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Rangel LI, Wyatt N, Courneya I, Natwick MB, Secor GA, Rivera-Varas V, Bolton MD. CbCyp51-Mediated Demethylation Inhibitor Resistance Is Modulated by Codon Bias. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024:PHYTO01240034R. [PMID: 39007764 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-24-0034-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Cercospora leaf spot, caused by the fungus Cercospora beticola, is the most destructive foliar disease of sugarbeet worldwide. Resistance to the sterol demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicide tetraconazole has been previously correlated with synonymous and nonsynonymous mutations in CbCyp51. Here, we extend these analyses to the DMI fungicides prothioconazole, difenoconazole, and mefentrifluconazole in addition to tetraconazole to confirm whether the synonymous and nonsynonymous mutations at amino acid positions 144 and 170 are associated with resistance to these fungicides. Nearly half of the 593 isolates of C. beticola collected in the Red River Valley of North Dakota and Minnesota in 2021 were resistant to all four DMIs. Another 20% were resistant to tetraconazole and prothioconazole but sensitive to difenoconazole and mefentrifluconazole. A total of 13% of isolates were sensitive to all DMIs tested. We found five CbCyp51 haplotypes and associated them with phenotypes to the four DMIs. The most predominant haplotype (E170_A/L144F_C) correlated with resistance to all four DMIs with up to 97.6% accuracy. The second most common haplotype (E170_A/L144) consisted of isolates associated with resistance phenotypes to tetraconazole and prothioconazole while also exhibiting sensitive phenotypes to difenoconazole and mefentrifluconazole with up to 98.4% accuracy. Quantitative PCR did not identify differences in CbCyp51 expression between haplotypes. This study offers an understanding of the importance of codon usage in fungicide resistance and provides crop management acuity for fungicide application decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena I Rangel
- Sugarbeet Research Unit, Edward T. Schaffer Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Fargo, ND, U.S.A
- Cell & Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, U.K
| | - Nathan Wyatt
- Sugarbeet Research Unit, Edward T. Schaffer Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Fargo, ND, U.S.A
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, U.S.A
| | - Isaac Courneya
- Sugarbeet Research Unit, Edward T. Schaffer Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Fargo, ND, U.S.A
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, U.S.A
| | - Mari B Natwick
- Sugarbeet Research Unit, Edward T. Schaffer Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Fargo, ND, U.S.A
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, U.S.A
| | - Gary A Secor
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, U.S.A
| | | | - Melvin D Bolton
- Sugarbeet Research Unit, Edward T. Schaffer Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Fargo, ND, U.S.A
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, U.S.A
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Khadiri M, Boubaker H, Laasli SE, Farhaoui A, Ezrari S, Radouane N, Radi M, Askarne L, Barka EA, Lahlali R. Unlocking Nature's Secrets: Molecular Insights into Postharvest Pathogens Impacting Moroccan Apples and Innovations in the Assessment of Storage Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:553. [PMID: 38498518 PMCID: PMC10891559 DOI: 10.3390/plants13040553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Apple production holds a prominent position in Morocco's Rosaceae family. However, annual production can fluctuate due to substantial losses caused by fungal diseases affecting stored apples. Our findings emphasize that the pre-storage treatment of apples, disinfection of storage facilities, box type, and fruit sorting are pivotal factors affecting apple losses during storage. Additionally, the adopted preservation technique was significantly correlated with the percentage of damage caused by fungal infections. Blue mold accounts for nearly three-quarters of the diseases detected, followed by gray rot with a relatively significant incidence. This study has revealed several fungal diseases affecting stored apples caused by pathogens such as Penicillium expansum, Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria alternata, Trichothecium roseum, Fusarium avenaceum, Cadophora malorum, and Neofabraea vagabunda. Notably, these last two fungal species have been reported for the first time in Morocco as pathogens of stored apples. These data affirm that the high losses of apples in Morocco, attributed primarily to P. expansum and B. cinerea, pose a significant threat in terms of reduced production and diminished fruit quality. Hence, adopting controlled atmosphere storage chambers and implementing good practices before apple storage is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Khadiri
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Meknès 50001, Morocco; (M.K.); (S.-E.L.); (A.F.)
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Microbiennes et Protection des Végétaux, Faculté des Sciences, Université Ibn Zhor, BP 8106, Agadir 80000, Morocco; (H.B.); (L.A.)
| | - Hassan Boubaker
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Microbiennes et Protection des Végétaux, Faculté des Sciences, Université Ibn Zhor, BP 8106, Agadir 80000, Morocco; (H.B.); (L.A.)
| | - Salah-Eddine Laasli
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Meknès 50001, Morocco; (M.K.); (S.-E.L.); (A.F.)
| | - Abdelaaziz Farhaoui
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Meknès 50001, Morocco; (M.K.); (S.-E.L.); (A.F.)
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Valorization of Bio-Resources (BioVaR), Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, BP 11201, Zitoune, Meknes 50000, Morocco
| | - Said Ezrari
- Microbiology Unit, Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy Oujda, University Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Nabil Radouane
- African Genome Center, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco;
| | - Mohammed Radi
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Meknès 50001, Morocco; (M.K.); (S.-E.L.); (A.F.)
- Laboratory of Environment and Valorization of Microbial and Plant Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, BP 11201, Zitoune, Meknes 50000, Morocco
| | - Latifa Askarne
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Microbiennes et Protection des Végétaux, Faculté des Sciences, Université Ibn Zhor, BP 8106, Agadir 80000, Morocco; (H.B.); (L.A.)
| | - Essaid Ait Barka
- Induced Resistance and Plant Biosection Research Unit-EA 4707-USC INRAE1488, Reims Cham-pagne-Ardenne University, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Rachid Lahlali
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Meknès 50001, Morocco; (M.K.); (S.-E.L.); (A.F.)
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Heaven T, Armitage AD, Xu X, Goddard MR, Cockerton HM. Dose-Dependent Genetic Resistance to Azole Fungicides Found in the Apple Scab Pathogen. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1136. [PMID: 38132737 PMCID: PMC10744243 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of azole resistance in fungal pathogens presents a major challenge in both crop production and human health. Apple orchards across the world are faced with the emergence of azole fungicide resistance in the apple scab pathogen Venturia inaequalis. Target site point mutations observed in this fungus to date cannot fully explain the reduction in sensitivity to azole fungicides. Here, polygenic resistance to tebuconazole was studied across a population of V. inaequalis. Genotyping by sequencing allowed Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) mapping to identify the genetic components controlling this fungicide resistance. Dose-dependent genetic resistance was identified, with distinct genetic components contributing to fungicide resistance at different exposure levels. A QTL within linkage group seven explained 65% of the variation in the effective dose required to reduce growth by 50% (ED50). This locus was also involved in resistance at lower fungicide doses (ED10). A second QTL in linkage group one was associated with dose-dependent resistance, explaining 34% of variation at low fungicide doses (ED10), but did not contribute to resistance at higher doses (ED50 and ED90). Within QTL regions, non-synonymous mutations were observed in several ATP-Binding Cassette and Major Facilitator SuperFamily transporter genes. These findings provide insight into the mechanisms of fungicide resistance that have evolved in horticultural pathogens. Identification of resistance gene candidates supports the development of molecular diagnostics to inform management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Heaven
- National Institute of Agricultural Botany, New Road, East Malling, West Malling, Kent ME19 6BJ, UK;
- The School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK;
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | - Xiangming Xu
- National Institute of Agricultural Botany, New Road, East Malling, West Malling, Kent ME19 6BJ, UK;
| | - Matthew R. Goddard
- The School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK;
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Li F, Ebihara A, Sakahara Y, Matsumoto S, Ueno R, Bao W, Kimura M, Fuji SI, Shimizu M, Kageyama K, Suga H. Synergistic effect of amino acid substitutions in CYP51B for prochloraz resistance in Fusarium fujikuroi. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 189:105291. [PMID: 36549812 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Prochloraz has been used to control Fusarium fujikuroi, the causative pathogen of rice bakanae disease. Linkage analysis of FfCYP51 genes in the progenies obtained from crossing prochloraz moderately resistant and sensitive strains suggested that the FfCYP51B gene is involved in prochloraz resistance. Sequence comparison revealed that the prochloraz-resistant strain had an F511S or S312T/F511S substitution in FfCYP51B compared with the sensitive strains. The contribution of the S312T and F511S substitutions in FfCYP51B to prochloraz resistance was investigated by creating S/F-, T/F-, or T/S- types at 312/511 codons from the S/S-type, which is a natural moderately resistant strain, using a gene-editing technique. T/S exhibited the highest prochloraz resistance, followed by S/S-, T/F-, and S/F-types. These results indicated that the S312T and F511S substitutions in FfCYP51B had a synergistic effect on prochloraz resistance in F. fujikuroi.
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Affiliation(s)
- FangJing Li
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Akio Ebihara
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yuri Sakahara
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Sarara Matsumoto
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Reina Ueno
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - WanXue Bao
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Makoto Kimura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Fuji
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi Nakano Shimoshinjo, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Masafumi Shimizu
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Koji Kageyama
- River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Suga
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan..
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Yang X, Gong R, Chu Y, Liu S, Xiang D, Li C. Mechanistic Insights into Stereospecific Antifungal Activity of Chiral Fungicide Prothioconazole against Fusarium oxysporum F. sp. cubense. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2352. [PMID: 35216468 PMCID: PMC8875126 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
As a typical triazole fungicide, prothioconazole (Pro) has been used extensively due to its broad spectrum and high efficiency. However, as a racemic mixture of two enantiomers (R-Pro and S-Pro), the enantiomer-specific outcomes on the bioactivity have not been fully elucidated. Here, we investigate how chirality affects the activity and mechanism of action of Pro enantiomers on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (Foc TR4), the notorious virulent strain causing Fusarium wilt of banana (FWB). The Pro enantiomers were evaluated in vivo and in vitro with the aid of three bioassay methods for their fungicidal activities against TR4 and the results suggested that the fungicidal activities of Pro enantiomers are stereoselective in a dose-dependent manner with R-Pro making a major contribution to the treatment outcomes. We found that R-Pro led to more severe morphological changes and impairment in membrane integrity than S-Pro. R-Pro also led to the increase of more MDA contents and the reduction of more SOD and CAT activities compared with the control and S-Pro groups. Furthermore, the expression of Cytochrome P450 14α-sterol demethylases (CYP51), the target for triazole fungicides, was significantly increased upon treatment with R-Pro rather than S-Pro, at both transcriptional and translational levels; so were the activities of the Cytochrome P450 enzymes. In addition, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and molecular docking illuminated the stereoselective interactions between the Pro enantiomers and CYP51 of TR4 at the target site, and R-Pro showed a better binding affinity with CYP51 than S-Pro. These results suggested an enantioselective mechanism of Pro against TR4, which may rely on the enantioselective damages to the fungal cell membrane and the enantiospecific CYP51 binding affinity. Taken together, our study shed some light on the mechanisms underlying the differential activities of the Pro enantiomers against TR4 and demonstrated that Pro can be used as a potential candidate in the treatment of FWB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research of Guangdong Province, Institution of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.Y.); (Y.C.); (S.L.)
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Ronggao Gong
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Yuanqi Chu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research of Guangdong Province, Institution of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.Y.); (Y.C.); (S.L.)
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Siwen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research of Guangdong Province, Institution of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.Y.); (Y.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Dandan Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research of Guangdong Province, Institution of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.Y.); (Y.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Chunyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research of Guangdong Province, Institution of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.Y.); (Y.C.); (S.L.)
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Moore LC, Brenneman TB, Waliullah S, Bock CH, Ali ME. Multiple Mutations and Overexpression in the CYP51A and B Genes Lead to Decreased Sensitivity of Venturia effusa to Tebuconazole. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:670-685. [PMID: 35723332 PMCID: PMC8928975 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44020047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple demethylation-inhibiting (DMI) fungicides are used to control pecan scab, caused by Venturia effusa. To compare the efficacy of various DMI fungicides on V. effusa, field trials were conducted at multiple locations applying fungicides to individual pecan terminals. In vitro assays were conducted to test the sensitivity of V. effusa isolates from multiple locations to various concentrations of tebuconazole. Both studies confirmed high levels of resistance to tebuconazole. To investigate the mechanism of resistance, two copies of the CYP51 gene, CYP51A and CYP51B, of resistant and sensitive isolates were sequenced and scanned for mutations. In the CYP51A gene, mutation at codon 444 (G444D), and in the CYP51B gene, mutations at codon 357 (G357H) and 177 (I77T/I77L) were found in resistant isolates. Expression analysis of CYP51A and CYP51B revealed enhanced expression in the resistant isolates compared to the sensitive isolates. There were 3.0- and 1.9-fold increases in gene expression in the resistant isolates compared to the sensitive isolates for the CYP51A and CYP51B genes, respectively. Therefore, two potential mechanisms—multiple point mutations and gene over expression in the CYP51 gene of V. effusa isolates—were revealed as likely reasons for the observed resistance in isolates of V. effusa to tebuconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan C. Moore
- Department of Plant Pathology, Coastal Plain Experiment Station, The University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USA; (L.C.M.); (T.B.B.); (S.W.)
| | - Timothy B. Brenneman
- Department of Plant Pathology, Coastal Plain Experiment Station, The University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USA; (L.C.M.); (T.B.B.); (S.W.)
| | - Sumyya Waliullah
- Department of Plant Pathology, Coastal Plain Experiment Station, The University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USA; (L.C.M.); (T.B.B.); (S.W.)
| | - Clive H. Bock
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Station, Byron, GA 31008, USA;
| | - Md Emran Ali
- Department of Plant Pathology, Coastal Plain Experiment Station, The University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USA; (L.C.M.); (T.B.B.); (S.W.)
- Correspondence:
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Molecular characterization and overexpression of the difenoconazole resistance gene CYP51 in Lasiodiplodia theobromae field isolates. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24299. [PMID: 34934102 PMCID: PMC8692403 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03601-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem-end rot (SER) caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae is an important disease of mango in China. Demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides are widely used for disease control in mango orchards. The baseline sensitivity to difenoconazole of 138 L. theobromae isolates collected from mango in the field in 2019 was established by the mycelial growth rate method. The cross-resistance to six site-specific fungicides with different modes of action were investigated using 20 isolates randomly selected. The possible mechanism for L. theobromae resistance to difenoconazole was preliminarily determined through gene sequence alignment and quantitative real-time PCR analysis. The results showed that the EC50 values of 138 L. theobromae isolates to difenoconazole ranged from 0.01 to 13.72 µg/mL. The frequency of difenoconazole sensitivity formed a normal distribution curve when the outliers were excluded. Difenoconazole showed positive cross-resistance only with the DMI tebuconazole but not with non-DMI fungicides carbendazim, pyraclostrobin, fludioxonil, bromothalonil, or iprodione. Some multifungicide-resistant isolates of L. theobromae were found. Two amino acid substitutions (E209k and G207A) were found in the CYP51 protein, but they were unlikely to be related to the resistance phenotype. There was no alteration in the promoter region of the CYP51 gene. However, difenoconazole significantly increased the expression of the CYP51 gene in the resistant isolates compared to the susceptible isolates. These results are vital to develop effective mango disease management strategies to avoid the development of further resistance.
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Kumar R, Mazakova J, Ali A, Sur VP, Sen MK, Bolton MD, Manasova M, Rysanek P, Zouhar M. Characterization of the Molecular Mechanisms of Resistance against DMI Fungicides in Cercospora beticola Populations from the Czech Republic. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:1062. [PMID: 34947044 PMCID: PMC8706352 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cercospora leaf spot (CLS), caused by the fungal pathogen Cercospora beticola, is the most important foliar pathogen of sugar beet worldwide. Extensive reliance on fungicides to manage CLS has resulted in the evolution of fungicide resistance in C. beticola worldwide, including populations in the Czech Republic. One important class of fungicides used to manage CLS is the sterol demethylation inhibitors (DMI). The aim of our study was to assess DMI resistance in C. beticola from the Czech Republic and elucidate the molecular basis of DMI resistance in this population. A total of 50 isolates were collected in 2018 and 2019 from the major sugar beet growing regions of the Czech Republic and assessed for in vitro sensitivity to the DMI fungicides propiconazole, prochloraz, and epoxiconazole. These analyses identified three strains that exhibited 50% effective concentration (EC50) values > 1.0 μg mL-1 against respective fungicides, which were therefore considered resistant. In contrast, strains that exhibited lowest EC50 values were considered sensitive. To explore the molecular basis of resistance in these three strains, the cytochrome P450-dependent sterol 14α-demethylase (Cyp51) gene was sequenced. Sequence analysis identified a Y464S mutation in all three resistant strains. To assess whether Cyp51 gene expression may play a role in DMI resistance, selected strains were grown in vitro with and without fungicide treatment. These analyses indicated that Cyp51 gene expression was significantly induced after fungicide treatment. Thus, we conclude that Y464S point mutation along with induced Cyp51 gene overexpression is likely responsible for resistance against DMI fungicides in C. beticola from the Czech Republic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Kumar
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.K.); (J.M.); (A.A.); (M.M.); (P.R.)
| | - Jana Mazakova
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.K.); (J.M.); (A.A.); (M.M.); (P.R.)
| | - Asad Ali
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.K.); (J.M.); (A.A.); (M.M.); (P.R.)
| | - Vishma Pratap Sur
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic;
| | - Madhab Kumar Sen
- Department of Agroecology and Crop Production, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Melvin D. Bolton
- Northern Crop Science Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, 1307 18th St N, Fargo, ND 58102, USA;
| | - Marie Manasova
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.K.); (J.M.); (A.A.); (M.M.); (P.R.)
| | - Pavel Rysanek
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.K.); (J.M.); (A.A.); (M.M.); (P.R.)
| | - Miloslav Zouhar
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.K.); (J.M.); (A.A.); (M.M.); (P.R.)
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Jørgensen LN, Heick TM. Azole Use in Agriculture, Horticulture, and Wood Preservation - Is It Indispensable? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:730297. [PMID: 34557427 PMCID: PMC8453013 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.730297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogens cause significant damage to plant products, compromising both quantities and quality. Even though many elements of agricultural practices are an integral part of reducing disease attacks, modern agriculture is still highly reliant on fungicides to guarantee high yields and product quality. The azoles, 14-alpha demethylase inhibitors, have been the fungicide class used most widely to control fungal plant diseases for more than four decades. More than 25 different azoles have been developed for the control of plant diseases in crops and the group has a world market value share of 20-25%. Azoles have proven to provide long-lasting control of many target plant pathogens and are categorized to have moderate risk for developing fungicide resistance. Field performances against many fungal pathogens have correspondingly been stable or only moderately reduced over time. Hence azoles are still, to date, considered the backbone in many control strategies and widely used as solo fungicides or as mixing partners with other fungicide groups, broadening the control spectrum as well as minimizing the overall risk of resistance development. This review describes the historic perspective of azoles, their market shares and importance for production of major crops like cereals, rice, oilseed rape, sugar beet, banana, citrus, and soybeans. In addition, information regarding use in amenity grass, in the wood preservation industry and as plant growth regulators are described. At the end of the review azoles are discussed in a wider context including future threats following stricter requirements for registration and potential impact on human health.
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Spanner R, Taliadoros D, Richards J, Rivera-Varas V, Neubauer J, Natwick M, Hamilton O, Vaghefi N, Pethybridge S, Secor GA, Friesen TL, Stukenbrock EH, Bolton MD. Genome-Wide Association and Selective Sweep Studies Reveal the Complex Genetic Architecture of DMI Fungicide Resistance in Cercospora beticola. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:6367780. [PMID: 34499119 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid and widespread evolution of fungicide resistance remains a challenge for crop disease management. The demethylation inhibitor (DMI) class of fungicides is a widely used chemistry for managing disease, but there has been a gradual decline in efficacy in many crop pathosystems. Reliance on DMI fungicides has increased resistance in populations of the plant pathogenic fungus Cercospora beticola worldwide. To better understand the genetic and evolutionary basis for DMI resistance in C. beticola, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and selective sweep analysis were conducted for the first time in this species. We performed whole-genome resequencing of 190 C. beticola isolates infecting sugar beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris). All isolates were phenotyped for sensitivity to the DMI tetraconazole. Intragenic markers on chromosomes 1, 4, and 9 were significantly associated with DMI fungicide resistance, including a polyketide synthase gene and the gene encoding the DMI target CbCYP51. Haplotype analysis of CbCYP51 identified a synonymous mutation (E170) and nonsynonymous mutations (L144F, I387M, and Y464S) associated with DMI resistance. Genome-wide scans of selection showed that several of the GWAS mutations for fungicide resistance resided in regions that have recently undergone a selective sweep. Using radial plate growth on selected media as a fitness proxy, we did not find a trade-off associated with DMI fungicide resistance. Taken together, we show that population genomic data from a crop pathogen can allow the identification of mutations conferring fungicide resistance and inform about their origins in the pathogen population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Spanner
- Northern Crop Science Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Fargo, North Dakota, USA.,Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Demetris Taliadoros
- Environmental Genomics Group, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany.,Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Germany
| | - Jonathan Richards
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Viviana Rivera-Varas
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Jonathan Neubauer
- Northern Crop Science Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Mari Natwick
- Northern Crop Science Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Olivia Hamilton
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Niloofar Vaghefi
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sarah Pethybridge
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Geneva, New York, USA
| | - Gary A Secor
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Timothy L Friesen
- Northern Crop Science Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Fargo, North Dakota, USA.,Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Eva H Stukenbrock
- Botanical Institute, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| | - Melvin D Bolton
- Northern Crop Science Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Fargo, North Dakota, USA.,Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
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