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Wu Y, Mao G, Xing G, Tian Y, Hu Y, Liao C, Li L, Zhu X, Li J. Study on the Design, Synthesis, Bioactivity and Translocation of the Conjugates of Phenazine-1-carboxylic Acid and N-Phenyl Alanine Ester. Molecules 2024; 29:1780. [PMID: 38675600 PMCID: PMC11051964 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The natural pesticide phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) is known to lack phloem mobility, whereas Metalaxyl is a representative phloem systemic fungicide. In order to endow PCA with phloem mobility and also enhance its antifungal activity, thirty-two phenazine-1-carboxylic acid-N-phenylalanine esters conjugates were designed and synthesized by conjugating PCA with the active structure N-acylalanine methyl ester of Metalaxyl. All target compounds were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS. The antifungal evaluation results revealed that several target compounds exhibited moderate to potent antifungal activities against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Bipolaris sorokiniana, Phytophthora parasitica, Phytophthora citrophthora. In particular, compound F7 displayed excellent antifungal activity against S. sclerotiorum with an EC50 value of 6.57 µg/mL, which was superior to that of Metalaxyl. Phloem mobility study in castor bean system indicated good phloem mobility for the target compounds F1-F16. Particularly, compound F2 exhibited excellent phloem mobility; the content of compound F2 in the phloem sap of castor bean was 19.12 μmol/L, which was six times higher than Metalaxyl (3.56 μmol/L). The phloem mobility tests under different pH culture solutions verified the phloem translocation of compounds related to the "ion trap" effect. The distribution of the compound F2 in tobacco plants further suggested its ambimobility in the phloem, exhibiting directional accumulation towards the apical growth point and the root. These results provide valuable insights for developing phloem mobility fungicides mediated by exogenous compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (Y.W.); (G.M.); (G.X.); (Y.T.); (Y.H.); (C.L.); (L.L.)
- Institute of Pesticides, Yangtze University, Jingmi Road 88, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Guoqing Mao
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (Y.W.); (G.M.); (G.X.); (Y.T.); (Y.H.); (C.L.); (L.L.)
- Institute of Pesticides, Yangtze University, Jingmi Road 88, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Gaoshan Xing
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (Y.W.); (G.M.); (G.X.); (Y.T.); (Y.H.); (C.L.); (L.L.)
- Institute of Pesticides, Yangtze University, Jingmi Road 88, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Yao Tian
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (Y.W.); (G.M.); (G.X.); (Y.T.); (Y.H.); (C.L.); (L.L.)
- Institute of Pesticides, Yangtze University, Jingmi Road 88, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Yong Hu
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (Y.W.); (G.M.); (G.X.); (Y.T.); (Y.H.); (C.L.); (L.L.)
- Institute of Pesticides, Yangtze University, Jingmi Road 88, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Changzhou Liao
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (Y.W.); (G.M.); (G.X.); (Y.T.); (Y.H.); (C.L.); (L.L.)
- Institute of Pesticides, Yangtze University, Jingmi Road 88, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Li Li
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (Y.W.); (G.M.); (G.X.); (Y.T.); (Y.H.); (C.L.); (L.L.)
- Institute of Pesticides, Yangtze University, Jingmi Road 88, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Xiang Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (Y.W.); (G.M.); (G.X.); (Y.T.); (Y.H.); (C.L.); (L.L.)
- Institute of Pesticides, Yangtze University, Jingmi Road 88, Jingzhou 434025, China
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Junkai Li
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (Y.W.); (G.M.); (G.X.); (Y.T.); (Y.H.); (C.L.); (L.L.)
- Institute of Pesticides, Yangtze University, Jingmi Road 88, Jingzhou 434025, China
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Huang N, Jin X, Wen JT, Zhang YF, Yang X, Wei GY, Wang YK, Qin M. Biocontrol and Growth Promotion Potential of Bacillus subtilis CTXW 7-6-2 against Rhizoctonia solani that Causes Tobacco Target Spot Disease. Pol J Microbiol 2024; 73:29-38. [PMID: 38437465 PMCID: PMC10911660 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2024-004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Fungal diseases form perforated disease spots in tobacco plants, resulting in a decline in tobacco yield and quality. The present study investigated the antagonistic effect of Bacillus subtilis CTXW 7-6-2 against Rhizoctonia solani, its ability to promote the growth of tobacco seedlings, and the expression of disease resistance-related genes for efficient and eco-friendly plant disease control. Our results showed that CTXW 7-6-2 had the most vigorous growth after being cultured for 96 h, and its rate of inhibition of R. solani growth in vitro was 94.02%. The volatile compounds produced by CTXW 7-6-2 inhibited the growth of R. solani significantly (by 96.62%). The fungal growthinhibition rate of the B. subtilis CTXW 7-6-2 broth obtained after high-temperature and no-high-temperature sterile fermentation was low, at 50.88% and 54.63%, respectively. The lipopeptides extracted from the B. subtilis CTXW 7-6-2 fermentation broth showed a 74.88% fungal growth inhibition rate at a concentration of 100 mg/l. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed some organelle structural abnormalities, collapse, shrinkage, blurring, and dissolution in the R. solani mycelia. In addition, CTXW 7-6-2 increased tobacco seedling growth and improved leaf and root weight compared to the control. After CTXW 7-6-2 inoculation, tobacco leaves showed the upregulation of the PDF1.2, PPO, and PAL genes, which are closely related to target spot disease resistance. In conclusion, B. subtilis CTXW 7-6-2 may be an efficient biological control agent in tobacco agriculture and enhance plant growth potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Huang
- Guizhou Province Tobacco Company Guiyang City Company, Guiyang, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Guizhou Province Tobacco Company Guiyang City Company, Guiyang, China
| | - Jin-Tao Wen
- Guizhou Province Tobacco Company Guiyang City Company, Guiyang, China
| | - Yi-Fei Zhang
- Guizhou Province Tobacco Company Guiyang City Company, Guiyang, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Guizhou Province Tobacco Company Guiyang City Company, Guiyang, China
| | - Guang-Yu Wei
- Guizhou Province Tobacco Company Guiyang City Company, Guiyang, China
| | - Yi-Kun Wang
- Guizhou Province Tobacco Company Guiyang City Company, Guiyang, China
| | - Min Qin
- Guizhou Province Tobacco Company Guiyang City Company, Guiyang, China
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Shi J, Tian Y, Chen S, Liao C, Mao G, Deng X, Yu L, Zhu X, Li J. Design, synthesis and antifungal evaluation of phenylthiazole-1,3,4-oxadiazole thione (ketone) derivatives inspired by natural thiasporine A. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:3439-3450. [PMID: 36966468 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant pathogenic fungal infections have become a severe threat to the yield and quality of agricultural products, and new green antifungal agents with high efficiency and low toxicity are needed. In this study, a series of thiasporine A derivatives containing phenylthiazole-1,3,4-oxadiazole thione (ketone) structures were designed and synthesized, and their antifungal activities against six invasive and highly destructive phytopathogenic fungi were evaluated. RESULTS The results found that all compounds showed moderate to potent antifungal activity against six phytopathogenic fungi, and most of the E series compounds showed remarkable antifungal activity against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Colletotrichum camelliaet. In particular, compounds E1-E5, E7, E8, E13, E14, E17, and E22 showed more significant antifungal activity against S. sclerotiorum, with half-maximal effective concentration (EC50 ) values of 0.22, 0.48, 0.56, 0.65, 0.51, 0.39, 0.60, 0.56, 0.60, 0.63, and 0.45 μg mL-1 , respectively, which were superior to that of carbendazim (0.70 μg mL-1 ). Further activity studies showed that compound E1 possessed superior curative activities against S. sclerotiorum in vivo and better inhibitory effects on sclerotia germination and the formation of S. sclerotiorum compared with those of carbendazim. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that these thiasporine A derivatives containing phenylthiazole-1,3,4-oxadiazole thione structures might be used as antifungal agents against S. sclerotiorum. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchao Shi
- Institute of Pesticides, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Yao Tian
- Institute of Pesticides, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Shunshun Chen
- Institute of Pesticides, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Changzhou Liao
- Institute of Pesticides, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Guoqing Mao
- Institute of Pesticides, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqian Deng
- Institute of Pesticides, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Linhua Yu
- Institute of Pesticides, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xiang Zhu
- Institute of Pesticides, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Junkai Li
- Institute of Pesticides, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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Yao G, Han S, Wen Y, Xiao Y, Zhao C, Xu H. Design, synthesis, insecticidal activities and translocation of amino acid-tralopyril conjugates as vectorizing agrochemicals. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:4018-4024. [PMID: 37278576 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conjugating amino acid moieties to active ingredients has been recognized as an effective method for improving the precise targeting of the active form to the specific site. Based on the vectorization strategy, a series of amino acid-tralopyril conjugates were designed and synthesized as novel proinsecticide candidates, with the potential capability of root uptake and translocation to the foliage of crops. RESULTS Bioassay results showed excellent insecticidal activities of some conjugates, in particular, the conjugates 6b, 6e, and 7e, against the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), with equivalent insecticidal activity to chlorfenapyr (CFP). Importantly, conjugate 6e exhibited significantly higher in vivo insecticidal activity against P. xylostella than CFP. Furthermore, the systemic test experiments with Brassica chinensis demonstrated that conjugates 6e and 7e could be transported to the leaves, in contrast to CFP, which remained in the root. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the feasibility of amino acid fragment conjugation as a vectorization strategy for transporting non-systemic insecticides into the leaves of B. chinensis while maintaining in vivo insecticidal activity. The findings also provide insights for subsequent mechanism studies on the uptake and transport of amino acid-insecticide conjugates in plants. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangkai Yao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education; College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuo Han
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education; College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingjie Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education; College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research; Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuyan Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education; College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education; College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hanhong Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education; College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Rhein-Amino Acid Ester Conjugates as Potential Antifungal Agents: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052074. [PMID: 36903319 PMCID: PMC10004406 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In the search for crop protectants, amino acid ester conjugates have been widely investigated as potential antifungal agents. In this study, a series of rhein-amino acid ester conjugates were designed and synthesized in good yields, and their structures were confirmed by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and HRMS. The bioassay results revealed that most of the conjugates exhibited potent inhibitory activity against R. solani and S. sclerotiorum. In particular, conjugate 3c had the highest antifungal activity against R. solani with an EC50 value of 0.125 mM. For S. sclerotiorum, conjugate 3m showed the highest antifungal activity with an EC50 value of 0.114 mM. Satisfactorily, conjugate 3c exhibited better protective effects than that of the positive control, physcion, against powdery mildew in wheat. This research supports the role of rhein-amino acid ester conjugates as potential antifungal agents for plant fungal diseases.
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Wu J, Teng Q, Mao Y, Duan Y, Pan X, Xu S, Cai Y, Pan Y, Zhou M, Zhang Y. Cytochrome bc1 Complex: Potential Breach to Improve the Activity of Phenazines on Xanthomonas. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:10158-10169. [PMID: 35948060 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The effects of the natural pesticides, phenazines, were reported to be limited by some tolerant metabolism processes within Xanthomonas. Our previous studies suggested that the functional cytochrome bc1 complex, the indispensable component of the respiration chain, might participate in tolerating phenazines in Xanthomonas. In this study, the cytochrome bc1 mutants of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), which exhibit different tolerance abilities to phenazines, were constructed, and the cytochrome bc1 complex was proven to partake a critical and conserved role in tolerating phenazines in Xanthomonas. In addition, results of the cytochrome c mutants suggested the different functions of the various cytochrome c proteins in Xanthomonas and that the electron channeled by the cytochrome bc1 complex to cytochrome C4 is the key to reveal the tolerance mechanism. In conclusion, the study of the cytochrome bc1 complex provides a potential strategy to improve the activity of phenazines against Xanthomonas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wu
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230001, China
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qingzhu Teng
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yushuai Mao
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yabing Duan
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiayan Pan
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shu Xu
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yiqiang Cai
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuemin Pan
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Mingguo Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230001, China
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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Zhang H, Zhang C, Xiang X, Zhang Q, Zhao W, Wei G, Hu A. Uptake and transport of antibiotic kasugamycin in castor bean ( Ricinus communis L.) seedlings. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:948171. [PMID: 36033898 PMCID: PMC9399671 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.948171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Kasugamycin (KSM), an aminoglycoside antibiotic, has been widely used for the management of plant diseases, especially for the control of rice blast in Asia. However, its uptake mechanism and transport in plants are still obscure. The castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) seeding, a model plant for phloem transport, was used to study the mechanism of uptake and transport of KSM. Results showed that cotyledon-applied KSM could transport into the phloem and distributed in root and shoot of plant. The temperature, concentration, and pH had significant effects on the uptake of KSM, indicating that the uptake of KSM was mediated by an active carrier system. Compared with the control, competitive inhibitors of sugar transporters D-glucose, D-chiro-inositol, and phloridzin inhibited 71.03%, 67.95%, and 61.73% uptake of KSM, respectively. Energy inhibitor dinitrophenol (DNP) and carbonyl cyanide chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) also affected the uptake of KSM, and the inhibition rates were 34.23% and 48.06%. All the results showed that the uptake of KSM was mediated by a sugar transporter, and it could transport from shoot to root in plants via the phloem. The study preliminary elucidated the plant-microbe interactions in the context of the transport of microbial secondary metabolites in plants. It has certain significance for scientific application of antibiotics and biological control of plant diseases and provides theoretical basis for the development of bidirectional transport pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhen Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Chenghua Zhang
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaolong Xiang
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Forestry Bureau of Wuchuan County, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Qilun Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Guoyu Wei
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Anlong Hu
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
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An Exploration of the Effect of the Kleier Model and Carrier-Mediated Theory to Design Phloem-Mobile Pesticides Based on Researching the N-Alkylated Derivatives of Phenazine-1-Carboxylic Acid-Glycine. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154999. [PMID: 35956949 PMCID: PMC9370529 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Kleier model and Carrier-mediated theory are effective for molecularly designing pesticides with phloem mobility. However, the single Kleier model or Carrier-mediated theory cannot achieve a reliable explanation of the phloem mobility of all exogenous substances. A detailed investigation of the two models and the scope of their applications can provide a more accurate and highly efficient basis for the guidance of the design and development of phloem-mobile pesticides. In the present paper, a strategy using active ingredient-amino acid conjugates as mode compounds is developed based on Carrier-mediated theory. An N-alkylated amino acid is used to improve the pesticide’s physicochemical properties following the Kleier model, thus allowing the conjugates to fall on the predicted and more accessible transportation region of phloem. Moreover, the influence of this movement on phloem is inspected by the Kleier model and Carrier-mediated theory. To verify this strategy, a series of N-alkylated phenazine-1-carboxylic acid-glycine compounds (PCA-Gly) were designed and synthesized. The results related to the castor bean seeds (R. communis L.) indicated that all the target compounds (4a−4f) had phloem mobility. The capacity for phloem mobility shows that N-alkylated glycine containing small substituents can significantly improve PCA phloem mobility, such as 4c(i-C3H7-N) > 4a(CH3-N) ≈ 4b(C2H5-N) > 4d (t-C4H9-N) > PCA-Gly > 4e(C6H5-N) > 4f(CH2COOH-N), with an oil−water partition coefficient between 1.2~2.5. In particular, compounds 4a(CH3-N), 4b(C2H5-N), and 4c(i-C3H7-N) present better phloem mobility, with the average concentrations in phloem sap of 14.62 μΜ, 13.98 μΜ, and 17.63 μΜ in the first 5 h, which are 8 to 10 times higher than PCA-Gly (1.71 μΜ). The results reveal that the Kleier model and Carrier-mediated theory play a guiding role in the design of phloem-mobile pesticides. However, the single Kleier model or Carrier-mediated theory are not entirely accurate. Still, there is a synergism between Carrier-mediated theory and the Kleier model for promoting the phloem transport of exogenous compounds. Therefore, we suggest the introduction of endogenous plant compounds as a promoiety to improve the phloem mobility of pesticides through Carrier-mediated theory. It is necessary to consider the improvement of physicochemical properties according to the Kleier model, which can contribute to a scientific theory for developing phloem-mobile pesticides.
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