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Kurniaty N, Maharani R, Hidayat AT, Supratman U. An Overview on Antimalarial Peptides: Natural Sources, Synthetic Methodology and Biological Properties. Molecules 2023; 28:7778. [PMID: 38067508 PMCID: PMC10708299 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide compounds play a significant role in medicinal chemistry as they can inhibit the activity of species that cause malaria. This literature review summarizes the isolation of antimalarial peptides, the synthesis method with the detailed structure and sequences of each peptide, and discusses the biological activity of the isolated and synthesized compounds. The synthetic routes and reactions for cyclic and linear antimalarial peptides are systematically highlighted in this review including preparing building blocks, protection and deprotection, coupling and cyclization reactions until the target compound is obtained. Based on the literature data and the results, this review's aim is to provide information to discover and synthesize more antimalarial peptide for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nety Kurniaty
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Islam Bandung, Jl. Tamansari No.1, Tamansari, Kec. Bandung Wetan, Kota Bandung 40116, West Java, Indonesia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (A.T.H.); (U.S.)
| | - Rani Maharani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (A.T.H.); (U.S.)
- Laboratorium Sentral, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
- Centre of Natural Products and Synthesis Studies, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Ace Tatang Hidayat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (A.T.H.); (U.S.)
- Laboratorium Sentral, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
- Centre of Natural Products and Synthesis Studies, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Unang Supratman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (A.T.H.); (U.S.)
- Laboratorium Sentral, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
- Centre of Natural Products and Synthesis Studies, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
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2
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De A, Tiwari A, Pande V, Sinha A. Evolutionary trilogy of malaria, angiotensin II and hypertension: deeper insights and the way forward. J Hum Hypertens 2022; 36:344-351. [PMID: 34480100 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-021-00599-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite clinical and pathological distinctions between malaria and hypertension, accumulated epidemiological and evolutionary evidence indicate the need of deeper understanding how severe malaria contributes to elevated hypertension risk. Malaria is said to exert strong selection pressure on the host genome, thus selecting certain genetic polymorphisms. Few candidate polymorphisms have also been reported in the RAS (ACE I/D and ACE2 rs2106809) that are shown to increase angiotensin II (ang II) levels in a combinatorial manner. The raised ang II has some antiplasmodial actions in addition to protecting against severe/cerebral malaria. It is hypothesized that RAS polymorphisms may have been naturally selected over time in the malaria-endemic areas in such a way that hypertension, or the risk thereof, is higher in such areas as compared to non-malaria endemic areas. The purpose of this review is to gain deeper insights into various sparse evidence linking malaria and hypertension and suggesting a way forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auley De
- Parasite-Host Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Aparna Tiwari
- Parasite-Host Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Bhimtal, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Veena Pande
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhimtal, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Abhinav Sinha
- Parasite-Host Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India.
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3
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Torres MDT, Silva AF, Andrade GP, Pedron CN, Cerchiaro G, Ribeiro AO, Oliveira VX, de la Fuente‐Nunez C. The wasp venom antimicrobial peptide polybia-CP and its synthetic derivatives display antiplasmodial and anticancer properties. Bioeng Transl Med 2020; 5:e10167. [PMID: 33005737 PMCID: PMC7510464 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The wasp venom-derived antimicrobial peptide polybia-CP has been previously shown to exhibit potent antimicrobial activity, but it is also highly toxic. Previously, using a physicochemical-guided peptide design strategy, we reversed its toxicity while preserving and even enhancing its antibacterial properties. Here, we report on several additional unanticipated biological properties of polybia-CP and derivatives, namely their ability to target Plasmodium sporozoites and cancer cells. We leverage a physicochemical-guided approach to identify features that operate as functional hotspots making these peptides viable antiplasmodial and anticancer agents. Helical content and net positive charge are identified as key structural and physicochemical determinants for antiplasmodial activity. In addition to helicity and net charge, hydrophobicity-related properties of polybia-CP and derivatives were found to be equally critical to target cancer cells. We demonstrate that by tuning these physicochemical parameters, it is possible to design synthetic peptides with enhanced submicromolar antiplasmodial potency and micromolar anticancer activity. This study reveals novel and previously undescribed functions for Polybia-CP and analogs. Additionally, we demonstrate that a physicochemical-guided rational design strategy can be used for identifying functional hotspots in peptide molecules and for tuning structure-function to generate novel and potent new-to-nature therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo D. T. Torres
- Machine Biology Group, Departments of Psychiatry and Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, Penn Institute for Computational Science, and Department of BioengineeringUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Adriana F. Silva
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e HumanasUniversidade Federal do ABCSanto AndréSPBrazil
- Departamento de BioquímicaUniversidade Federal de São PauloSão PauloSPBrazil
| | - Gislaine P. Andrade
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e HumanasUniversidade Federal do ABCSanto AndréSPBrazil
| | - Cibele N. Pedron
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e HumanasUniversidade Federal do ABCSanto AndréSPBrazil
| | - Giselle Cerchiaro
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e HumanasUniversidade Federal do ABCSanto AndréSPBrazil
| | - Anderson O. Ribeiro
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e HumanasUniversidade Federal do ABCSanto AndréSPBrazil
| | - Vani X. Oliveira
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e HumanasUniversidade Federal do ABCSanto AndréSPBrazil
- Departamento de BiofísicaUniversidade Federal de São PauloSão PauloSPBrazil
| | - Cesar de la Fuente‐Nunez
- Machine Biology Group, Departments of Psychiatry and Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, Penn Institute for Computational Science, and Department of BioengineeringUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
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4
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Helton LG, Kennedy EJ. Targeting Plasmodium with constrained peptides and peptidomimetics. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:1103-1114. [PMID: 32037730 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Malaria remains a worldwide health concern with an estimated quarter of a billion people infected and nearly half a million deaths annually. Malaria is caused by a parasite infection from Plasmodium strains which are transmitted from mosquitoes into the human host. Although several small molecule inhibitors have been found to target the early stages of transmission and prevent parasite proliferation, multiple drug resistant parasite strains have emerged and drug resistance remains a major hurdle. As an alternative to small molecule inhibition, several peptide-based therapeutics have been explored for their potential as antimalarial compounds. Chemically constrained peptides or peptidomimetics were developed to target large binding interfaces of parasite-based proteins that have historically been difficult to selectively inhibit using small molecules. Here, we review ongoing research aimed at developing constrained peptides targeting protein-protein interactions pertinent to malaria pathogenesis. These targets include Falcipain-2, the J domain of CDPK1, myosin A tail domain interacting protein, the PKA signaling pathway, and an unclear signaling pathway involving angiotensin-derived peptides. Diverse synthetic methods were also used for each target. Merging parasite biology with synthetic strategies may provide new opportunities to develop alternative methods for uncovering novel antimalarials and may offer an alternate source for targeting drug-resistant parasite strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah G Helton
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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Der Torossian Torres M, de la Fuente-Nunez C. Reprogramming biological peptides to combat infectious diseases. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:15020-15032. [PMID: 31782426 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc07898c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid spread of resistance among parasites and bacterial pathogens, antibiotic-resistant infections have drawn much attention worldwide. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop new strategies to treat neglected diseases and drug-resistant infections. Here, we outline several new strategies that have been developed to counter pathogenic microorganisms by designing and constructing antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). In addition to traditional discovery and design mechanisms guided by chemical biology, synthetic biology and computationally-based approaches offer useful tools for the discovery and generation of bioactive peptides. We believe that the convergence of such fields, coupled with systematic experimentation in animal models, will help translate biological peptides into the clinic. The future of anti-infective therapeutics is headed towards specifically designed molecules whose form is driven by computer-based frameworks. These molecules are selective, stable, and active at therapeutic doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Der Torossian Torres
- Machine Biology Group, Departments of Psychiatry and Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, and Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Cesar de la Fuente-Nunez
- Machine Biology Group, Departments of Psychiatry and Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, and Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Torres MD, Sothiselvam S, Lu TK, de la Fuente-Nunez C. Peptide Design Principles for Antimicrobial Applications. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:3547-3567. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Torres MDT, Andrade GP, Sato RH, Pedron CN, Manieri TM, Cerchiaro G, Ribeiro AO, de la Fuente-Nunez C, Oliveira VX. Natural and redesigned wasp venom peptides with selective antitumoral activity. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:1693-1703. [PMID: 30013694 PMCID: PMC6036970 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
About 1 in 8 U.S. women (≈12%) will develop invasive breast cancer over the course of their lifetime. Surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and hormone manipulation constitute the major treatment options for breast cancer. Here, we show that both a natural antimicrobial peptide (AMP) derived from wasp venom (decoralin, Dec-NH2), and its synthetic variants generated via peptide design, display potent activity against cancer cells. We tested the derivatives at increasing doses and observed anticancer activity at concentrations as low as 12.5 μmol L−1 for the selective targeting of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Flow cytometry assays further revealed that treatment with wild-type (WT) peptide Dec-NH2 led to necrosis of MCF-7 cells. Additional atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements indicated that the roughness of cancer cell membranes increased significantly when treated with lead peptides compared to controls. Biophysical features such as helicity, hydrophobicity, and net positive charge were identified to play an important role in the anticancer activity of the peptides. Indeed, abrupt changes in peptide hydrophobicity and conformational propensity led to peptide inactivation, whereas increasing the net positive charge of peptides enhanced their activity. We present peptide templates with selective activity towards breast cancer cells that leave normal cells unaffected. These templates represent excellent scaffolds for the design of selective anticancer peptide therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo D T Torres
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, 09210580, SP, Brazil.,Synthetic Biology Group, MIT Synthetic Biology Center, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Department of Biological Engineering, and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, The Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Cambridge, 02139, MA, United States of America
| | - Gislaine P Andrade
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, 09210580, SP, Brazil
| | - Roseli H Sato
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, 09210580, SP, Brazil
| | - Cibele N Pedron
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, 09210580, SP, Brazil
| | - Tania M Manieri
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, 09210580, SP, Brazil
| | - Giselle Cerchiaro
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, 09210580, SP, Brazil
| | - Anderson O Ribeiro
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, 09210580, SP, Brazil
| | - Cesar de la Fuente-Nunez
- Synthetic Biology Group, MIT Synthetic Biology Center, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Department of Biological Engineering, and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, The Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Cambridge, 02139, MA, United States of America
| | - Vani X Oliveira
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, 09210580, SP, Brazil
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Silva AF, Torres MDT, Silva LS, Alves FL, de Sá Pinheiro AA, Miranda A, Capurro ML, de la Fuente-Nunez C, Oliveira VX. Angiotensin II-derived constrained peptides with antiplasmodial activity and suppressed vasoconstriction. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14326. [PMID: 29085013 PMCID: PMC5662717 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14642-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a natural mammalian hormone that has been described to exhibit antiplasmodial activity therefore constituting a promising alternative for the treatment of malaria. Despite its promise, the development of Ang II as an antimalarial is limited by its potent induction of vasoconstriction and its rapid degradation within minutes. Here, we used peptide design to perform targeted chemical modifications to Ang II to generate conformationally restricted (disulfide-crosslinked) peptide derivatives with suppressed vasoconstrictor activity and increased stability. Designed constrained peptides were synthesized chemically and then tested for antiplasmodial activity. Two lead constrained peptides were identified (i.e., peptides 1 and 2), each composed of 10 amino acid residues. These peptides exhibited very promising activity in both our Plasmodium gallinaceum (>80%) and Plasmodium falciparum (>40%) models, an activity that was equivalent to that of Ang II, and led to complete suppression of vasoconstriction. In addition, peptide 5 exhibited selective activity towards the pre-erythrocytic stage (98% of activity against P. gallinaceum), thus suggesting that it may be possible to design peptides that target specific stages of the malaria life cycle. The Ang II derived stable scaffolds presented here may provide the basis for development of a new generation of peptide-based drugs for the treatment of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Farias Silva
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Der Torossian Torres
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil.,Synthetic Biology Group, MIT Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,The Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Leandro Souza Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Flavio Lopes Alves
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Acácia de Sá Pinheiro
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Antonio Miranda
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Margareth Lara Capurro
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cesar de la Fuente-Nunez
- Synthetic Biology Group, MIT Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. .,Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. .,Department of Biological Engineering, and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. .,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. .,The Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Vani Xavier Oliveira
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil.
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Silva AF, Oliveira VX, Silva LS, Pinheiro AA, Ciscato LF. Antiplasmodial activity of alkyl-substituted 1,2-dioxetanes against Plasmodium falciparum. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5007-5008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.08.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Silva LS, Silva-Filho JL, Caruso-Neves C, Pinheiro AAS. New Concepts in Malaria Pathogenesis: The Role of the Renin-Angiotensin System. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 5:103. [PMID: 26779452 PMCID: PMC4703750 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a worldwide health problem leading the death of millions of people. The disease is induced by different species of protozoa parasites from the genus Plasmodium. In humans, Plasmodium falciparum is the most dangerous species responsible for severe disease. Despite all efforts to establish the pathogenesis of malaria, it is far from being fully understood. In addition, resistance to existing drugs has developed in several strains and the development of new effective compounds to fight these parasites is a major issue. Recent discoveries indicate the potential role of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in malaria infection. Angiotensin receptors have not been described in the parasite genome, however several reports in the literature suggest a direct effect of angiotensin-derived peptides on different aspects of the host-parasite interaction. The aim of this review is to highlight new findings on the involvement of the RAS in parasite development and in the regulation of the host immune response in an attempt to expand our knowledge of the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro S Silva
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Sinalização Celular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João Luiz Silva-Filho
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Sinalização Celular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Celso Caruso-Neves
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Sinalização Celular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia e Bioimagem Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/MCTRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Acacia S Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Sinalização Celular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Nacional para Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/MCTRio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Deroost K, Pham TT, Opdenakker G, Van den Steen PE. The immunological balance between host and parasite in malaria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 40:208-57. [PMID: 26657789 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coevolution of humans and malaria parasites has generated an intricate balance between the immune system of the host and virulence factors of the parasite, equilibrating maximal parasite transmission with limited host damage. Focusing on the blood stage of the disease, we discuss how the balance between anti-parasite immunity versus immunomodulatory and evasion mechanisms of the parasite may result in parasite clearance or chronic infection without major symptoms, whereas imbalances characterized by excessive parasite growth, exaggerated immune reactions or a combination of both cause severe pathology and death, which is detrimental for both parasite and host. A thorough understanding of the immunological balance of malaria and its relation to other physiological balances in the body is of crucial importance for developing effective interventions to reduce malaria-related morbidity and to diminish fatal outcomes due to severe complications. Therefore, we discuss in this review the detailed mechanisms of anti-malarial immunity, parasite virulence factors including immune evasion mechanisms and pathogenesis. Furthermore, we propose a comprehensive classification of malaria complications according to the different types of imbalances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Deroost
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, NW71AA, UK
| | - Thao-Thy Pham
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe E Van den Steen
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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12
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Anti-plasmodial activity of bradykinin and analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3311-3. [PMID: 26077496 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To find effective new candidate antimalarial drugs, bradykinin and its analogs were synthesized and tested for effectiveness against Plasmodium gallinaceum sporozoites and Plasmodium falciparum on erythrocytes. Among them, bradykinin and its P2 analog presented high activity against Plasmodium gallinaceum, but they degrade in plasma. On the other hand, RI-BbKI did not degrade and reached high activity. No analog was active against Plasmodium falciparum.
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