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Tatsumi T, Sasamoto K, Matsumoto T, Hirano R, Oikawa K, Nakano M, Yoshida M, Oisaki K, Kanai M. Practical N-to-C peptide synthesis with minimal protecting groups. Commun Chem 2023; 6:231. [PMID: 37884638 PMCID: PMC10603086 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01030-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Accessible drug modalities have continued to increase in number in recent years. Peptides play a central role as pharmaceuticals and biomaterials in these new drug modalities. Although traditional peptide synthesis using chain-elongation from C- to N-terminus is reliable, it produces large quantities of chemical waste derived from protecting groups and condensation reagents, which place a heavy burden on the environment. Here we report an alternative N-to-C elongation strategy utilizing catalytic peptide thioacid formation and oxidative peptide bond formation with main chain-unprotected amino acids under aerobic conditions. This method is applicable to both iterative peptide couplings and convergent fragment couplings without requiring elaborate condensation reagents and protecting group manipulations. A recyclable N-hydroxy pyridone additive effectively suppresses epimerization at the elongating chain. We demonstrate the practicality of this method by showcasing a straightforward synthesis of the nonapeptide DSIP. This method further opens the door to clean and atom-efficient peptide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshifumi Tatsumi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Koki Sasamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takuya Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ryo Hirano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazuki Oikawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masato Nakano
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5-2, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Masaru Yoshida
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5-2, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Kounosuke Oisaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5-2, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Motomu Kanai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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Jacobsen MT, Spaltenstein P, Giesler RJ, Chou DHC, Kay MS. Improved Handling of Peptide Segments Using Side Chain-Based "Helping Hand" Solubilizing Tools. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2530:81-107. [PMID: 35761044 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2489-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining high, or even sufficient, solubility of every peptide segment in chemical protein synthesis (CPS) remains a critical challenge; insolubility of just a single peptide segment can thwart a total synthesis venture. Multiple approaches have been used to address this challenge, most commonly by employing a chemical tool to temporarily improve peptide solubility. In this chapter, we discuss chemical tools for introducing semipermanent solubilizing sequences (termed helping hands) at the side chains of Lys and Glu residues. We describe the synthesis, incorporation by Fmoc-SPPS, and cleavage conditions for utilizing these two tools. For Lys sites, we discuss the Fmoc-Ddap-OH dimedone-based linker, which is achiral, synthesized in one step, can be introduced directly at primary amines, and is removed using hydroxylamine (or hydrazine). For Glu sites, we detail the new Fmoc-SPPS building block, Fmoc-Glu(AlHx)-OH, which can be prepared in an efficient process over two purifications. Solubilizing sequences are introduced directly on-resin and later cleaved with palladium-catalyzed transfer under aqueous conditions to restore a native Glu side chain. These two chemical tools are straightforward to prepare and implement, and we anticipate continued usage in "difficult" peptide segments following the protocols described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Jacobsen
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Paul Spaltenstein
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Riley J Giesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Danny Hung-Chieh Chou
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Kay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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3
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Arbour CA, Mendoza LG, Stockdill JL. Recent advances in the synthesis of C-terminally modified peptides. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:7253-7272. [PMID: 32914156 PMCID: PMC9508648 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01417f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
C-Terminally modified peptides are important for the development and delivery of peptide-based pharmaceuticals because they impact peptide activity, stability, hydrophobicity, and membrane permeability. Additionally, the vulnerability of C-terminal esters to cleavage by endogenous esterases makes them excellent pro-drugs. Methods for post-SPPS C-terminal functionalization potentially enable access to libraries of modified peptides, facilitating tailoring of their solubility, potency, toxicity, and uptake pathway. Apparently minor structural changes can significantly impact the binding, folding, and pharmacokinetics of the peptide. This review summarizes developments in chemical methods for C-terminal modification of peptides published since the last review on this topic in 2003.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Arbour
- Wayne State University, Department of Chemistry, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
| | - Lawrence G Mendoza
- Wayne State University, Department of Chemistry, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
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de Figueiredo RM, Suppo JS, Midrier C, Campagne JM. Sequential One-Pot Synthesis of Dipeptides through the Transient Formation of CDI-N
-Protected α-Aminoesters. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201700034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renata Marcia de Figueiredo
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier; UMR 5253 CNRS-UM-ENSCM; Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier; 8 Rue de l'Ecole Normale 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Jean-Simon Suppo
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier; UMR 5253 CNRS-UM-ENSCM; Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier; 8 Rue de l'Ecole Normale 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Camille Midrier
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier; UMR 5253 CNRS-UM-ENSCM; Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier; 8 Rue de l'Ecole Normale 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Jean-Marc Campagne
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier; UMR 5253 CNRS-UM-ENSCM; Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier; 8 Rue de l'Ecole Normale 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
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Jamindar D, Gutheil WG. A liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry assay for Marfey’s derivatives of l-Ala, d-Ala, and d-Ala-d-Ala: Application to the in vivo confirmation of alanine racemase as the target of cycloserine in Escherichia coli. Anal Biochem 2010; 396:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2009.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2008] [Revised: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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