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Sato K, Uemura H, Narumi T, Mase N. Leveraging Hydrazide as Protection for Carboxylic Acid: Suppression of Aspartimide Formation during Fmoc Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis. Org Lett 2024; 26:4497-4501. [PMID: 38768369 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Despite numerous optimizations in peptide synthesis, the formation of aspartimide remains a significant side reaction that needs to be addressed. Herein, we introduce an approach that utilizes hydrazide as a carboxylic-acid-protecting group to reduce the formation of aspartimide. The aspartic acid hydrazide effectively suppressed the formation of aspartimide, even under microwave conditions, and was readily converted to native aspartic acid using CuSO4 in an aqueous medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Sato
- Department of Engineering Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University; 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Shizuoka University; 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University; 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University; 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
| | - Haruna Uemura
- Department of Engineering Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University; 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Narumi
- Department of Engineering Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University; 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Shizuoka University; 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University; 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University; 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Mase
- Department of Engineering Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University; 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Shizuoka University; 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University; 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University; 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
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Winkler DFH. Automated Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2021; 2103:59-94. [PMID: 31879919 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0227-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of solid-phase peptide synthesis by Bruce Merrifield paved the way for a synthesis carried out by machines. Automated peptide synthesis is a fast and convenient way of synthesizing many peptides simultaneously. This chapter tries to give a general guidance for the development of synthesis protocols for the peptide synthesizer. It also provides some suggestions for the modification of the synthesized peptides. Additionally, many examples of possible challenges during and after the synthesis are given in order to support the reader in finding the best synthesis strategy. Numerous references are given to many of the described matters.
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Neumann K, Farnung J, Baldauf S, Bode JW. Prevention of aspartimide formation during peptide synthesis using cyanosulfurylides as carboxylic acid-protecting groups. Nat Commun 2020; 11:982. [PMID: 32080186 PMCID: PMC7033154 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14755-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although peptide chemistry has made great progress, the frequent occurrence of aspartimide formation during peptide synthesis remains a formidable challenge. Aspartimide formation leads to low yields in addition to costly purification or even inaccessible peptide sequences. Here, we report an alternative approach to address this longstanding challenge of peptide synthesis by utilizing cyanosulfurylides to mask carboxylic acids by a stable C-C bond. These functional groups-formally zwitterionic species-are exceptionally stable to all common manipulations and impart improved solubility during synthesis. Deprotection is readily and rapidly achieved under aqueous conditions with electrophilic halogenating agents via a highly selective C-C bond cleavage reaction. This protecting group is employed for the synthesis of a range of peptides and proteins including teduglutide, ubiquitin, and the low-density lipoprotein class A. This protecting group strategy has the potential to overcome one of the most difficult aspects of modern peptide chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Neumann
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Farnung
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Baldauf
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey W Bode
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.
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Samson D, Rentsch D, Minuth M, Meier T, Loidl G. The aspartimide problem persists: Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl-solid-phase peptide synthesis (Fmoc-SPPS) chain termination due to formation of N-terminal piperazine-2,5-diones. J Pept Sci 2019; 25:e3193. [PMID: 31309675 PMCID: PMC6772008 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Aspartimide (Asi) formation is a notorious side reaction in peptide synthesis that is well characterized and described in literature. In this context, we observed significant amounts of chain termination in Fmoc‐SPPS while synthesizing the N‐terminal Xaa‐Asp‐Yaa motif. This termination was caused by the formation of piperazine‐2,5‐diones. We investigated this side reaction using a linear model peptide and independently synthesizing its piperazine‐2,5‐dione derivative. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data of the side product present in the crude linear peptide proves that exclusively the six‐membered ring is formed whereas the theoretically conceivable seven‐membered 1,4‐diazepine‐2,5‐dione is not found. We propose a mechanism where nucleophilic attack of the N‐terminal amino function takes place at the α‐carbon of the carbonyl group of the corresponding Asi intermediate. In addition, we systematically investigated the impact of (a) different adjacent amino acid residues, (b) backbone protection, and (c) side chain protection of flanking amino acids. The side reaction is directly related to the Asi intermediate. Hence, hindering or avoiding Asi formation reduces or completely suppresses this side reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Samson
- Bachem AG, Hauptstrasse 144, CH-4416, Bubendorf, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Rentsch
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA), Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Marco Minuth
- Bachem AG, Hauptstrasse 144, CH-4416, Bubendorf, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Meier
- Bachem AG, Hauptstrasse 144, CH-4416, Bubendorf, Switzerland
| | - Günther Loidl
- Bachem AG, Hauptstrasse 144, CH-4416, Bubendorf, Switzerland
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5
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Craik DJ, Lee MH, Rehm FBH, Tombling B, Doffek B, Peacock H. Ribosomally-synthesised cyclic peptides from plants as drug leads and pharmaceutical scaffolds. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 26:2727-2737. [PMID: 28818463 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their exceptional stability and favourable pharmacokinetic properties, plant-derived cyclic peptides have recently attracted significant attention in the field of peptide-based drug design. This article describes the three major classes of ribosomally-synthesised plant peptides - the cyclotides, the PawS-derived peptides and the orbitides - and reviews their applications as leads or scaffolds in drug design. These ribosomally-produced peptides have a range of biological activities, including anti-HIV, cytotoxic and immunomodulatory activity. In addition, recent interest has focused on their use as scaffolds to stabilise bioactive peptide sequences, thereby enhancing their biopharmaceutical properties. There are now more than 30 published papers on such 'grafting' applications, most of which have been reported only in the last few years, and several such studies have reported in vivo activity of orally delivered cyclic peptides. In this article, we describe approaches to the synthesis of cyclic peptides and their pharmaceutically-grafted derivatives as well as outlining their biosynthetic routes. Finally, we describe possible bioproduction routes for pharmaceutically active cyclic peptides, involving plants and plant suspension cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Meng-Han Lee
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Fabian B H Rehm
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Benjamin Tombling
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Benjamin Doffek
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Hayden Peacock
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Raz R, Burlina F, Ismail M, Downward J, Li J, Smerdon SJ, Quibell M, White PD, Offer J. HF-Free Boc Synthesis of Peptide Thioesters for Ligation and Cyclization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:13174-13179. [PMID: 27654901 PMCID: PMC5113665 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201607657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a convenient method for the direct synthesis of peptide thioesters, versatile intermediates for peptide ligation and cyclic peptide synthesis. The technology uses a modified Boc SPPS strategy that avoids the use of anhydrous HF. Boc in situ neutralization protocols are used in combination with Merrifield hydroxymethyl resin and TFA/TMSBr cleavage. Avoiding HF extends the scope of Boc SPPS to post-translational modifications that are compatible with the milder cleavage conditions, demonstrated here with the synthesis of the phosphorylated protein CHK2. Peptide thioesters give easy, direct, access to cyclic peptides, illustrated by the synthesis of cyclorasin, a KRAS inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Raz
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Fabienne Burlina
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, ENS, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), Paris, France
- Département de Chimie, ENS, PSL Research University, UPMC, Univ Paris 06, CNRS, LBM, Paris, France
| | - Mohamed Ismail
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Julian Downward
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Jiejin Li
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - Martin Quibell
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Peter D White
- Merck Chemicals, Padge Road, Beeston, Notts, NG9 2JR, UK
| | - John Offer
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland road, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
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7
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Raz R, Burlina F, Ismail M, Downward J, Li J, Smerdon SJ, Quibell M, White PD, Offer J. HF-Free Boc Synthesis of Peptide Thioesters for Ligation and Cyclization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201607657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Raz
- The Francis Crick Institute; 1 Midland road London NW1 1AT UK
| | - Fabienne Burlina
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, ENS, CNRS; Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM); Paris France
- Département de Chimie, ENS; PSL Research University, UPMC, Univ Paris 06, CNRS, LBM; Paris France
| | - Mohamed Ismail
- The Francis Crick Institute; 1 Midland road London NW1 1AT UK
| | - Julian Downward
- The Francis Crick Institute; 1 Midland road London NW1 1AT UK
| | - Jiejin Li
- The Francis Crick Institute; 1 Midland road London NW1 1AT UK
| | | | - Martin Quibell
- The Francis Crick Institute; 1 Midland road London NW1 1AT UK
| | | | - John Offer
- The Francis Crick Institute; 1 Midland road London NW1 1AT UK
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