1
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Selg C, Grell T, Brakel A, Andrews PC, Hoffmann R, Hey-Hawkins E. Fusing Bismuth and Mercaptocarboranes: Design and Biological Evaluation of Low-Toxicity Antimicrobial Thiolato Complexes. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300759. [PMID: 38263504 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
This study proposes an innovative strategy to enhance the pharmacophore model of antimicrobial bismuth thiolato complex drugs by substituting hydrocarbon ligand structures with boron clusters, particularly icosahedral closo-dicarbadodecaborane (C2B10H12, carboranes). The hetero- and homoleptic mercaptocarborane complexes BiPh2L (1) and BiL3 (2) (L=9-S-1,2-C2B10H11) were prepared from 9-mercaptocarborane (HL) and triphenylbismuth. Comprehensive characterization using NMR, IR, MS, and XRD techniques confirmed their successful synthesis. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity in a liquid broth microdilution assay demonstrated micromolar to submicromolar minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) suggesting high effectiveness against S. aureus and limited efficacy against E. coli. This study highlights the potential of boron-containing bismuth complexes as promising antimicrobial agents, especially targeting Gram-positive bacteria, thus contributing to the advancement of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Selg
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Toni Grell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milano, Via Camillo Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Alexandra Brakel
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Philip C Andrews
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ralf Hoffmann
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Evamarie Hey-Hawkins
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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2
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Ma W, Wang Y, Xue Y, Wang M, Lu C, Guo W, Liu YH, Shu D, Shao G, Xu Q, Tu D, Yan H. Molecular engineering of AIE-active boron clustoluminogens for enhanced boron neutron capture therapy. Chem Sci 2024; 15:4019-4030. [PMID: 38487248 PMCID: PMC10935674 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06222h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of boron delivery agents bearing an imaging capability is crucial for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), yet it has been rarely explored. Here we present a new type of boron delivery agent that integrates aggregation-induced emission (AIE)-active imaging and a carborane cluster for the first time. In doing so, the new boron delivery agents have been rationally designed by incorporating a high boron content unit of a carborane cluster, an erlotinib targeting unit towards lung cancer cells, and a donor-acceptor type AIE unit bearing naphthalimide. The new boron delivery agents demonstrate both excellent AIE properties for imaging purposes and highly selective accumulation in tumors. For example, at a boron delivery agent dose of 15 mg kg-1, the boron amount reaches over 20 μg g-1, and both tumor/blood (T/B) and tumor/normal cell (T/N) ratios reach 20-30 times higher than those required by BNCT. The neutron irradiation experiments demonstrate highly efficient tumor growth suppression without any observable physical tissue damage and abnormal behavior in vivo. This study not only expands the application scopes of both AIE-active molecules and boron clusters, but also provides a new molecular engineering strategy for a deep-penetrating cancer therapeutic protocol based on BNCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yanyang Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University Nanjing 210008 China
| | - Yilin Xue
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University Nanjing 210033 China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Changsheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Wanhua Guo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanjing Tongren Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Southeast University Medical School Nanjing 210033 China
| | - Yuan-Hao Liu
- Neuboron Therapy System Ltd. Xiamen 361028 China
- Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing 210016 China
- Neuboron Medtech Ltd. Nanjing 211112 China
| | - Diyun Shu
- Neuboron Therapy System Ltd. Xiamen 361028 China
- Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing 210016 China
- Neuboron Medtech Ltd. Nanjing 211112 China
| | - Guoqiang Shao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University Nanjing 210033 China
| | - Qinfeng Xu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210029 China
| | - Deshuang Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Hong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
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3
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Grams RJ, Santos WL, Scorei IR, Abad-García A, Rosenblum CA, Bita A, Cerecetto H, Viñas C, Soriano-Ursúa MA. The Rise of Boron-Containing Compounds: Advancements in Synthesis, Medicinal Chemistry, and Emerging Pharmacology. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2441-2511. [PMID: 38382032 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Boron-containing compounds (BCC) have emerged as important pharmacophores. To date, five BCC drugs (including boronic acids and boroles) have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of cancer, infections, and atopic dermatitis, while some natural BCC are included in dietary supplements. Boron's Lewis acidity facilitates a mechanism of action via formation of reversible covalent bonds within the active site of target proteins. Boron has also been employed in the development of fluorophores, such as BODIPY for imaging, and in carboranes that are potential neutron capture therapy agents as well as novel agents in diagnostics and therapy. The utility of natural and synthetic BCC has become multifaceted, and the breadth of their applications continues to expand. This review covers the many uses and targets of boron in medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Justin Grams
- Department of Chemistry and Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, 900 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Webster L Santos
- Department of Chemistry and Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, 900 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | | | - Antonio Abad-García
- Academia de Fisiología y Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carol Ann Rosenblum
- Department of Chemistry and Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, 900 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Andrei Bita
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rareş Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Hugo Cerecetto
- Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Mataojo 2055, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Clara Viñas
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marvin A Soriano-Ursúa
- Academia de Fisiología y Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340 Mexico City, Mexico
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4
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Coghi P, Li J, Hosmane NS, Zhu Y. Next generation of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) agents for cancer treatment. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:1809-1830. [PMID: 37102375 DOI: 10.1002/med.21964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is one of the most promising treatments among neutron capture therapies due to its long-term clinical application and unequivocally obtained success during clinical trials. Boron drug and neutron play an equivalent crucial role in BNCT. Nevertheless, current clinically used l-boronophenylalanine (BPA) and sodium borocaptate (BSH) suffer from large uptake dose and low blood to tumor selectivity, and that initiated overwhelm screening of next generation of BNCT agents. Various boron agents, such as small molecules and macro/nano-vehicles, have been explored with better success. In this featured article, different types of agents are rationally analyzed and compared, and the feasible targets are shared to present a perspective view for the future of BNCT in cancer treatment. This review aims at summarizing the current knowledge of a variety of boron compounds, reported recently, for the application of BCNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Coghi
- School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Jinxin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Narayan S Hosmane
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
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Beck-Sickinger AG, Becker DP, Chepurna O, Das B, Flieger S, Hey-Hawkins E, Hosmane N, Jalisatgi SS, Nakamura H, Patil R, Vicente MDGH, Viñas C. New Boron Delivery Agents. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2023; 38:160-172. [PMID: 36350709 PMCID: PMC10325817 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2022.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This proceeding article compiles current research on the development of boron delivery drugs for boron neutron capture therapy that was presented and discussed at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Workshop on Neutron Capture Therapy that took place on April 20-22, 2022. The most used boron sources are icosahedral boron clusters attached to peptides, proteins (such as albumin), porphyrin derivatives, dendrimers, polymers, and nanoparticles, or encapsulated into liposomes. These boron clusters and/or carriers can be labeled with contrast agents allowing for the use of imaging techniques, such as PET, SPECT, and fluorescence, that enable quantification of tumor-localized boron and their use as theranostic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel P. Becker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Oksana Chepurna
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Bhaskar Das
- Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sebastian Flieger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Evamarie Hey-Hawkins
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Narayan Hosmane
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Rameshwar Patil
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Clara Viñas
- Institut de Ciencia de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
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6
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EGFR-Targeted Cellular Delivery of Therapeutic Nucleic Acids Mediated by Boron Clusters. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314793. [PMID: 36499115 PMCID: PMC9740766 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
New boron carriers with high boron content and targeted cancer-cell delivery are considered the first choice for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) for cancer treatment. Previously, we have shown that composites of antisense oligonucleotide and boron clusters are functional nanoparticles for the downregulation of expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and can be loaded into EGFR-overexpressing cancer cells without a transfection factor. In this study, we hypothesize that free cellular uptake is mediated by binding and activation of the EGFR by boron clusters. Proteomic analysis of proteins pulled-down from various EGFR-overexpressing cancer cells using short oligonucleotide probes, conjugated to 1,2-dicarba-closo-dodecaborane (1,2-DCDDB, [C2B10H12]) and [(3,3'-Iron-1,2,1',2'-dicarbollide)-] (FESAN, [Fe(C2B9H11)2]-), evidenced that boron cage binds to EGFR subdomains. Moreover, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP MS) and fluorescence microscopy analyses confirmed that FESANs-highly decorated B-ASOs were efficiently delivered and internalized by EGFR-overexpressing cells. Antisense reduction of EGFR in A431 and U87-MG cells resulted in decreased boron accumulation compared to control cells, indicating that cellular uptake of B-ASOs is related to EGFR-dependent internalization. The data obtained suggest that EGFR-mediated cellular uptake of B-ASO represents a novel strategy for cellular delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids (and possibly other medicines) conjugated to boron clusters.
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7
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Reaction of Chloroacetyl-Modified Peptides with Mercaptoundecahydrododecaborate (BSH) Is Accelerated by Basic Amino Acid Residues in the Peptide. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10112200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed a reactivity of chloroacetyl-modified tripeptides consisting of various amino acid residues (Cl-3X) and mercaptoundecahydrododecaborate (BSH) by converting Cl-3X to its reactant (BS-3X). We showed that the Cl-3X consisting of basic amino acid residues (e.g., Arg) reacted with BSH effectively and its conversion decreased as the number of Arg residues in the Cl-3X decreased. Furthermore, a reactivity of the peptides with introduction of an alkyl linker between the triarginine and the chloroacetyl group (Cl-Cn-3R) with BSH decreased with increasing alkyl linker length. These results indicate that an electrostatic attraction of positively charged amino acid residues in the tripeptides and negatively charged BSH causes BSH to gather in a vicinity of the chloroacetyl group, resulting in an accelerated reaction. This work should aid a development of new boron agents using BSH in boron neutron capture therapy.
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8
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Boron Clusters as Enhancers of RNase H Activity in the Smart Strategy of Gene Silencing by Antisense Oligonucleotides. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012190. [PMID: 36293047 PMCID: PMC9603397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Boron cluster-conjugated antisense oligonucleotides (B-ASOs) have already been developed as therapeutic agents with “two faces”, namely as potential antisense inhibitors of gene expression and as boron carriers for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). The previously observed high antisense activity of some B-ASOs targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) could not be rationally assigned to the positioning of the boron cluster unit: 1,2-dicarba-closo-dodecaborane (0), [(3,3′-Iron-1,2,1′,2′-dicarbollide) (1-), FESAN], and dodecaborate (2-) in the ASO chain and its structure or charge. For further understanding of this observation, we performed systematic studies on the efficiency of RNase H against a series of B-ASOs models. The results of kinetic analysis showed that pyrimidine-enriched B-ASO oligomers activated RNase H more efficiently than non-modified ASO. The presence of a single FESAN unit at a specific position of the B-ASO increased the kinetics of enzymatic hydrolysis of complementary RNA more than 30-fold compared with unmodified duplex ASO/RNA. Moreover, the rate of RNA hydrolysis enhanced with the increase in the negative charge of the boron cluster in the B-ASO chain. In conclusion, a “smart” strategy using ASOs conjugated with boron clusters is a milestone for the development of more efficient antisense therapeutic nucleic acids as inhibitors of gene expression.
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Sun F, Tan S, Cao H, Xu J, Bregadze VI, Tu D, Lu C, Yan H. Palladium‐Catalyzed Hydroboration of Alkynes with Carboranes: Facile Construction of a Library of Boron Cluster‐Based AIE‐Active Luminogens. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207125. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fangxiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Shuaimin Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Hou‐Ji Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Jingkai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Vladimir I. Bregadze
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds (INEOS) Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Deshuang Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Changsheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Hong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
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10
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Sun F, Tan S, Cao HJ, Xu J, Bregadze V, Tu D, Lu C, Yan H. Palladium‐Catalyzed Hydroboration of Alkynes with Carboranes: Facile Construction of a Library of Boron Cluster‐Based AIE‐Active Luminogens. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fangxiang Sun
- Nanjing University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Shuaimin Tan
- Nanjing University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Hou-Ji Cao
- Nanjing University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Jingkai Xu
- Nanjing University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Vladimir Bregadze
- Russian Academy of Science A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds (INEOS) RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Deshuang Tu
- Nanjing University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Changsheng Lu
- Nanjing University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Hong Yan
- Nanjing University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 22 Hankou Rd. 210093 Nanjing CHINA
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11
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Bukhari SNA. An insight into the multifunctional role of ghrelin and structure activity relationship studies of ghrelin receptor ligands with clinical trials. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 235:114308. [PMID: 35344905 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a multifunctional gastrointestinal acylated peptide, primarily synthesized in the stomach and regulates the secretion of growth hormone and energy homeostasis. It plays a central role in modulating the diverse biological, physiological and pathological functions in vertebrates. The synthesis of ghrelin receptor ligands after the finding of growth hormone secretagogue developed from Met-enkephalin led to reveal the endogenous ligand ghrelin and the receptors. Subsequently, many peptides, small molecules and peptidomimetics focusing on the ghrelin receptor, GHS-R1a, were derived. In this review, the key features of ghrelin's structure, forms, its bio-physiological functions, pathological roles and therapeutic potential have been highlighted. A few peptidomimetics and pseudo peptide synthetic perspectives have also been discussed to make ghrelin receptor ligands, clinical trials and their success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf, 2014, Saudi Arabia.
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12
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Chen Y, Du F, Tang L, Xu J, Zhao Y, Wu X, Li M, Shen J, Wen Q, Cho CH, Xiao Z. Carboranes as unique pharmacophores in antitumor medicinal chemistry. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 24:400-416. [PMID: 35141397 PMCID: PMC8807988 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Carborane is a carbon-boron molecular cluster that can be viewed as a 3D analog of benzene. It features special physical and chemical properties, and thus has the potential to serve as a new type of pharmacophore for drug design and discovery. Based on the relative positions of two cage carbons, icosahedral closo-carboranes can be classified into three isomers, ortho-carborane (o-carborane, 1,2-C2B10H12), meta-carborane (m-carborane, 1,7-C2B10H12), and para-carborane (p-carborane, 1,12-C2B10H12), and all of them can be deboronated to generate their nido- forms. Cage compound carborane and its derivatives have been demonstrated as useful chemical entities in antitumor medicinal chemistry. The applications of carboranes and their derivatives in the field of antitumor research mainly include boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), as BNCT/photodynamic therapy dual sensitizers, and as anticancer ligands. This review summarizes the research progress on carboranes achieved up to October 2021, with particular emphasis on signaling transduction pathways, chemical structures, and mechanistic considerations of using carboranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Fukuan Du
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Liyao Tang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Jinrun Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Yueshui Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Xu Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Mingxing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Qinglian Wen
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Chi Hin Cho
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Zhangang Xiao
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
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13
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Yang Z, Sun C, Wei X, Lu J, Lu JY. Palladium‐Catalyzed Cascade Deboronation/Regioselective B−P Coupling of closo‐Carboranes. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Yang
- Hainan University school of science CHINA
| | | | - Xing Wei
- Hainan University school of science CHINA
| | - Jian Lu
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Catalysis Division Xi'an 710065, China 710065 Xi'an CHINA
| | - Ju-You Lu
- Hainan University School of Science 58 Renmin Road, Haikou 570228, China 570228 Haikou CHINA
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14
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15
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Han GU, Shin S, Baek Y, Kim D, Lee K, Kim JG, Lee PH. Mechanochemical Iridium(III)-Catalyzed B-Amidation of o-Carboranes with Dioxazolones. Org Lett 2021; 23:8622-8627. [PMID: 34662139 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry was successfully applied to the functionalization of carboranes. The mechanochemical iridium(III)-catalyzed regioselective B(3)- and B(4)-amidation of unsubstituted o-carboranes with dioxazolones was developed. In addition, the mechanochemical iridium(III)-catalyzed regioselective B(4)-amidation of substituted o-carboranes was demonstrated. Because mechanochemical B-amidation proceeds smoothly without organic solvents or external heating, the present method is regarded as a sustainable and environmentally friendly surrogate for typical solvent-based reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Uk Han
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seohyun Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghyeon Baek
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kooyeon Lee
- Department of Bio-Health Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeung Gon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Phil Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
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16
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Wolf P, Beck-Sickinger AG. The ring size of monocyclic ET-1 controls selectivity and signaling efficiency at both endothelin receptor subtypes. J Pept Sci 2021; 27:e3325. [PMID: 33939217 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) like hypertension are a major cause for death worldwide. In the cardiovascular tissue, the endothelin system-consisting of the receptor subtypes A (ETA R) and B (ETB R) and the mixed agonist endothelin 1 (ET-1)-is a major key player in the regulation of vascular tone and blood pressure. Tight control of this system is required to maintain homeostasis; otherwise, the endothelin system can cause severe CVDs like pulmonary artery hypertension. The high sequence homology between both receptor subtypes limits the development of novel and selective ligands. Identification of small differences in receptor-ligand interactions and determination of selectivity constraints are crucial to fine-tune ligand properties and subsequent signaling events. Here, we report on novel ET-1 analogs and their detailed pharmacological characterization. We generated simplified ET-1-derived monocyclic peptides to provide an accessible synthesis route. By detailed in vitro characterization, we demonstrated that both G protein signaling and the subsequent arrestin recruitment of activated ETB R remain intact, whereas activation of the ETA R depends on the intramolecular ring size. Increasing of the intramolecular ring structure reduces activity at the ETA R and shifts the peptide toward ETB R selectivity. All ET-1 analogs displayed efficient ETB R-mediated signaling by G protein activation and arrestin 3 recruitment. Our study provides in-depth characterization of the ET-1/ETA R and ET-1/ETB R interactions, which has the potential for future development of endothelin-based drugs for CVD treatment. By identification of Lys9 for selective labeling, novel analogs for peptide-mediated shuttling by ET-1 are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Wolf
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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17
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Kellert M, Friedrichs JSJ, Ullrich NA, Feinhals A, Tepper J, Lönnecke P, Hey-Hawkins E. Modular Synthetic Approach to Carboranyl‒Biomolecules Conjugates. Molecules 2021; 26:2057. [PMID: 33916755 PMCID: PMC8038343 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of novel, tumor-selective and boron-rich compounds as potential agents for use in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) represents a very important field in cancer treatment by radiation therapy. Here, we report the design and synthesis of two promising compounds that combine meta-carborane, a water-soluble monosaccharide and a linking unit, namely glycine or ethylenediamine, for facile coupling with various tumor-selective biomolecules bearing a free amino or carboxylic acid group. In this work, coupling experiments with two selected biomolecules, a coumarin derivative and folic acid, were included. The task of every component in this approach was carefully chosen: the carborane moiety supplies ten boron atoms, which is a tenfold increase in boron content compared to the l-boronophenylalanine (l-BPA) presently used in BNCT; the sugar moiety compensates for the hydrophobic character of the carborane; the linking unit, depending on the chosen biomolecule, acts as the connection between the tumor-selective component and the boron-rich moiety; and the respective tumor-selective biomolecule provides the necessary selectivity. This approach makes it possible to develop a modular and feasible strategy for the synthesis of readily obtainable boron-rich agents with optimized properties for potential applications in BNCT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Evamarie Hey-Hawkins
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.K.); (J.-S.J.F.); (N.A.U.); (A.F.); (J.T.); (P.L.)
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18
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Gruzdev DA, Levit GL, Krasnov VP, Charushin VN. Carborane-containing amino acids and peptides: Synthesis, properties and applications. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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19
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Chen M, Zhao D, Xu J, Li C, Lu C, Yan H. Electrooxidative B−H Functionalization of
nido
‐Carboranes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202015299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Deshi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Jingkai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Chunxiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Changsheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Hong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
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20
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Chen M, Zhao D, Xu J, Li C, Lu C, Yan H. Electrooxidative B-H Functionalization of nido-Carboranes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7838-7844. [PMID: 33372727 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An atom-economical method for the direct B-H functionalization of nido-carboranes (7,8-nido-C2 B9 H12 - ) has been developed under electrochemical reaction conditions. In this reaction system, anodic oxidation serves as a green alternative for traditional chemical oxidants in the oxidation of nido-carboranes. No transition-metal catalyst is required and different heteroatoms bearing a lone pair are reactive in this transformation. Coupling nido-carboranes with thioethers, selenides, tellurides, N-heterocycles, phosphates, phosphines, arsenides and antimonides demonstrates high site-selectivity and efficiency. Importantly, nido-carboranes can be easily incorporated into drug motifs through this reaction protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Deshi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jingkai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chunxiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Changsheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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21
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Han GU, Baek Y, Lee K, Shin S, Chan Noh H, Lee PH. Iridium-Catalyzed Cage B(4)-Amidation Reaction of o-Carboranes with Dioxazolones: Selective Synthesis of Amidated o-Carboranes and Amidated and Methoxycarbonylated nido-Carboranes. Org Lett 2020; 23:416-420. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gi Uk Han
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghyeon Baek
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsup Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seohyun Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Chan Noh
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Phil Ho Lee
- The Korean Academy of Science and Technology, Seongnam 13630, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
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22
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Hoppenz P, Els-Heindl S, Beck-Sickinger AG. Peptide-Drug Conjugates and Their Targets in Advanced Cancer Therapies. Front Chem 2020; 8:571. [PMID: 32733853 PMCID: PMC7359416 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer became recently the leading cause of death in industrialized countries. Even though standard treatments achieve significant effects in growth inhibition and tumor elimination, they cause severe side effects as most of the applied drugs exhibit only minor selectivity for the malignant tissue. Hence, specific addressing of tumor cells without affecting healthy tissue is currently a major desire in cancer therapy. Cell surface receptors, which bind peptides are frequently overexpressed on cancer cells and can therefore be considered as promising targets for selective tumor therapy. In this review, the benefits of peptides as tumor homing agents are presented and an overview of the most commonly addressed peptide receptors is given. A special focus was set on the bombesin receptor family and the neuropeptide Y receptor family. In the second part, the specific requirements of peptide-drug conjugates (PDC) and intelligent linker structures as an essential component of PDC are outlined. Furthermore, different drug cargos are presented including classical and recent toxic agents as well as radionuclides for diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. In the last part, boron neutron capture therapy as advanced targeted cancer therapy is introduced and past and recent developments are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hoppenz
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sylvia Els-Heindl
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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23
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Worm DJ, Els‐Heindl S, Beck‐Sickinger AG. Targeting of peptide‐binding receptors on cancer cells with peptide‐drug conjugates. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J. Worm
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of BiochemistryLeipzig University Leipzig Germany
| | - Sylvia Els‐Heindl
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of BiochemistryLeipzig University Leipzig Germany
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24
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Hoppenz P, Els-Heindl S, Kellert M, Kuhnert R, Saretz S, Lerchen HG, Köbberling J, Riedl B, Hey-Hawkins E, Beck-Sickinger AG. A Selective Carborane-Functionalized Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor Agonist as Boron Delivery Agent for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy. J Org Chem 2019; 85:1446-1457. [PMID: 31813224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) allows the selective elimination of malignant tumor cells without affecting healthy tissue. Although this binary radiotherapy approach has been known for decades, BNCT failed to reach the daily clinics to date. One of the reasons is the lack of selective boron delivery agents. Using boron loaded peptide conjugates, which address G protein-coupled receptors overexpressed on tumor cells allow the intracellular accumulation of boron. The gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) is a well-known target in cancer diagnosis and can potentially be used for BNCT. Here, we present the successful introduction of multiple bis-deoxygalactosyl-carborane building blocks to the GRPR-selective ligand [d-Phe6, β-Ala11, Ala13, Nle14]Bn(6-14) (sBB2L) generating peptide conjugates with up to 80 boron atoms per molecule. Receptor activation was retained, metabolic stability was increased, and uptake into PC3 cells was proven without showing any intrinsic cytotoxicity. Furthermore, undesired uptake into liver cells was suppressed by using l-deoxygalactosyl modified carborane building blocks. Due to its high boron loading and excellent GRPR selectivity, this conjugate can be considered as a promising boron delivery agent for BNCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hoppenz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences , Leipzig University , Brüderstrasse 34 , 04103 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Sylvia Els-Heindl
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences , Leipzig University , Brüderstrasse 34 , 04103 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Martin Kellert
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry , Leipzig University , Johannisallee 29 , 04103 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Robert Kuhnert
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry , Leipzig University , Johannisallee 29 , 04103 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Stefan Saretz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry , Leipzig University , Johannisallee 29 , 04103 Leipzig , Germany
| | | | | | - Bernd Riedl
- Bayer AG , Aprather Weg 18A , Wuppertal , Germany
| | - Evamarie Hey-Hawkins
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry , Leipzig University , Johannisallee 29 , 04103 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Annette G Beck-Sickinger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences , Leipzig University , Brüderstrasse 34 , 04103 Leipzig , Germany
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25
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Kellert M, Hoppenz P, Lönnecke P, Worm DJ, Riedl B, Koebberling J, Beck-Sickinger AG, Hey-Hawkins E. Tuning a modular system - synthesis and characterisation of a boron-rich s-triazine-based carboxylic acid and amine bearing a galactopyranosyl moiety. Dalton Trans 2019; 49:57-69. [PMID: 31808482 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04031e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction of a bis(isopropylidene)-protected galactopyranosyl moiety in s-triazine-based boron-rich carboxylic acids and amines results in soluble and suitable coupling partners for tumour-selective biomolecules with applications as selective agents for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). Bearing either a carboxylic acid or primary amine as a functional group, these compounds are highly versatile and thus largely extend the possible coupling strategies with suitable biomolecules. Modification of the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) selective agonist [d-Phe6, β-Ala11, Ala13, Nle14]Bn(6-14) with the carboxylic acid derivative yielded a bioconjugate with an optimal receptor activation and internalisation profile. This demonstrates the great potential of this approach for the development of novel boron delivery agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kellert
- Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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26
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Worm DJ, Hoppenz P, Els-Heindl S, Kellert M, Kuhnert R, Saretz S, Köbberling J, Riedl B, Hey-Hawkins E, Beck-Sickinger AG. Selective Neuropeptide Y Conjugates with Maximized Carborane Loading as Promising Boron Delivery Agents for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy. J Med Chem 2019; 63:2358-2371. [PMID: 31589041 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors like the human Y1 receptor (hY1R) are promising targets in cancer therapy due to their high overexpression on cancer cells and their ability to internalize together with the bound ligand. This mechanism was exploited to shuttle boron atoms into cancer cells for the application of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), a noninvasive approach to eliminate cancer cells. A maximized number of carboranes was introduced to the hY1R-preferring ligand [F7,P34]-NPY by solid phase peptide synthesis. Branched conjugates loaded with up to 80 boron atoms per peptide molecule exhibited a maintained receptor activation profile, and the selective uptake into hY1R-expressing cells was demonstrated by internalization studies. In order to ensure appropriate solubility in aqueous solution, we proved the need for eight hydroxyl groups per carborane. Thus, we suggest the utilization of bis-deoxygalactosyl-carborane building blocks in solid phase peptide synthesis to produce selective boron delivery agents for BNCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J Worm
- Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paul Hoppenz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sylvia Els-Heindl
- Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Kellert
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert Kuhnert
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Saretz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Bernd Riedl
- Bayer AG, Aprather Weg 18A, 42113 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Evamarie Hey-Hawkins
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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27
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Nicke L, Müller R, Geyer A, Els-Heindl S. Side Chain Orientation of Tryptophan Analogues Determines Agonism and Inverse Agonism in Short Ghrelin Peptides. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1849-1855. [PMID: 31442005 PMCID: PMC6899459 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe two synthetic amino acids with inverted side chain stereochemistry, which induce opposite biological activity. Phe4 is an important part of the activation motif of ghrelin, and in short peptide inverse agonists such as KwFwLL-NH2 , the aromatic core is necessary for inactivation of the receptor. To restrict indole/phenyl mobility and simultaneously strengthen the interaction between peptide and receptor, we exchanged the natural monoaryl amino acids for diaryl amino acids derived from tryptophan. By standard solid-phase peptide synthesis, each of them was inserted into ghrelin or in the aromatic core of the inverse agonist. Both ghrelin analogues showed nanomolar activity, indicating sufficient space to accommodate the additional side chain. In contrast, diaryl amino acids in the inverse agonist had considerable influence on receptor signaling. Whereas the introduction of Wsf maintains inverse agonism of the peptide, Wrf shifts the receptor more to active states and can induce agonism depending on its introduction site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Nicke
- Faculty of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ronny Müller
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Armin Geyer
- Faculty of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sylvia Els-Heindl
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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28
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Kellert M, Lönnecke P, Riedl B, Koebberling J, Hey-Hawkins E. Enlargement of a Modular System-Synthesis and Characterization of an s-Triazine-Based Carboxylic Acid Ester Bearing a Galactopyranosyl Moiety and an Enormous Boron Load. Molecules 2019; 24:E3288. [PMID: 31509949 PMCID: PMC6767515 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The amount of boron accumulated in tumor tissue plays an important role regarding the success of the boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). In this article, we report a modular system, combining readily available starting materials, like glycine, 1,3,5-triazine and the well-known 9-mercapto-1,7-dicarba-closo-dodecaborane(12), as well as α-d-galactopyranose for increased hydrophilicity, with a novel boron-rich tris-meta-carboranyl thiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kellert
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Peter Lönnecke
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Bernd Riedl
- Bayer AG, Aprather Weg 18A, 42113 Wuppertal, Germany.
| | | | - Evamarie Hey-Hawkins
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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29
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Yang Z, Zhao W, Liu W, Wei X, Chen M, Zhang X, Zhang X, Liang Y, Lu C, Yan H. Metal‐Free Oxidative B−N Coupling of
nido
‐Carborane with N‐Heterocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Weijia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Xing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Meng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Changsheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Hong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
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30
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Yang Z, Zhao W, Liu W, Wei X, Chen M, Zhang X, Zhang X, Liang Y, Lu C, Yan H. Metal‐Free Oxidative B−N Coupling of
nido
‐Carborane with N‐Heterocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:11886-11892. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Weijia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Xing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Meng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Changsheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Hong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
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31
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Kellert M, Worm DJ, Hoppenz P, Sárosi MB, Lönnecke P, Riedl B, Koebberling J, Beck-Sickinger AG, Hey-Hawkins E. Modular triazine-based carborane-containing carboxylic acids - synthesis and characterisation of potential boron neutron capture therapy agents made of readily accessible building blocks. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:10834-10844. [PMID: 31246208 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt02130b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Based on a modular combination of s-triazine, the well-known 9-mercapto-1,7-dicarba-closo-dodecaborane(12) and commercially available carboxylic acids, namely thioglycolic acid, glycine, and Nα-Boc-l-lysine, several carboxylic acid derivatives were synthesised and fully characterised. The thioglycolic acid derivative was introduced into a peptide hormone by solid phase peptide synthesis. High activity and selective internalisation into peptide receptor-expressing cells was observed. With a very high boron content of twenty boron atoms, these derivatives are interesting as selective Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kellert
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Dennis J Worm
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paul Hoppenz
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Menyhárt B Sárosi
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Peter Lönnecke
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Bernd Riedl
- Bayer AG, Aprather Weg 18A, 42113 Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | - Annette G Beck-Sickinger
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Evamarie Hey-Hawkins
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Wu L, Wei Y, Zhou WB, Zhang YS, Chen QH, Liu MX, Zhu ZP, Zhou J, Yang LH, Wang HM, Wei GM, Wang S, Tang ZG. Gene expression alterations of human liver cancer cells following borax exposure. Oncol Rep 2019; 42:115-130. [PMID: 31180554 PMCID: PMC6549072 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Borax is a boron compound that is becoming widely recognized for its biological effects, including lipid peroxidation, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, antioxidant activity and potential therapeutic benefits. However, it remains unknown whether exposure of human liver cancer (HepG2) cells to borax affects the gene expression of these cells. HepG2 cells were treated with 4 mM borax for either 2 or 24 h. Gene expression analysis was performed using Affymetrix GeneChip Human Gene 2.0 ST Arrays, which was followed by gene ontology analysis and pathway analysis. The clustering result was validated using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. A cell proliferation assay was performed using Celigo Image Cytometer Instrumentation. Following this, 2- or 24-h exposure to borax significantly altered the expression level of a number of genes in HepG2 cells, specifically 530 genes (384 upregulated and 146 downregulated) or 1,763 genes (1,044 upregulated and 719 downregulated) compared with the control group, respectively (≥2-fold; P<0.05). Twenty downregulated genes were abundantly expressed in HepG2 cells under normal conditions. Furthermore, the growth of HepG2 cells was inhibited through the downregulation of PRUNE1, NBPF1, PPcaspase-1, UPF2 and MBTPS1 (≥1.5-fold, P<0.05). The dysregulated genes potentially serve important roles in various biological processes, including the inflammation response, stress response, cellular growth, proliferation, apoptosis and tumorigenesis/oncolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Wu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wei
- Liver Surgery Institute of The Experiment Center of Medicine, Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442001, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Bo Zhou
- Liver Surgery Institute of The Experiment Center of Medicine, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442001, Shiyan, Hubei 442001, P.R. China
| | - You-Shun Zhang
- Liver Surgery Institute of The Experiment Center of Medicine, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442001, Shiyan, Hubei 442001, P.R. China
| | - Qin-Hua Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Experiment Center of Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442001, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Xing Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, YunXi Health for Women And Children, Children's Hospital, Maternal & Child Care and Family Planning Service Centre, Shiyan, Hubei 442600, P.R. China
| | - Zheng-Peng Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442001, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Zhou
- Liver Surgery Institute of The Experiment Center of Medicine, Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442001, P.R. China
| | - Li-Hua Yang
- Subject Construction Office, Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442001, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Mei Wang
- Liver Surgery Institute of The Experiment Center of Medicine, Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442001, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Min Wei
- Liver Surgery Institute of The Experiment Center of Medicine, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442001, Shiyan, Hubei 442001, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Liver Surgery Institute of The Experiment Center of Medicine, Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442001, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Gang Tang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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Wei X, Zhu M, Cheng Z, Lee M, Yan H, Lu C, Xu J. Aggregation‐Induced Electrochemiluminescence of Carboranyl Carbazoles in Aqueous Media. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:3162-3166. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201900283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsNanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Meng‐Jiao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Zhe Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsNanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Mengjeu Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsNanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Hong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsNanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Changsheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsNanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Jing‐Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
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34
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Wei X, Zhu M, Cheng Z, Lee M, Yan H, Lu C, Xu J. Aggregation‐Induced Electrochemiluminescence of Carboranyl Carbazoles in Aqueous Media. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201900283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsNanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Meng‐Jiao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Zhe Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsNanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Mengjeu Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsNanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Hong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsNanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Changsheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsNanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Jing‐Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
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Kuhnert R, Sárosi MB, George S, Lönnecke P, Hofmann B, Steinhilber D, Steinmann S, Schneider-Stock R, Murganić B, Mijatović S, Maksimović-Ivanić D, Hey-Hawkins E. Carborane-Based Analogues of 5-Lipoxygenase Inhibitors Co-inhibit Heat Shock Protein 90 in HCT116 Cells. ChemMedChem 2018; 14:255-261. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kuhnert
- Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy; Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Universität Leipzig; Johannisallee 29 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Menyhárt-Botond Sárosi
- Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy; Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Universität Leipzig; Johannisallee 29 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Sven George
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie; Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Straße 9 60438 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Peter Lönnecke
- Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy; Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Universität Leipzig; Johannisallee 29 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Bettina Hofmann
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie; Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Straße 9 60438 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhilber
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie; Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Straße 9 60438 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Sara Steinmann
- Pathologisches Institut; Universität Erlangen; Universitätsstraße 22 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Regine Schneider-Stock
- Pathologisches Institut; Universität Erlangen; Universitätsstraße 22 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Blagoje Murganić
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”; University of Belgrade; Bul. despota Stefana 142 11060 Belgrade Serbia
| | - Sanja Mijatović
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”; University of Belgrade; Bul. despota Stefana 142 11060 Belgrade Serbia
| | - Danijela Maksimović-Ivanić
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”; University of Belgrade; Bul. despota Stefana 142 11060 Belgrade Serbia
| | - Evamarie Hey-Hawkins
- Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy; Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Universität Leipzig; Johannisallee 29 04103 Leipzig Germany
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