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Zhao Y, Li P, Yao X, Li Y, Tian Y, Xie G, Deng Z, Xu S, Wei J, Li X, An S. V-ATPase E mediates Cry2Ab binding and toxicity in Helicoverpa armigera. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 198:105744. [PMID: 38225087 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Cry2Ab is one of the important alternative Bt proteins that can be used to manage insect pests resistant to Cry1A toxins and to expand the insecticidal spectrum of pyramided Bt crops. Previous studies have showed that vacuolar H+-ATPase subunits A and B (V-ATPase A and B) may be involved in Bt insecticidal activities. The present study investigated the role of V-ATPases subunit E in the toxicity of Cry2Ab in Helicoverpa amigera. RT-PCR analysis revealed that oral exposure of H. amigera larvae to Cry2Ab led to a significant reduction in the expression of H. armigera V-ATPase E (HaV-ATPase E). Ligand blot, homologous and heterologous competition experiments confirmed that HaV-ATPases E physically and specifically bound to activated Cry2Ab toxin. Heterologous expressing of HaV-ATPase E in Sf9 cells made the cell line more susceptible to Cry2Ab, whereas knockdown of the endogenous V-ATPase E in H. zea midgut cells decreased Cry2Ab's cytotoxicity against this cell line. Further in vivo bioassay showed that H. armigera larvae fed a diet overlaid with both Cry2Ab and E. coli-expressed HaV-ATPase E protein suffered significantly higher mortality than those fed Cry2Ab alone. These results support that V-ATPases E is a putative receptor of Cry2Ab and can be used to improve Cry2Ab toxicity and manage Cry2Ab resistance at least in H. armigera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuge Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; State key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Pin Li
- State key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xue Yao
- State key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yuepu Li
- State key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yu Tian
- State key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Guiying Xie
- State key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Zhongyuan Deng
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuxia Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Jizhen Wei
- State key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Xianchun Li
- Department of Entomology and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Shiheng An
- State key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
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Tang J, Lu J, Zhang C, Zhang D, Yu S, Fang F, Naing ZL, Soe ET, Ding Z, Liang G. Reduced expression of the P-glycoprotein gene HaABCB1 is linked to resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac toxin but not Cry2Ab toxin in Helicoverpa armigera. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127668. [PMID: 37884238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Rapid evolution of pest resistance to Bt insecticidal proteins presents a serious threat to the sustainable use of Bt crops. The cotton bollworm has been extensively exposed to Bt cotton worldwide and has evolved resistance in laboratory and field. Previous studies have highlighted the significant roles played by the ABC transporter proteins in Bt resistance. In this study, the ORF of HaABCB1 was cloned and analyzed. The expression of HaABCB1 was detected in all developmental stages and tissues, with the highest expression in third instar larvae stage and hindgut tissue. Compared with susceptible strain, a remarkable decrease of HaABCB1 expression in Cry1Ac resistant strain while no significant change in Cry2Ab resistant strain were found. The HaABCB1 expression reduced after susceptible larvae induced by Cry1Ac, but no obvious expression changes after Cry2Ab exposure. RNAi-mediated down-regulation of HaABCB1 could lead to a significant reduction in larval susceptibility to Cry1Ac, but not to Cry2Ab, in susceptible strain. Genetic linkage analysis confirmed that decreased expression of the HaABCB1 mediates resistance to Cry1Ac, but not Cry2Ab resistance. This knowledge contributes to better understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms underlying Bt resistance and provide theoretical foundation for the development of new strategies for pest resistance management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrong Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jie Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Caihong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; College of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Siqi Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fengyun Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zaw Lin Naing
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ei Thinzar Soe
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhongwei Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Gemei Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China.
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An B, Zhang Y, Yan B, Cai J. RNA interference of PHB1 enhances virulence of Vip3Aa to Sf9 cells and Spodoptera frugiperda larvae. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023. [PMID: 36964944 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In our previous work, we demonstrated that prohibitin 2 (PHB2) on the membrane of Sf9 cells was a receptor for Vip3Aa, and PHB2 in mitochondria contributed to the mitochondrial stability to reduce Vip3Aa toxicity. Prohibitin 1 (PHB1), another prohibitin family member, forms heterodimers with PHB2 to maintain the structure and stability of mitochondria. To explore whether PHB1 impacts the action process of Vip3Aa, we examined the correlation between PHB1 and Vip3Aa virulence. RESULTS We revealed that PHB1 did not colocalize with Vip3Aa in Sf9 cells. The pulldown and CoIP experiments confirmed that PHB1 interacted with neither Vip3Aa nor scavenger receptor-C (another Vip3Aa receptor). Downregulating phb1 expression in Sf9 cells did not affect the internalization of Vip3Aa but increased Vip3Aa toxicity. Further exploration revealed that the decrease of phb1 expression affected mitochondrial function, leading to increased ROS levels and mitochondrial membrane permeability and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. The increase of mitochondrial cytochrome c release, caspase-3 activity and genomic DNA fragmentation implied that the apoptotic process was also affected. Finally, we applied RNAi to inhibit phb1 expression in Spodoptera frugiperda larvae. As a result, it significantly increased Vip3Aa virulence. CONCLUSION We found that PHB1 was not a receptor for Vip3Aa but played an essential role in mitochondria. The downregulation of phb1 expression in Sf9 cells caused instability of mitochondria, and the cells were more prone to apoptosis when challenged with Vip3Aa. The combined use of Vip3Aa and phb1 RNAi showed a synergistic effect against S. frugiperda larvae. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoju An
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yizhuo Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Cai
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
- Colllege of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, China
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Xiao Z, Yao X, Bai S, Wei J, An S. Involvement of an Enhanced Immunity Mechanism in the Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in Lepidopteran Pests. INSECTS 2023; 14:151. [PMID: 36835720 PMCID: PMC9965922 DOI: 10.3390/insects14020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is the safest, economically successful entomopathogen to date. It is extensively produced in transgenic crops or used in spray formulations to control Lepidopteran pests. The most serious threat to the sustainable usage of Bt is insect resistance. The resistance mechanisms to Bt toxins depend not only on alterations in insect receptors, but also on the enhancement of insect immune responses. In this work, we review the current knowledge of the immune response and resistance of insects to Bt formulations and Bt proteins, mainly in Lepidopteran pests. We discuss the pattern recognition proteins for recognizing Bt, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and their synthetic signaling pathways, the prophenoloxidase system, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, nodulation, encapsulation, phagocytosis, and cell-free aggregates, which are involved in immune response reactions or resistance to Bt. This review also analyzes immune priming, which contributes to the evolution of insect resistance to Bt, and puts forward strategies to improve the insecticidal activity of Bt formulations and manage insect resistance, targeting the insect immune responses and resistance.
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Wei J, Liu S, Wang K, Sun C, Li S, Liu X, Yin X, Bai S, Liang G, Crickmore N, An S. Cyclosporin A acts as a novel insecticide against Cry1Ac-susceptible and -resistant Helicoverpa armigera. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:105283. [PMID: 36464338 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) is an economically important pest, which is difficult to manage due to its biological and ecological traits, and resistance to most insecticides. Alternative compounds for the sustainable management of H. armigera are needed. As a fungal metabolite, Cyclosporin A (CsA) has not been applied in agriculture pests. Here, CsA was evaluated as a propective insecticide for H. armigera. The results showed that CsA displayed high insecticidal activity against both Cry1Ac-susceptible and -resistant populations of H. armigera. Moreover, lower concentrations of CsA had clear effects, including significantly reduced pupal weight, pupation rate, emergence rate, ovary size, female fecundity and egg hatchability. Further study confirmed that CsA suppressed calcineurin activity and the subsequent expression of endogenous antimicrobial peptide genes (APMs), leading to impaired immunity, ultimately resulting in delayed development and increased mortality. Thus, CsA treatment could control the cotton bollworm population and even showed efficacy against those with Bt resistance. In addition, the morphological changes observed in insects fed CsA with lower concentrations provide insight into insect immunity, regulation of growth and development, regulation of body color, ovary development and sexual selection under external pressure. Overall, our study provides information on biological control potential of Cry1Ac-susceptible and -resistant populations of H. armigera to develop novel bioinsecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhen Wei
- State key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Shaokai Liu
- State key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Kai Wang
- State key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Chengxian Sun
- State key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Shunjia Li
- State key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- State key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xinming Yin
- State key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Sufen Bai
- State key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Gemei Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Neil Crickmore
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Shiheng An
- State key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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Sun C, Li S, Wang K, Feng H, Tian C, Liu X, Li X, Yin X, Wang Y, Wei J, An S. Cyclosporin A as a Source for a Novel Insecticidal Product for Controlling Spodoptera frugiperda. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14100721. [PMID: 36287989 PMCID: PMC9610628 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14100721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, causes substantial annual agricultural production losses worldwide due to its resistance to many insecticides. Therefore, new insecticides are urgently needed to more effectively control FAW. Cyclosporin A (CsA) is a secondary metabolite of fungi; little is known about its insecticidal activity, especially for the control of FAW. In this study, we demonstrate that CsA shows excellent insecticidal activity (LC50 = 9.69 μg/g) against FAW through significant suppression of calcineurin (CaN) activity, which is a new target for pest control. Combinations of CsA and indoxacarb, emamectin benzoate, or Vip3Aa showed independent or synergistic toxicity against FAW; however, the combination of CsA and chlorantraniliprole showed no toxicity. Sublethal doses of CsA led to decreases in FAW larval and pupal weight, pupation, emergence, mating rates, adult longevity, extended development of FAW larvae and pupae and the pre-oviposition period of adults, and increases in the proportion of pupal malformation. Importantly, CsA treatment reduced FAW ovarian size and female fecundity, which suggests that it has great potential to suppress FAW colony formation. Taken together, these results indicate that CsA has high potential as an insecticide for controlling FAW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Shunjia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Hongqiang Feng
- Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Caihong Tian
- Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xinming Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yanmei Wang
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Jizhen Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Shiheng An
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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Sun C, Li S, Wang K, Yin X, Wang Y, Du M, Wei J, An S. Cyclosporin A as a Potential Insecticide to Control the Asian Corn Borer Ostrinia furnacalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). INSECTS 2022; 13:965. [PMID: 36292912 PMCID: PMC9604310 DOI: 10.3390/insects13100965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The long-term use of chemical insecticides has caused serious problems of insect resistance and environmental pollution; new insecticides are needed to solve this problem. Cyclosporin A (CsA) is a polypeptide produced by many fungi, which is used to prevent or treat immune rejection during organ transplantation. However, little is known about the utility of CsA as an insecticide. Therefore, this study evaluated the insecticidal activity of CsA using Ostrinia furnacalis as a model. The results demonstrated that CsA was toxic to O. furnacalis with LC50 values of 113.02 μg/g and 198.70 μg/g for newly hatched neonates and newly molted third-instar larvae, respectively. Furthermore, CsA treatment had sublethal effects on the development of O. furnacalis, and significantly reduced the fecundity of adults; this suggests that CsA has great potential to suppress O. furnacalis populations. Further analysis revealed that CsA suppressed calcineurin activity in larvae. CsA had independent or synergistic toxic effects on O. furnacalis when combined with β-cypermethrin, indoxacarb, emamectin benzoate, azadirachtin, and the Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry1Ac, which suggests that CsA can help prevent or manage resistance. Our study provides detailed information on the potential of CsA as an insecticide for controlling lepidopterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxian Sun
- Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Shunjia Li
- Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xinming Yin
- Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yanmei Wang
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Mengfang Du
- Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jizhen Wei
- Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Shiheng An
- Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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Yao X, Liu C, Duan Y, An S, Wei J, Liang G. ABCC2 is a functional receptor of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ca in Spodoptera litura. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 194:9-16. [PMID: 34861271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Spodoptera litura is a serious polyphagous pest in the whole world, which has developed resistance to most conventional insecticides and even some Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins. Cry1Ca has excellent insecticide activity against S. litura with potential application to control S. litura and delay the development of insect resistance. However, the mode of action of Cry1Ca in S. litura is poorly understood. Here, Cry1Ca-binding proteins were identified from S. litura by using pull down assays and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The results indicated that aminopeptidase-N (APN), ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 2 (ABCC2), polycalin, actin and V-type proton ATPase subunit A may bind with Cry1Ca. Further study confirmed that ABCC2 fragment expressed in vitro can bind to Cry1Ca as demonstrated by Ligand blot and homologous competition experiments. The over-expression of endogenous SlABCC2 in Sf9 cells increased Cry1Ca cytotoxicity. Correspondingly, the vivo loss of function analyses by SlABCC2 small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) in S. litura larvae decreased the toxicity of Cry1Ca to larvae. Altogether, these results show that ABCC2 of S. litura is a functional receptor that is involved in the action mode of Cry1Ca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yao
- State key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Chen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yunpeng Duan
- State key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Shiheng An
- State key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jizhen Wei
- State key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Gemei Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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