1
|
Wu D, Wang L, Li W, Li X. Identifying a New Target for BtOBP8: Discovery of a Small Amino Ketone Molecule Containing Benzothiazole Fragments. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:17635-17645. [PMID: 37651643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Insects rely on odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) for chemical perception, making OBPs a promising target for studying attractants and repellents of pests, such as Bemisia tabaci. However, no reports have reported using B. tabaci OBPs (BtOBPs) as pesticide screening targets. To fill this gap, we obtained BtOBP8 through prokaryotic expression and purification. Then, we confirmed its identity using western blotting and mass spectrometry. Next, we used the sitting drop and hanging drop methods to screen its crystal conditions. Using microscale thermophoresis and isothermal titration calorimetry, we identified the highest affinity ligand, 3l, from 30 compounds. Furthermore, point mutation techniques identified Val119 as a key amino acid residue in binding 31 to BtOBP8. Finally, we tested the bioactivity of B. tabaci Mediterranean and found that 3l more effectively inhibits the bioactivity of B. tabaci MED than imidacloprid. This study presents a new approach for developing green insecticides specific to B. tabaci MED by targeting OBPs. Conclusively, identifying and targeting specific OBPs can create more targeted and effective pest control strategies without relying on toxic chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danxia Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Li Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Wei Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiangyang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cui K, Zhou L, Jiang C, Yang S, Zou N, Liu F, He L, Mu W. Residue behavior and efficacy of benzothiazole in grains under different fumigation conditions. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:3622-3630. [PMID: 37166082 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benzothiazole is a potential grain fumigant for Tribolium castaneum. However, its safety profile and suitable fumigation conditions remain unknown. We therefore investigated the insecticidal efficacy, accumulation and dissipation of benzothiazole in grains (wheat, corn and rice) under different temperatures. RESULTS We established a universal detection method (modified QuEChERS coupled with GC-MS/MS) of benzothiazole residues in three grains, which provided high linearity (R2 > 0.999), sensitivity (limits of detection = 0.001 mg/kg, limits of quantification = 0.002-0.005 mg/kg), accuracy (recoveries = 88.18-118.75%) and precision (relative standard deviations < 4.78%). The insecticidal efficacy order of benzothiazole was 30 ≥ 10 > 20 °C and corn > wheat > rice. Temperature positively affected the accumulation/dissipation rate of benzothiazole. Rice was the most easily accumulated and dissipated grain for benzothiazole residues, while corn accumulated benzothiazole more than wheat but less than rice, with dissipation slower than wheat and rice. CONCLUSION Our results provide important references for the application of benzothiazole and other fumigants. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaidi Cui
- Henan Key Laboratory of Creation and Application of New Pesticides, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Henan Key Laboratory of Creation and Application of New Pesticides, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chaofan Jiang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Creation and Application of New Pesticides, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Song Yang
- Jiangsu Product Quality Testing & Inspection Institute, Nanjing, China
| | - Nan Zou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Leiming He
- Henan Key Laboratory of Creation and Application of New Pesticides, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Mu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang L, Qin Z, Zhao X, Huang X, Shi W. Effects of aphid-induced semiochemicals from cover plants on Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:3305-3313. [PMID: 35485855 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is an important natural enemy of aphids. Plant species and plant health conditions can affect the behavior of H. axyridis. To determine plant effects on this lady beetle, we examined beetle responses to four cover crops: coriander (Coriadrum sativum L., Apiales: Apiaceae), marigold (Tagetes erecta L., Asterales: Asteraceae), sweet alyssum (Lobularia maritima L., Brassicales: Brassicaceae), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L., Fabales: Fabaceae). Our goal was to better understand this predator's ovipositional behavior in response to different plants and its olfactory response to the aphid-induced volatiles from these plants. RESULTS We found that this lady beetle did not have any significant oviposition preference among the four plant species, but H. axyridis preferred to lay eggs on the lower surface of leaves, regardless of the plant species. H. axyridis females had a significant preference for aphid-infested marigolds, but were not attracted by any of the other three cover plants or marigolds without aphid damage. Compared to the uninfested marigold plants, the emission of 12 compounds significantly increased on the aphid-infested marigolds, and two of them were attractive to H. axyridis under suitable concentrations. CONCLUSION H. axyridis did not show any significant oviposition preference among the four cover crops. Aphid-infested marigolds can attract H. axyridis. Indole and terpinen-4-ol mediated lady beetle attraction. These synomones have potential for manipulating populations of H. axyridis as a component of conservation biological control. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Zhang
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zifang Qin
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinzheng Huang
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wangpeng Shi
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gbaye OA, Oyeniyi EA, Ogunleye EI, Aloba OV. The impact of cassava and wheat flour substrates on the biological parameters and insecticide response in Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
5
|
Cui K, He L, Zhao Y, Mu W, Lin J, Liu F. Comparative Analysis of Botrytis cinerea in Response to the Microbial Secondary Metabolite Benzothiazole Using iTRAQ-Based Quantitative Proteomics. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:1313-1326. [PMID: 33325724 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-20-0503-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Benzothiazole is a microbial volatile compound with strong antifungal activity against the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea, but its mode of action against fungi remains largely unknown. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying its activity could aid the design and synthesis of similar compounds against pathogenic fungi. Based on the results of morphological and antifungal activity assays, B. cinerea was exposed to 2.5 µl/liter of benzothiazole for 12, 24, and 48 h, and an isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation-based quantitative proteomic analysis showed that 378 out of 5,110 identified proteins were differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). The majority of these DEPs were associated with carbohydrate metabolism, oxidation reduction processes, and energy production. Further analysis showed that benzothiazole inhibited mitochondrial membrane organization and decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential of B. cinerea. In addition, the key enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle were downregulated after benzothiazole treatment, and a biochemical analysis indicated that inhibition of the glyoxylate cycle by benzothiazole blocked nutrient availability and interfered with adenosine triphosphate generation. This study provides markers for future research of the molecular responses of B. cinerea to benzothiazole stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaidi Cui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Leiming He
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhe Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Mu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Lin
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Singh R, Sindhu J, Devi M, Kumar A, Kumar R, Hussain K, Kumar P. Solid‐Supported Materials‐Based Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Benzothiazoles: Recent Developments and Sanguine Future. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Singh
- Department of Chemistry Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra 136119 INDIA
| | - Jayant Sindhu
- Department of Chemistry COBS&H CCS Haryana Agricultural University Hisar 125004 INDIA
| | - Meena Devi
- Department of Chemistry Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra 136119 INDIA
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology Hisar 125001 INDIA
| | - Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra 136119 INDIA
| | - Khalid Hussain
- Department of Applied Sciences and Humanities Mewat Engineering College Nuh 122107 INDIA
| | - Parvin Kumar
- Department of Chemistry Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra 136119 INDIA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cui K, He L, Cui G, Zhang T, Chen Y, Zhang T, Mu W, Liu F. Biological Activity of trans-2-Hexenal Against the Storage Insect Pest Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Mycotoxigenic Storage Fungi. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:979-987. [PMID: 33511401 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Grain commodities in postharvest storage often deteriorate because of fungal and insect attacks. With the green consumption requirements of consumers, ecofriendly and safe pesticides are needed for grain storage. The current study investigated the efficacy of the plant volatile compound trans-2-hexenal against the storage insect pest Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and three commonly occurring storage fungi, viz., Fusarium graminearum, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus niger, to recommend its application as a botanical fumigant for grain commodities. trans-2-Hexenal weakly repels T. castaneum but has favorable insecticidal activity against multiple developmental stages of T. castaneum, ranging in sensitivity as follows: eggs (LC50 = 14.3 µl/l) > adults (31.6 µl/l) > young larvae (42.1 µl/l) > mature larvae (64.5 µl/l) > pupae (70.5 µl/l). Moreover, trans-2-hexenal caused a high malformation rate and high mortality in adults developed from fumigated pupae. In a 7-d grain, trans-2-hexenal at 0.8 µl/ml provided an appreciable efficacy (81.3%), and concentrations ≥ 0.1 µl/ml completely inhibited the offspring of T. castaneum. trans-2-Hexenal was nonphytotoxic to the seed germination and seedling growth of wheat seeds. Furthermore, trans-2-hexenal completely inhibited the growth of A. flavus, F. graminearum, and A. niger at 5, 10, and 10 µl/l, respectively. The favorable biological activity of trans-2-hexenal against T. castaneum and three frequently occurring mycotoxigenic storage fungi indicated the potential of trans-2-hexenal for simultaneously controlling pests and pathogens, which could reduce its application frequency in grains and decrease pesticide resistance risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaidi Cui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Leiming He
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangrui Cui
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Institute of Grain Storage and Logistics, Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Mu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cui K, Zhang L, He L, Zhang Z, Zhang T, Mu W, Lin J, Liu F. Toxicological effects of the fungal volatile compound 1-octen-3-ol against the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111597. [PMID: 33396118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) is an important pest of stored grain, and benzoquinones secreted by this pest are harmful to humans. T. castaneum has developed strong resistance to fumigants, and an ecofriendly alternative for managing T. castaneum is urgently needed. 1-Octen-3-ol is a major volatile compound present in many mushrooms and fungi. In the current study, the direct toxicity and sublethal and transgenerational effects of 1-octen-3-ol on T. castaneum were investigated. Our results showed that 1-octen-3-ol had strong insecticidal activity against all developmental stages of T. castaneum and repelled T. castaneum adults. 1-Octen-3-ol showed negative effects on the development and reproduction of parental T. castaneum and the subsequent generation: LC30 and LC50 treatments significantly decreased the pupa and adult weights, pupation and emergence rates and fecundity of the parental generation. In addition, LC50 treatment shortened the larval and pupal periods. In the unexposed progeny (F1) of 1-octen-3-ol-exposed parents, decreased survival and pupation rates as well as reduced pupa and adult weights were observed under LC30 and LC50 treatments. In addition, a model food-system experiment showed that 1-octen-3-ol at 98 μL/L exhibited an efficacy of 100% after 7 days of fumigation and completely eliminated T. castaneum offspring. Although a higher concentration of 1-octen-3-ol was needed to achieve an efficacy equal to that of the positive control, dichlorvos (DDVP), 1-octen-3-ol promoted the seedling growth of wheat seeds, suggesting that the concentration used was not only acceptable but also beneficial for wheat seeds. Overall, 1-octen-3-ol seems to be a promising candidate for use as a fumigant and repellent against T. castaneum as well as a seed protectant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaidi Cui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China; College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyan Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China; College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Leiming He
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China; College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengqun Zhang
- College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Institute of Grain Storage and Logistics, Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Mu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China; College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Lin
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China; College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cui K, He L, Zhang Z, Zhang L, Mu W, Liu F. Effects of benzothiazole on survival for reduced reproduction and development in Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:3088-3095. [PMID: 32279408 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), is an important stored-product pest that is distributed worldwide and has developed resistance to many insecticides. Identifying novel and effective alternative insecticides is important for the control of T. castaneum. The volatile compound benzothiazole has been identified as having great acute toxic activity against T. castaneum. However, a comprehensive evaluation of a new insecticide should include both direct toxic effects and sublethal effects. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the effects of benzothiazole on the development and reproduction of T. castaneum. RESULTS Exposure of fourth-instar larvae to lethal and sublethal concentrations of benzothiazole (LC10 , LC30 and LC50 ) significantly decreased pupation rates, food intake and growth rates in T. castaneum. Larval duration was significantly reduced by approximately 1 day in the LC30 and LC50 treatment groups. The LC50 benzothiazole caused a significant decrease in the weight of pupae and adults, fecundity and egg hatchability. Increased and decreased nutrient (carbohydrate and lipid) contents were observed in surviving larvae and pupae, respectively. The LC30 and LC50 treatments caused the down-regulation of five growth-positive regulated genes (PI3K, AKT, CyclinE, S6K1 and S6K2) and the up-regulation of two growth-negative regulated genes (4EBP and FOXO). CONCLUSION Benzothiazole presented adverse effects on the development and reproduction of T. castaneum, further supporting benzothiazole as a highly active compound in stored-product protection. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaidi Cui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Leiming He
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengqun Zhang
- College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyan Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Mu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|