-76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Julian Eberhardt
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau (RPTU), Fortstr. 7, D-76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Eric Bollinger
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau (RPTU), Fortstr. 7, D-76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Ralf Schulz
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau (RPTU), Fortstr. 7, D-76829 Landau, Germany; Eußerthal Ecosystem Research Station, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau (RPTU), Birkenthalstr. 13, D-76857 Eußerthal, Germany
| | - Carsten A Brühl
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau (RPTU), Fortstr. 7, D-76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Mirco Bundschuh
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau (RPTU), Fortstr. 7, D-76829 Landau, Germany; Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lennart Hjelms väg 9, SWE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Silva LCR, Dornelas ASP, de Souza Saraiva A, Gravato C, Pestana JLT, da Maia Soares AMV, Sarmento RA. Do bio-insecticides affect only insect species? Behavior, regeneration, and sexual reproduction of a non-target freshwater planarian. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:10665-10674. [PMID: 34528200 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16493-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bio-insecticides have been increasingly used worldwide as ecofriendly alternatives to pesticides, but data on their effects in non-target freshwater organisms is still scarce and limited to insects. The aim of this study was to determine the lethal and sub-lethal effects of the bio-insecticides Bac Control (based on Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki-Btk) and Boveril (based on Beauveria bassiana-Bb) on regeneration, behavioral, and reproductive endpoints of the freshwater planarian Girardia tigrina. The estimated LC50-48h were > 800 mg a.i./L for Btk and 60.74 mg a.i./L for Bb. In addition, exposure to Btk significantly decreased locomotion and feeding activities of planarians (lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) of 12.5 mg a.i./L Btk) and fecundity rate (LOEC = 3.12 mg a.i./L Btk), whereas exposure to Bb significantly delayed regeneration (LOEC = 0.75 mg a.i./L Bb) and decreased fecundity rate (1.5 mg a.i./L Bb) of planarians. Thus, both bio-insecticides induced deleterious sub-lethal effects on a non-insect freshwater invertebrate species. However, only Bb-based formulation affected the survival, fecundity rate, and regeneration at concentrations below the maximum predicted environmental concentration (PEC = 247 mg/L). Thus, care should be taken when using such formulations as alternatives to chemical insecticides near aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Cristina Rezende Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77402-970, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Aline Silvestre Pereira Dornelas
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77402-970, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Althiéris de Souza Saraiva
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano-Campus Campos Belos (Laboratório de Conservação de Agroecossistemas e Ecotoxicologia), 73840-000, Campos Belos, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Carlos Gravato
- Faculdade de Ciências and CESAM, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Luís Teixeira Pestana
- Departamento de Biologia and CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amadeu Mortágua Velho da Maia Soares
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77402-970, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia and CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Renato Almeida Sarmento
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77402-970, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil.
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Dornelas ASP, Sarmento RA, Cavallini GS, da Silva Barbosa R, Vieira MM, de Souza Saraiva A, Bordalo MD, Soares AMVM, Pestana JLT. Lethal and sublethal effects of the saline stressor sodium chloride on Chironomus xanthus and Girardia tigrina. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:34223-34233. [PMID: 32557035 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09556-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Salinization in freshwaters is gradually increasing as a result of human activities and climatic changes. Higher salt content causes stress for freshwater organisms. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is among the most frequently occurring salts in freshwater ecosystems. The objective of the present study was to investigate the lethal and sublethal effects of NaCl on freshwater ecosystems, using as test organism the dipteran Chironomus xanthus and the planarian Girardia tigrina. Acute tests showed that C. xanthus was more sensitive (48-h LC50 (median lethal concentration) of 2.97 g NaCl L-1) than G. tigrina (48-h LC50 of 7.77 g NaCl L-1). C. xanthus larvae growth rate (larvae length and head capsule width) was significantly reduced under exposure to concentrations as low as 0.19 g L-1 NaCl and higher. A delay in the emergence time (EmT50) was also demonstrated for the same concentration. Sublethal NaCl effects in G. tigrina included feeding inhibition (LOEC (lowest observed effect concentration) of 0.4 g L-1), reduced locomotion (LOEC = 0.2 g L-1), and 24-48-h blastema regeneration (LOEC = 0.2 g L-1 and 0.1 g L-1, respectively). The results demonstrated the toxicity of NaCl to C. xanthus and G. tigrina including sublethal effects that can result in negative consequences for populations in natural freshwaters under salinization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Silvestre Pereira Dornelas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus de Gurupi, Gurupi, TO, 77402-970, Brazil
| | - Renato Almeida Sarmento
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus de Gurupi, Gurupi, TO, 77402-970, Brazil.
| | - Grasiele Soares Cavallini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), Campus Gurupi, Gurupi, TO, 77402-970, Brazil
| | - Rone da Silva Barbosa
- Curso de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 77410-530, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Mayane Marques Vieira
- Curso de Química Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 77410-530, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Althiéris de Souza Saraiva
- Departamento de Agropecuaria (Conservacao de Agroecossistemas e Ecotoxicologia), Instituto Federal de Educacao, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano - Campus Campos Belos, Campos Belos, Goias, 73840-000, Brazil
| | - Maria D Bordalo
- CESAM & Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus de Gurupi, Gurupi, TO, 77402-970, Brazil
- CESAM & Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João L T Pestana
- CESAM & Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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