1
|
Zannella C, Chianese A, Monti A, Giugliano R, Morone MV, Secci F, Sanna G, Manzin A, De Filippis A, Doti N, Galdiero M. SARS-CoV-2 Fusion Peptide Conjugated to a Tetravalent Dendrimer Selectively Inhibits Viral Infection. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2791. [PMID: 38140131 PMCID: PMC10748278 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusion is a key event for enveloped viruses, through which viral and cell membranes come into close contact. This event is mediated by viral fusion proteins, which are divided into three structural and functional classes. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein belongs to class I fusion proteins, characterized by a trimer of helical hairpins and an internal fusion peptide (FP), which is exposed once fusion occurs. Many efforts have been directed at finding antivirals capable of interfering with the fusion mechanism, mainly by designing peptides on the two heptad-repeat regions present in class I viral fusion proteins. Here, we aimed to evaluate the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of the FP sequence conjugated to a tetravalent dendrimer through a classical organic nucleophilic substitution reaction (SN2) using a synthetic bromoacetylated peptide mimicking the FP and a branched scaffold of poly-L-Lysine functionalized with cysteine residues. We found that the FP peptide conjugated to the dendrimer, unlike the monomeric FP sequence, has virucidal activity by impairing the attachment of SARS-CoV-2 to cells. Furthermore, we found that the peptide dendrimer does not have the same effects on other coronaviruses, demonstrating that it is selective against SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Zannella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.Z.); (A.C.); (R.G.); (M.V.M.); (A.D.F.)
| | - Annalisa Chianese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.Z.); (A.C.); (R.G.); (M.V.M.); (A.D.F.)
| | - Alessandra Monti
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (N.D.)
| | - Rosa Giugliano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.Z.); (A.C.); (R.G.); (M.V.M.); (A.D.F.)
| | - Maria Vittoria Morone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.Z.); (A.C.); (R.G.); (M.V.M.); (A.D.F.)
| | - Francesco Secci
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, University Campus, 09042 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Giuseppina Sanna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, University Campus, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (G.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Aldo Manzin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, University Campus, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (G.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Anna De Filippis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.Z.); (A.C.); (R.G.); (M.V.M.); (A.D.F.)
| | - Nunzianna Doti
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (N.D.)
| | - Massimiliano Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.Z.); (A.C.); (R.G.); (M.V.M.); (A.D.F.)
- UOC of Virology and Microbiology, University Hospital of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rossino G, Marchese E, Galli G, Verde F, Finizio M, Serra M, Linciano P, Collina S. Peptides as Therapeutic Agents: Challenges and Opportunities in the Green Transition Era. Molecules 2023; 28:7165. [PMID: 37894644 PMCID: PMC10609221 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptides are at the cutting edge of contemporary research for new potent, selective, and safe therapeutical agents. Their rise has reshaped the pharmaceutical landscape, providing solutions to challenges that traditional small molecules often cannot address. A wide variety of natural and modified peptides have been obtained and studied, and many others are advancing in clinical trials, covering multiple therapeutic areas. As the demand for peptide-based therapies grows, so does the need for sustainable and environmentally friendly synthesis methods. Traditional peptide synthesis, while effective, often involves environmentally draining processes, generating significant waste and consuming vast resources. The integration of green chemistry offers sustainable alternatives, prioritizing eco-friendly processes, waste reduction, and energy conservation. This review delves into the transformative potential of applying green chemistry principles to peptide synthesis by discussing relevant examples of the application of such approaches to the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) with a peptide structure and how these efforts are critical for an effective green transition era in the pharmaceutical field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Rossino
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.R.); (E.M.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
| | - Emanuela Marchese
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.R.); (E.M.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia”, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giovanni Galli
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.R.); (E.M.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
| | - Francesca Verde
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.R.); (E.M.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
| | - Matteo Finizio
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.R.); (E.M.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
| | - Massimo Serra
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.R.); (E.M.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
| | - Pasquale Linciano
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.R.); (E.M.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
| | - Simona Collina
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.R.); (E.M.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Al Musaimi O, Gavva V, Williams DR. Greener Cleavage of Protected Peptide Fragments from Sieber Amide Resin. ChemistryOpen 2022; 11:e202200236. [PMID: 36564351 PMCID: PMC9789020 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the successful introduction of two benign solvents for cleaving protected acid peptide fragments from 2-chlorotrityl chloride (2-CTC) resin, there is a need to green the cleavage process for obtaining protected peptide amide fragments. In this work, p-xylene and toluene are introduced as greener alternates to dichloromethane (DCM) for preparing protected peptide amide fragments from a Sieber amide resin. The N-dealkylation is a demanding chemical reaction, requiring that the cleavage protocol be optimised to ensure complete cleavage from the resin. After a 30 min reaction time, only 66 % of the final peptide product was retrieved even with the conventional dichloromethane solvent. Therefore, 120 min was considered sufficient to fully cleave the peptide from the Sieber amide resin. This work reaffirms the fact that greening strategies are far from detrimental, with green alternatives often outperforming their replaced counterparts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Othman Al Musaimi
- Department of Chemical EngineeringImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Varshitha Gavva
- Department of Chemical EngineeringImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Daryl R. Williams
- Department of Chemical EngineeringImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Amino-Li-Resin—A Fiber Polyacrylamide Resin for Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14050928. [PMID: 35267752 PMCID: PMC8912574 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino-Li-resin is a new and unique polyacrylamide resin presented in the form of fibers and is found to be well suited for solid-phase peptide chemistry. Although amino-Li-resin swells much better in polar solvents, it is also compatible with some non-polar solvents. It comes with a high loading of functional amino groups, thus maximizing its productivity in terms of the amount of peptide per gram of resin. In addition to its mechanical stability, this resin shows excellent stability in basic and acidic reagents; thus, allowing its broad applicability for the synthesis of a wide range of biomolecules. Finally, the appropriateness of amino-Li-resin for solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) has been demonstrated for the synthesis of several model peptides, including difficult sequences and those containing hindered amino acids, all of which afforded excellent crude purity, as shown by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis.
Collapse
|
5
|
Procopio D, Siciliano C, Trombino S, Dumitrescu DE, Suciu F, Di Gioia ML. Green solvents for the formation of amide linkages. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 20:1137-1149. [PMID: 34821895 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01814k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The formation of the amide bond is among the most commonly performed transformations in the pharmaceutical industry and the wider chemical industry. The current methods for its installation in organic compounds frequently rely on the use of large amounts of organic solvents, mainly N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), and dichloromethane (DCM), which have been associated with adverse environmental and health concerns over the last decades. This fact led academia and industry to make significant efforts toward the development of synthetic routes with the aim to avoid, reduce or replace the use of hazardous solvents. The present review fits into this framework and discusses the literature existing over the past ten years on strategies for reducing and replacing hazardous solvents, focusing on the use of biobased and neoteric solvents, such as ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents (ILs and DESs, respectively), and on the reaction media that proved to be greener alternatives for amide bond formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debora Procopio
- Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutrition Sciences, Department of Excellence L. 232/2016, Edificio Polifunzionale, Università della Calabria, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Carlo Siciliano
- Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutrition Sciences, Department of Excellence L. 232/2016, Edificio Polifunzionale, Università della Calabria, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Sonia Trombino
- Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutrition Sciences, Department of Excellence L. 232/2016, Edificio Polifunzionale, Università della Calabria, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Denisa Elena Dumitrescu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ovidius, University Constanta, Str. Cpt. Av. Al. Serbanescu, Campus Corp C, Constanta, Romania
| | - Felicia Suciu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ovidius, University Constanta, Str. Cpt. Av. Al. Serbanescu, Campus Corp C, Constanta, Romania
| | - Maria Luisa Di Gioia
- Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutrition Sciences, Department of Excellence L. 232/2016, Edificio Polifunzionale, Università della Calabria, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
The application of anisole in greener solid-phase peptide synthesis protocols – Compatibility with green bases in Fmoc removal and new green binary mixture for coupling. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
7
|
Pawlas J, Rasmussen JH. Circular Aqueous Fmoc/t-Bu Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:3231-3236. [PMID: 34270883 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Circular economy and aqueous synthesis are attractive concepts for sustainable chemistry. Here it is reported that the two can be combined in the universal method for peptide chemistry, fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl(Fmoc)/t-Bu solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). It was demonstrated that Fmoc/t-Bu SPPS could be performed under aqueous conditions using standard Fmoc amino acids (AAs) employing TentaGel S as resin and 4 : 1 mixture of water with inexpensive green solvent PolarClean. This resin/solvent combination played a crucial dual role by virtue of improving resin swelling and solubility of starting materials. In a model coupling, TCFH and 2,4,6-collidine afforded a full conversion at only 1.3 equiv. AA, and these conditions were used in SPPS of Leu enkephaline amide affording the model peptide in 85 % yield and 86 % purity. A method to recycle the waste by filtration through a mixed ion exchange resin was developed, allowing reusing the waste without affecting quality of the peptide. The method herein obviates the use of unconventional or processed AAs in aqueous SPPS while using lower amounts of starting materials. By recycling/reusing SPPS waste the hazardous dipolar aprotic solvents used in SPPS were not only replaced with an aqueous medium, solvent use was also significantly reduced. This opens up a new direction in aqueous peptide chemistry in which efficient use of inexpensive starting materials and waste minimization is coupled with the universal Fmoc/t-Bu SPPS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Pawlas
- PolyPeptide Group, Limhamnsvägen 108, PO BOX 30089, 20061, Limhamn, Sweden
| | - Jon H Rasmussen
- PolyPeptide Group, Limhamnsvägen 108, PO BOX 30089, 20061, Limhamn, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kumar A, Alhassan M, Lopez J, Albericio F, de la Torre BG. N-Butylpyrrolidinone for Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis is Environmentally Friendlier and Synthetically Better than DMF. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:5288-5294. [PMID: 32720474 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) is the method of choice for the preparation of peptides in both laboratory scale and large production. Although the methodology has been improved during the last decades allowing the achievement of long peptides and challenging sequences in good yields and purities, the process was not revised from an environmental point of view. One of the main problems in this regard is the large amount of solvents used, and therefore the tons of generated waste. Moreover, the solvent of choice for the SPPS is N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), which is considered as reprotoxic; thus, there is an urgent necessity to replace it with safer solvents. The DMF substitution by a green solvent is not a trivial task, because it should solubilize all the reagents and byproducts involved in the process, and, in addition to facilitating the coupling of the different amino acids, it should not favor the formation of side-reactions compared with DMF. Herein, it was demonstrated that the use of the green solvent N-butylpyrrolidinone (NBP) as a replacement of DMF was beneficial in two well-documented side reactions in peptide synthesis, racemization and aspartimide formation. The use of NBP rendered a lower or equal level of racemization in the amino acids more prone to this side reaction than DMF, whilst the aspartimide formation was clearly lower when NBP was used as solvent. Our findings demonstrate that the use of a green solvent does not hamper the synthetic process and could even improve it, making it environmentally friendlier and synthetically better.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Mahama Alhassan
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - John Lopez
- Novartis Pharma AG, Lichtstrasse 35, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine & Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz G de la Torre
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fuse S, Masuda K, Otake Y, Nakamura H. Peptide‐Chain Elongation Using Unprotected Amino Acids in a Micro‐Flow Reactor. Chemistry 2019; 25:15091-15097. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Fuse
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
| | - Koshiro Masuda
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
- School of Life Science and Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
| | - Yuma Otake
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
- School of Life Science and Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Aravinda T, Vinay Kumar B, Raghu MS, Parusharam L, Rao S. Zirconia-Cu(I) stabilized copper oxide mesoporous nano-catalyst: Synthesis and DNA reactivity of 1,2,4-oxadiazole-quinolinepeptidomimetics-based metal(II) complexes. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 39:630-647. [PMID: 31578917 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2019.1671591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Contemporary research reveals an undemanding protocol for the catalytic synthesis of 1,2,4-oxadiazole-quinolinepeptide in the incidence of a cost-effective and reusable mesoporous ZrO2-supported Cu2O (Cu2ZrO3) catalyst. This paper depicts a unique system for peptide bond synthesis staying away from toxic solvents and reactants. The catalyst was reused for four cycles without noteworthy loss in the activity, and the catalyst was genuinely heterogeneous. The method followed a simple workup procedure, and no column chromatography was needed. Further, the synthesized 1,2,4-oxadiazole-quinolinepeptide ligand (L), and its complexes of type, [FeLCl2] and [CuL]Cl2 were synthesized and characterized by spectral and analytical techniques. An octahedral geometry has been projected for Fe(II) complexes, while the Cu(II) complex exhibits a square planar geometry. The binding properties of the complexes with CT-DNA were studied by absorption spectral analysis, followed by viscosity measurement and thermal denaturation studies. The photo-induced cleavage studies revealed that the complexes possess photonuclease activity against pUC19 DNA under UV-visible irradiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Aravinda
- Department of Chemistry, Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, India
| | - B Vinay Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, RNS Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, India
| | - M S Raghu
- Department of Chemistry, New Horizon College of Engineering, Bengaluru, India
| | - L Parusharam
- Department of Chemistry, New Horizon College of Engineering, Bengaluru, India
| | - Srilatha Rao
- Department of Chemistry, Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kim S, Lee SM, Lee SS, Shin DS. Microfluidic Generation of Amino-Functionalized Hydrogel Microbeads Capable of On-Bead Bioassay. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10080527. [PMID: 31405057 PMCID: PMC6723060 DOI: 10.3390/mi10080527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic generation of hydrogel microbeads is a highly efficient and reproducible approach to create various functional hydrogel beads. Here, we report a method to prepare crosslinked amino-functionalized polyethylene glycol (PEG) microbeads using a microfluidic channel. The microbeads generated from a microfluidic device were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and confocal laser scanning microscopy, respectively. We found that the microbeads were monodisperse and the amino groups were localized on the shell region of the microbeads. A swelling test exhibited compatibility with various solvents. A cell binding assay was successfully performed with RGD peptide-coupled amino-functionalized hydrogel microbeads. This strategy will enable the large production of the various functional microbeads, which can be used for solid phase peptide synthesis and on-bead bioassays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seongsoo Kim
- Division of Chemical and Bioengineering, Kangwon National University, Gangwon-do 24341, Korea
| | - Sang-Myung Lee
- Division of Chemical and Bioengineering, Kangwon National University, Gangwon-do 24341, Korea
| | - Sung Sik Lee
- Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dong-Sik Shin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Sookmyung Women's University, 100 Cheongpa-ro 47-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul 04310, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
de Gonzalo G, Alcántara AR, Domínguez de María P. Cyclopentyl Methyl Ether (CPME): A Versatile Eco-Friendly Solvent for Applications in Biotechnology and Biorefineries. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:2083-2097. [PMID: 30735610 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201900079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The quest for sustainable solvents is currently a matter of intense research and development, as solvents significantly contribute heavily to the waste generated by chemical industries. Cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME) is a promising eco-friendly solvent with valuable properties such as low peroxide formation rate, stability under basic and acidic conditions, and relatively high boiling point. This Review discusses the potential use of CPME for applications in biotechnology (e.g., biotransformations, as solvent or cosolvent), biorefineries, and bioeconomy (e.g., for furan synthesis or as an extractive agent in liquid-liquid separations), as well as for other purposes, such as chromatography or peptide synthesis. Although CPME is currently produced by petrochemical means with a remarkably high atom economy, its biogenic production can be envisaged from substrates such as cyclopentanol or cyclopentanone, which can be derived from furfural or from (bio-based) adipic acid, respectively. The combination of the promising properties of CPME as a (co)solvent with a future (economic) biogenic origin would be advantageous for setting strategies aligned with the sustainable chemistry principles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo de Gonzalo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Sevilla, c/ Profesor García González 2, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Andrés R Alcántara
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Section of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal, s/n., E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Domínguez de María
- Sustainable Momentum, SL, Av. Ansite 3, 4-6, Las Palmas Gran Canaria, E-35011, Canary Islands, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ran Y, Byrne F, Ingram IDV, North M. Resin Swelling in Mixed Solvents Analysed using Hansen Solubility Parameter Space. Chemistry 2019; 25:4951-4964. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanrui Ran
- Green chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of ChemistryUniversity of York Heslington YO10 5DD UK
| | - Fergal Byrne
- Green chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of ChemistryUniversity of York Heslington YO10 5DD UK
| | - Ian D. V. Ingram
- Green chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of ChemistryUniversity of York Heslington YO10 5DD UK
| | - Michael North
- Green chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of ChemistryUniversity of York Heslington YO10 5DD UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Magtaan JK, Devocelle M, Kelleher F. Regeneration of aged DMF for use in solid-phase peptide synthesis. J Pept Sci 2019; 25:e3139. [PMID: 30585396 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dimethylformamide (DMF), which is still the most commonly used solvent for Fmoc-SPPS, has the potential for degradation over time on exposure to air (and water vapour) and storage, to give dimethylamine and formic acid impurities. In particular, dimethylamine can lead to unwanted deprotection of the fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) group during, for example, the initial loading of Fmoc amino acids in SPPS, which leads reduced calculated loading values. We have found that treatment of such aged DMF by simple sparging with an inert gas (N2 ), or vacuum sonication, can regenerate the DMF in order to restore loading levels back to those found for newer, fresh, DMF samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Kevin Magtaan
- Molecular Design and Synthesis Group, Centre of Applied Science for Health, Institute of Technology Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marc Devocelle
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fintan Kelleher
- Molecular Design and Synthesis Group, Centre of Applied Science for Health, Institute of Technology Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Varnava KG, Sarojini V. Making Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis Greener: A Review of the Literature. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:1088-1097. [PMID: 30681290 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
To date, the synthesis of peptides is concurrent with the production of enormous amounts of toxic waste. DMF, CH2 Cl2 , and NMP are three of the most toxic organic solvents used in chemical synthesis and are the most common solvents used for peptide synthesis. Additionally, concerns about the hepatotoxicity caused by exposure to DMF and from the toxic and allergenic nature of additives used in peptide synthesis necessitates the need for a green, environmentally friendly, and safer protocol for peptide synthesis. This review summarizes the current literature on green solid-phase peptide synthesis successes and challenges encountered. The review concludes with suggestions for future research towards a simple and efficient green peptide synthesis protocol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyriakos G Varnava
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Albericio F, El-Faham A. Choosing the Right Coupling Reagent for Peptides: A Twenty-Five-Year Journey. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Albericio
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, University Road,
Westville, Durban 4001, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franqués 1-11, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Ayman El-Faham
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426,
Ibrahimia, Alexandria 21321, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Abstract
Solid-phase organic synthesis is an essential method for the rapid synthesis of complex biological structures and libraries of small organic molecules. However, it is often associated with the use of large quantities of problematic solvents for the removal of excess reagents and reaction by-products. Given that solvent will often be the biggest contributor to waste generated in the average pharmaceutical/fine-chemical process, its exchange for a more desirable alternative often presents the biggest gains in terms of reducing environmental impact. This review aims to explore recent approaches to performing solid-phase organic synthesis, and associated solid-phase peptide synthesis, in neoteric solvents and reaction media that present greener alternatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan B. Lawrenson
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence , University of York , Heslington, York, YO10 5DD , UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kumar A, Jad YE, de la Torre BG, El-Faham A, Albericio F. Re-evaluating the stability of COMU in different solvents. J Pept Sci 2017; 23:763-768. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.3024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar
- School of Chemistry and Physics; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban 4001 South Africa
- School of Health Sciences; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban 4001 South Africa
| | - Yahya E. Jad
- School of Health Sciences; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban 4001 South Africa
| | - Beatriz G. de la Torre
- School of Health Sciences; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban 4001 South Africa
- School of Laboratory of Medicine and Medical Sciences; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban 4001 South Africa
| | - Ayman El-Faham
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science; King Saud University; PO Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science; Alexandria University; PO Box 426, Ibrahimia 12321 Alexandria Egypt
| | - Fernando Albericio
- School of Chemistry and Physics; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban 4001 South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science; King Saud University; PO Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Barcelona; 08028 Barcelona Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine; Barcelona Science Park; Barcelona 08028 Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kumar A, Jad YE, El-Faham A, de la Torre BG, Albericio F. Green solid-phase peptide synthesis 4. γ-Valerolactone and N -formylmorpholine as green solvents for solid phase peptide synthesis. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
20
|
Jad YE, Govender T, Kruger HG, El-Faham A, de la Torre BG, Albericio F. Green Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis (GSPPS) 3. Green Solvents for Fmoc Removal in Peptide Chemistry. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ayman El-Faham
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Ibrahimia, Alexandria 21321, Egypt
| | | | - Fernando Albericio
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franqués 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering,
Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona
Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Paradís-Bas M, Tulla-Puche J, Albericio F. The road to the synthesis of "difficult peptides". Chem Soc Rev 2015; 45:631-54. [PMID: 26612670 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00680e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed a renaissance of peptides as drugs. This progress, together with advances in the structural behavior of peptides, has attracted the interest of the pharmaceutical industry in these molecules as potential APIs. In the past, major peptide-based drugs were inspired by sequences extracted from natural structures of low molecular weight. In contrast, nowadays, the peptides being studied by academic and industrial groups comprise more sophisticated sequences. For instance, they consist of long amino acid chains and show a high tendency to form aggregates. Some researchers have claimed that preparing medium-sized proteins is now feasible with chemical ligation techniques, in contrast to medium-sized peptide syntheses. The complexity associated with the synthesis of certain peptides is exemplified by the so-called "difficult peptides", a concept introduced in the 80's. This refers to sequences that show inter- or intra-molecular β-sheet interactions significant enough to form aggregates during peptide synthesis. These structural associations are stabilized and mediated by non-covalent hydrogen bonds that arise on the backbone of the peptide and-depending on the sequence-are favored. The tendency of peptide chains to aggregate is translated into a list of common behavioral features attributed to "difficult peptides" which hinder their synthesis. In this regard, this manuscript summarizes the strategies used to overcome the inherent difficulties associated with the synthesis of known "difficult peptides". Here we evaluate several external factors, as well as methods to incorporate chemical modifications into sequences, in order to describe the strategies that are effective for the synthesis of "difficult peptides". These approaches have been classified and ordered to provide an extensive guide for achieving the synthesis of peptides with the aforementioned features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Paradís-Bas
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
2-Methyltetrahydrofuran and cyclopentyl methyl ether for green solid-phase peptide synthesis. Amino Acids 2015; 48:419-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2095-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
24
|
Jad YE, Khattab SN, de la Torre BG, Govender T, Kruger HG, El-Faham A, Albericio F. EDC·HCl and Potassium Salts of Oxyma and Oxyma-B as Superior Coupling Cocktails for Peptide Synthesis. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
25
|
Jad YE, Acosta GA, Khattab SN, de la Torre BG, Govender T, Kruger HG, El-Faham A, Albericio F. Peptide synthesis beyond DMF: THF and ACN as excellent and friendlier alternatives. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:2393-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02046d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To date, DMF has been considered as the only solvent suitable for peptide synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yahya E. Jad
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit
- School of Health Sciences
- University of Kwazulu-Natal
- Durban 4001
- South Africa
| | - Gerardo A. Acosta
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine-Barcelona
- 08028-Barcelona
- Spain
- CIBER-BBN
- Networking Centre on Bioengineering
| | - Sherine N. Khattab
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Alexandria University
- Alexandria 21321
- Egypt
| | - Beatriz G. de la Torre
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit
- School of Health Sciences
- University of Kwazulu-Natal
- Durban 4001
- South Africa
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit
- School of Health Sciences
- University of Kwazulu-Natal
- Durban 4001
- South Africa
| | - Hendrik G. Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit
- School of Health Sciences
- University of Kwazulu-Natal
- Durban 4001
- South Africa
| | - Ayman El-Faham
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Alexandria University
- Alexandria 21321
- Egypt
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit
- School of Health Sciences
- University of Kwazulu-Natal
- Durban 4001
- South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cherkupally P, Ramesh S, de la Torre BG, Govender T, Kruger HG, Albericio F. Immobilized coupling reagents: synthesis of amides/peptides. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2014; 16:579-601. [PMID: 25330282 DOI: 10.1021/co500126y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The primary idea of using immobilized reagents in organic synthetic chemistry is to simplify the downstream process, product workup and isolation, and therefore avoiding time-consuming and expensive chromatographic separations, which are intrinsic to every synthetic process. Numerous polymer-bounded reagents are commercially available and applicable to almost all kinds of synthetic chemistry conversions. Herein, we have covered all known supported-coupling reagents and bases which have had a great impact in amide/peptide bond formation. These coupling reagents have been used for the activation of a carboxyl moiety; thus generating an active acylating species that is ready to couple with an amine nucleophile liberating the amide/peptide and polymeric support which can be regenerated for reuse. This also addresses a large variety of anchored coupling reagents, additives, and bases that have only been employed in amide/peptide syntheses during the last six decades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakar Cherkupally
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Suhas Ramesh
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Beatriz G. de la Torre
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
- School of Chemistry, Yachay Tech, Yachay City of Knowledge, 100119 Urcuqui, Ecuador
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G. Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
- School of Chemistry, Yachay Tech, Yachay City of Knowledge, 100119 Urcuqui, Ecuador
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine-Barcelona (IRB-Barcelona), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Paradís-Bas M, Tulla-Puche J, Albericio F. 2-Methoxy-4-methylsulfinylbenzyl: a backbone amide safety-catch protecting group for the synthesis and purification of difficult peptide sequences. Chemistry 2014; 20:15031-9. [PMID: 25280354 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of 2-methoxy-4-methylsulfinylbenzyl (Mmsb) as a new backbone amide-protecting group that acts as a safety-catch structure is proposed. Mmsb, which is stable during the elongation of the sequence and trifluoroacetic acid-mediated cleavage from the resin, improves the synthetic process as well as the properties of the quasi-unprotected peptide. Mmsb offers the possibility of purifying and characterizing complex peptide sequences, and renders the target peptide after NH4 I/TFA treatment and subsequent ether precipitation to remove the cleaved Mmsb moiety. First, the "difficult peptide" sequence H-(Ala)10-NH2 was selected as a model to optimize the new protecting group strategy. Second, the complex, bioactive Ac-(RADA)4-NH2 sequence was chosen to validate this methodology. The improvements in solid-phase peptide synthesis combined with the enhanced solubility of the quasi-unprotected peptides, as compared with standard sequences, made it possible to obtain purified Ac-(RADA)4-NH2. To extend the scope of the approach, the challenging Aβ(1-42) peptide was synthesized and purified in a similar manner. The proposed Mmsb strategy opens up the possibility of synthesizing other challenging small proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Paradís-Bas
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona, 08028 (Spain), Fax: (+34) 93-4037126; CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona, 08028 (Spain)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Jad YE, Khattab SN, de la Torre BG, Govender T, Kruger HG, El-Faham A, Albericio F. Oxyma-B, an excellent racemization suppressor for peptide synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:8379-85. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01612b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxyma-B, a superb additive for the control of optical purity during the synthesis of peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yahya E. Jad
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit
- School of Health Sciences
- University of Kwazulu-Natal
- Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Sherine N. Khattab
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Alexandria University
- Alexandria 21321, Egypt
| | - Beatriz G. de la Torre
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit
- School of Health Sciences
- University of Kwazulu-Natal
- Durban 4001, South Africa
- School of Chemistry
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit
- School of Health Sciences
- University of Kwazulu-Natal
- Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G. Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit
- School of Health Sciences
- University of Kwazulu-Natal
- Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Ayman El-Faham
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Alexandria University
- Alexandria 21321, Egypt
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit
- School of Health Sciences
- University of Kwazulu-Natal
- Durban 4001, South Africa
- School of Chemistry
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Palomo JM. Solid-phase peptide synthesis: an overview focused on the preparation of biologically relevant peptides. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02458c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tailor-made design preparation of complex peptide sequence including posttranslational modifications, fluorescent labels, unnatural amino acids are of exceptional value for biological studies of several important diseases. The possibility to obtain these molecules in sufficient amounts in relative short time is thanks to the solid-phase approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose M. Palomo
- Departamento of Biocatalisis
- Instituto de Catalisis (CSIC)
- Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
El-Faham A, Khattab SN, Subirós-Funosas R, Albericio F. BOP-OXy, BOP-OBt, and BOP-OAt: novel organophosphinic coupling reagents useful for solution and solid-phase peptide synthesis. J Pept Sci 2013; 20:1-6. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayman El-Faham
- Department of Chemistry; College of Science; King Saud University; P.O. Box 2455 11451 Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Alexandria University; P.O. Box 426 Ibrahimia Alexandria 21321 Egypt
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine-Barcelona; Baldiri Reixac 10 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Sherine N. Khattab
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Alexandria University; P.O. Box 426 Ibrahimia Alexandria 21321 Egypt
| | - Ramon Subirós-Funosas
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine-Barcelona; Baldiri Reixac 10 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Networking Centre on Bioengineering; Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN); Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Institut fuer Chemie; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 D-12489 Berlin
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine-Barcelona; Baldiri Reixac 10 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Networking Centre on Bioengineering; Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN); Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10 08028 Barcelona Spain
- School of Chemistry & Physics; University of KwaZulu-Natal; 4001 Durban South Africa
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Barcelona; Marti i Franques 1-11 08028 Barcelona Spain
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Yoon H, Lee CH, Jeong YH, Gee HC, Jang WD. A zinc porphyrin-based molecular probe for the determination of contamination in commercial acetonitrile. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:5109-11. [PMID: 22513816 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc31149f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A zinc porphyrin-based receptor containing four triazole groups at the ortho-position of each phenyl group (1) was utilized as a useful probe for the determination of contaminants in acetonitrile (MeCN). Through the simple observation of the absorption spectrum of 1 in MeCN, the cyanide contamination concentration could be directly determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongsik Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
García-Ramos Y, Paradís-Bas M, Tulla-Puche J, Albericio F. ChemMatrix(®) for complex peptides and combinatorial chemistry. J Pept Sci 2011; 16:675-8. [PMID: 20853309 DOI: 10.1002/psc.1282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
CM resin is a totally PEG-based resin, made exclusively from primary ether bonds and therefore highly chemically stable. Compared to other PEG resins, it exhibits good loading and is user friendly because of its free-flowing form upon drying. It shows improved performance over PS resins for the preparation of hydrophobic, highly structured poly-Arg peptides. In combination with ψPros, it allows the synthesis of small proteins such as the chemokine RANTES. Like other PEG-based resins, CM resin swells well in biocompatible solvents such as water, thereby allowing on-bead screening. Furthermore, the high loading of this resin permits the use of a tiny quarter of a bead as a microreactor for HPLC and MALDI-TOF analysis, thus further extending its applications in the field of combinatorial chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yésica García-Ramos
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
García-Ramos Y, Giraud M, Tulla-Puche J, Albericio F. Optimized Fmoc solid-phase synthesis of Thymosin alpha1 by side-chain anchoring onto a PEG resin. Biopolymers 2010; 92:565-72. [PMID: 19802821 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Thymosin alpha1 is a 28-amino acid acetylated peptide used for the treatment of hepatitis B and C. This peptide has a difficult sequence because of the presence of consecutive beta-branched amino acids and shows a tendency to form beta-sheet structures, partly as a result of the many protecting groups required to assemble the peptide (up to 20 side-chain protecting groups). Consequently, its synthesis has been generally achieved by convergent solution chemistry. Here we report a straightforward stepwise solid-phase synthesis on a polyethylene glycol solid-support that enables the scaling-up of this key therapeutic peptide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yésica García-Ramos
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|