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Nolan RP, Printz MA. Modeling the subcutaneous pharmacokinetics of antibodies co-administered with rHuPH20. Clin Transl Sci 2024; 17:e13788. [PMID: 38561908 PMCID: PMC10985223 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Predicting the subcutaneous (SC) pharmacokinetics (PK) of antibodies in humans is challenging, with clinical data currently being the only reliable data source for modeling SC absorption and bioavailability. Recombinant human hyaluronidase PH20 (rHuPH20) is an enzyme that facilitates SC delivery of high-dose, high-volume therapeutics. Numerous monoclonal antibodies have been co-administered SC with rHuPH20 in a clinical setting, establishing an extensive PK database. The goal of this work is to demonstrate how aggregated clinical data can be leveraged in a universal modeling framework for characterizing SC antibody PK, resulting in parameterization that can be used in predictive simulations of new antibodies. Data for 10 individual antibodies co-administered SC with rHuPH20 were obtained from publicly available sources. PK modeling of each antibody was conducted using the same model structure, but uniquely parameterized. The model structure consisted of a two-compartment model to capture linear kinetics, plus a target-binding mechanism to accommodate nonlinear kinetics driven by antibody-target complex formation and elimination. The clinical PK profiles for all antibodies were accurately described using the universal modeling framework. The SC PK parameters of absorption and bioavailability were consistent across the range of antibody and target properties evaluated. SC administration with rHuPH20 yielded a 30% increase in absorption rate on average and similar or better bioavailability. These parameter values can serve as initial conditions for model-based PK predictions for new antibodies co-administered SC with rHuPH20 to enable evaluation of optimal SC dose and schedule regimens prior to and during clinical development.
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Guo Y, Remaily BC, Thomas J, Kim K, Kulp SK, Mace TA, Ganesan LP, Owen DH, Coss CC, Phelps MA. Antibody Drug Clearance: An Underexplored Marker of Outcomes with Checkpoint Inhibitors. Clin Cancer Res 2024; 30:942-958. [PMID: 37921739 PMCID: PMC10922515 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-1683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Immune-checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy has dramatically changed the clinical landscape for several cancers, and ICI use continues to expand across many cancer types. Low baseline clearance (CL) and/or a large reduction of CL during treatment correlates with better clinical response and longer survival. Similar phenomena have also been reported with other monoclonal antibodies (mAb) in cancer and other diseases, highlighting a characteristic of mAb clinical pharmacology that is potentially shared among various mAbs and diseases. Though tempting to attribute poor outcomes to low drug exposure and arguably low target engagement due to high CL, such speculation is not supported by the relatively flat exposure-response relationship of most ICIs, where a higher dose or exposure is not likely to provide additional benefit. Instead, an elevated and/or increasing CL could be a surrogate marker of the inherent resistant phenotype that cannot be reversed by maximizing drug exposure. The mechanisms connecting ICI clearance, therapeutic efficacy, and resistance are unclear and likely to be multifactorial. Therefore, to explore the potential of ICI CL as an early marker for efficacy, this review highlights the similarities and differences of CL characteristics and CL-response relationships for all FDA-approved ICIs, and we compare and contrast these to selected non-ICI mAbs. We also discuss underlying mechanisms that potentially link mAb CL with efficacy and highlight existing knowledge gaps and future directions where more clinical and preclinical investigations are warranted to clearly understand the value of baseline and/or time-varying CL in predicting response to ICI-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhen Guo
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Bryan C. Remaily
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Justin Thomas
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Kyeongmin Kim
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Samuel K. Kulp
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Thomas A. Mace
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Division of Nephrology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Latha P. Ganesan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Division of Nephrology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Dwight H. Owen
- Division of Medical Oncology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH
| | - Christopher C. Coss
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Mitch A. Phelps
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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Proctor JR, Wong H. Time-dependent clearance can confound exposure-response analysis of therapeutic antibodies: A comprehensive review of the current literature. Clin Transl Sci 2024; 17:e13676. [PMID: 37905360 PMCID: PMC10766027 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure-response (ER) analysis is used to optimize dose and dose regimens during clinical development. Characterization of relationships between drug exposure and efficacy or safety outcomes can be utilized to make dose adjustments that improve patient response. Therapeutic antibodies typically show predictable pharmacokinetics (PK) but can exhibit clearance that decreases over time due to treatment. Moreover, time-dependent changes in clearance are frequently associated with drug response, with larger decreases in clearance and increased exposure seen in patients who respond to treatment. This often confounds traditional ER analysis, as drug response influences exposure rather than the reverse. In this review, we survey published population PK analyses for reported time-dependent drug clearance effects across 158 therapeutic antibodies approved or in regulatory review. We describe the mechanisms by which time-dependent clearance can arise, and evaluate trends in frequency, magnitude, and time scale of changes in clearance with respect to indication, mechanistic interpretation of time-dependence, and PK modeling techniques employed. We discuss the modeling and simulation strategies commonly used to characterize time-dependent clearance, and examples where time-dependent clearance has impeded ER analysis. A case study using population model simulation was explored to interrogate the impact of time-dependent clearance on ER analysis and how it can lead to spurious conclusions. Overall, time-dependent clearance arises frequently among therapeutic antibodies and has spurred erroneous conclusions in ER analysis. Appropriate PK modeling techniques aid in identifying and characterizing temporal shifts in exposure that may impede accurate ER assessment and successful dose optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R. Proctor
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Harvey Wong
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
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Destere A, Teisseyre M, Merino D, Cremoni M, Gérard AO, Crepin T, Jourde-Chiche N, Graça D, Zorzi K, Fernandez C, Brglez V, Benzaken S, Esnault VL, Benito S, Drici MD, Seitz-Polski B. Optimization of Rituximab Therapy in Adult Patients With PLA2R1-Associated Membranous Nephropathy With Artificial Intelligence. Kidney Int Rep 2024; 9:134-144. [PMID: 38312797 PMCID: PMC10831377 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2023.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Rituximab is a first-line treatment for membranous nephropathy. Nephrotic syndrome limits rituximab exposure due to urinary drug loss. Rituximab underdosing (serum level <2 μg/ml at month-3) is a risk factor for treatment failure. We developed a machine learning algorithm to predict the risk of underdosing based on patients' characteristics at rituximab infusion. We investigated the relationship between the predicted risk of underdosing and the cumulative dose of rituximab required to achieve remission. Methods Rituximab concentrations were measured at month-3 in 92 sera from adult patients with primary membranous nephropathy, split into a training (75%) and a testing set (25%). A forward-backward machine-learning procedure determined the best combination of variables to predict rituximab underdosing in the training data set, which was tested in the test set. The performances were evaluated for accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity in 10-fold cross-validation training and test sets. Results The best variables combination to predict rituximab underdosing included age, gender, body surface area (BSA), anti-phospholipase A2 receptor type 1 (anti-PLA2R1) antibody titer on day-0, serum albumin on day-0 and day-15, and serum creatinine on day-0 and day-15. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were respectively 79.4%, 78.7%, and 81.0% (training data set), and 79.2%, 84.6% and 72.7% (testing data set). In both sets, the algorithm performed significantly better than chance (P < 0.05). Patients with an initial high probability of underdosing experienced a longer time to remission with higher rituximab cumulative doses required to achieved remission. Conclusion This algorithm could allow for early intensification of rituximab regimen in patients at high estimated risk of underdosing to increase the likelihood of remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Destere
- Département de Pharmacologie et de Pharmacovigilance, CHU de Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, France
- Université Côte d’Azur, Inria, CNRS, Laboratoire J.A. Dieudonné, Maasai team, Nice, France
| | - Maxime Teisseyre
- Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Syndrome Néphrotique Idiopathique, CHU de Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, France
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Côte d’Azur (UR2CA), Université Côte d’Azur, CHU de Nice, France
- Département de Néphrologie, Dialyse et Transplantation, CHU de Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, France
| | - Diane Merino
- Département de Pharmacologie et de Pharmacovigilance, CHU de Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, France
| | - Marion Cremoni
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Côte d’Azur (UR2CA), Université Côte d’Azur, CHU de Nice, France
- Laboratoire d’Immunologie, CHU de Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, France
| | - Alexandre O Gérard
- Département de Pharmacologie et de Pharmacovigilance, CHU de Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, France
- Département de Néphrologie, Dialyse et Transplantation, CHU de Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, France
| | - Thomas Crepin
- Département de Néphrologie, Dialyse et Transplantation, CHU de Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Noémie Jourde-Chiche
- Département de Néphrologie, Dialyse et Transplantation, Hôpital de la Conception, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Daisy Graça
- Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Syndrome Néphrotique Idiopathique, CHU de Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, France
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Côte d’Azur (UR2CA), Université Côte d’Azur, CHU de Nice, France
- Laboratoire d’Immunologie, CHU de Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, France
| | - Kévin Zorzi
- Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Syndrome Néphrotique Idiopathique, CHU de Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, France
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Côte d’Azur (UR2CA), Université Côte d’Azur, CHU de Nice, France
| | - Céline Fernandez
- Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Syndrome Néphrotique Idiopathique, CHU de Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, France
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Côte d’Azur (UR2CA), Université Côte d’Azur, CHU de Nice, France
| | - Vesna Brglez
- Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Syndrome Néphrotique Idiopathique, CHU de Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, France
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Côte d’Azur (UR2CA), Université Côte d’Azur, CHU de Nice, France
- Laboratoire d’Immunologie, CHU de Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, France
| | - Sylvia Benzaken
- Laboratoire d’Immunologie, CHU de Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, France
| | - Vincent L.M. Esnault
- Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Syndrome Néphrotique Idiopathique, CHU de Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, France
- Département de Néphrologie, Dialyse et Transplantation, CHU de Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, France
| | | | - Milou-Daniel Drici
- Département de Pharmacologie et de Pharmacovigilance, CHU de Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, France
| | - Barbara Seitz-Polski
- Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Syndrome Néphrotique Idiopathique, CHU de Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, France
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Côte d’Azur (UR2CA), Université Côte d’Azur, CHU de Nice, France
- Département de Néphrologie, Dialyse et Transplantation, CHU de Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, France
- Laboratoire d’Immunologie, CHU de Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, France
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Cartron G, Bachy E, Tilly H, Daguindau N, Pica GM, Bijou F, Mounier C, Clavert A, Damaj GL, Slama B, Casasnovas O, Houot R, Bouabdallah K, Sibon D, Fitoussi O, Morineau N, Herbaux C, Gastinne T, Fornecker LM, Haioun C, Launay V, Araujo C, Benbrahim O, Sanhes L, Gressin R, Gonzalez H, Morschhauser F, Ternant D, Xerri L, Tarte K, Pranger D. Randomized Phase III Trial Evaluating Subcutaneous Rituximab for the First-Line Treatment of Low-Tumor Burden Follicular Lymphoma: Results of a LYSA Study. J Clin Oncol 2023:JCO2202327. [PMID: 37071836 DOI: 10.1200/jco.22.02327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Rituximab improves progression-free survival (PFS) and time to next treatment (TTNT) when compared with the watch and wait strategy for patients with low-tumor burden follicular lymphoma (FL). Prolonged rituximab maintenance did not prolong TTNT, whereas it raises concerns about resources use and patient adhesion. Our aim was then to investigate the use of short rituximab maintenance using the subcutaneous (SC) route in patients with low-tumor burden FL. METHODS Patients with histologically confirmed CD20+ low-tumor burden FL were randomly assigned to receive either rituximab, 375 mg/m2 once daily on D1, D8, D15, and D22, intravenous route (IV, control arm), or rituximab, 375 mg/m2, on day 1 (D1), IV followed by rituximab 1,400 mg total dose, SC once daily on D8, D15, and D22, with maintenance at months 3 (M3), M5, M7, and M9 (experimental arm). The primary end point was PFS. Secondary end points included safety, overall response rates, TTNT, and overall survival (OS). RESULTS Two hundred two patients with low-tumor burden FL were randomly assigned to the experimental (n = 100) or control arm (n = 102). The primary end point was met: the 4-year PFS was 58.1% (95% CI, 47.5 to 67.4) and 41.2% (95% CI, 30.6 to 51.6) in experimental and control arms, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.585 [0.393 to 0.871]; P = .0076). Complete response (CR) rates were 59.0% (95% CI, 48.7 to 68.7) in the experimental arm and 36.3% (95% CI, 27.0 to 46.4) in the control arm (P = .001). TTNT and OS were not significantly different. CR was associated with longer PFS and TTNT. High rituximab exposure during the first three months was independently associated with higher CR, PFS, and TTNT. CONCLUSION SC rituximab improves PFS for patients with low-tumor burden FL when used in induction followed by short maintenance. High rituximab exposure during the first 3 months after treatment initiation is, however, the only parameter influencing patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Cartron
- Department of Hematology, UMR CNRS 5535, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuel Bachy
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Hervé Tilly
- Department of Hematology, U1245, Henri Becquerel Institute, Rouen, France
| | - Nicolas Daguindau
- Departement of Hematology, Annecy-Genevois Hospital Centre, Annecy, France
| | | | - Fontanet Bijou
- Departement of Hematology, Bergonié Institute, Bordeaux, France
| | - Christiane Mounier
- Departement of Hematology, Oncology and Hematology Institute, Sainte-Etienne, France
| | - Aline Clavert
- Departement of Hematology, University Hospital, Angers, France
| | | | - Borhane Slama
- Departement of Hematology, Hospital Centre, Avignon, France
| | | | - Roch Houot
- Departement of Hematology, University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | | | - David Sibon
- Departement of Hematology, Necker Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Fitoussi
- Departement of Hematology, Polyclinic Bordeaux Nord, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nadine Morineau
- Departement of Hematology, Hospital Centre, La Roche-sur-Yon, France
| | - Charles Herbaux
- Department of Hematology, UMR CNRS 5535, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Thomas Gastinne
- Departement of Hematology, University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | | | - Corinne Haioun
- Departement of Hematology, Lymphoma Malignancies Unit, Henri Mondor Hospital, APHP, Créteil, France
| | - Vincent Launay
- Departement of Hematology, Hospital Centre, Saint-Brieuc, France
| | - Carla Araujo
- Departement of Hematology, Hospital Centre, Bayonne, France
| | - Omar Benbrahim
- Departement of Hematology, Hospital Centre, Orléans, France
| | - Laurence Sanhes
- Departement of Hematology, Hospital Centre, Perpignan, France
| | - Remy Gressin
- Departement of Hematology, University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Hugo Gonzalez
- Departement of Hematology, Hospital Centre, Pontoise, France
| | - Franck Morschhauser
- Department of Hematology, ULR 7365 GRITA, University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - David Ternant
- UMR7292, University François-Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Luc Xerri
- Department of Biopathology, Paoli-Calmettes Institue, Marseille, France
| | - Karin Tarte
- UMR1236, Department of Immunology, Rennes I University, Rennes, France
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Homšek A, Spasić J, Nikolić N, Stanojković T, Jovanović M, Miljković B, Vučićević KM. Pharmacokinetic characterization, benefits and barriers of subcutaneous administration of monoclonal antibodies in oncology. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2023; 29:431-440. [PMID: 36349366 DOI: 10.1177/10781552221137702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in oncology are slowly becoming the dominant treatment option for many different cancer types. The main route of administration, infusion, requires extensive product preparations, patient hospitalization and close monitoring. Patient comfort improvement, staff workload reduction and cost savings dictated the development of subcutaneous formulations. The aim of this review is to present pharmacokinetic characteristics of subcutaneous products, discuss the differences between intravenous and subcutaneous routes and to point out the advantages as well as challenges of administration route shift from the formulation development and pharmacometric angle. DATA SOURCES Food and Drug administration's Purple book database and electronic medicines compendium were used to identify monoclonal antibodies in oncology approved as subcutaneous forms. Using keywords subcutaneous, monoclonal antibodies, pharmacokinetics, model, as well as specific drugs previously identified, both PubMed and ScienceDirect databases were researched. DATA SUMMARY There are currently six approved subcutaneous onco-monoclonal antibodies on the market. For each of them, exposure to the drug was similar in relation to infusion, treatment effectiveness was the same, administration was well tolerated by the patients and costs of the medical service were reduced. CONCLUSION Development of subcutaneous forms for existing and emerging new monoclonal antibodies for cancer treatment as well as shifting from administration via infusion should be encouraged due to patient preference, lower costs and overall lack of substantial differences in efficacy and safety between the two routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Homšek
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Pharmacy, 186111University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Jelena Spasić
- Clinic for Medical Oncology, 119083Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Neda Nikolić
- Clinic for Medical Oncology, 119083Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Tatjana Stanojković
- Department of Experimental Oncology, 119083Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Marija Jovanović
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Pharmacy, 186111University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Branislava Miljković
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Pharmacy, 186111University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Katarina M Vučićević
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Pharmacy, 186111University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
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Soltantabar P, Lon HK, Parivar K, Wang DD, Elmeliegy M. Optimizing benefit/risk in oncology: Review of post-marketing dose optimization and reflections on the road ahead. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2023; 182:103913. [PMID: 36681205 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.103913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncology therapies shifted from chemotherapy to molecularly targeted agents and finally to the era of immune-oncology agents. In contrast to cytotoxic agents, molecularly targeted agents are more selective, exhibit a wider therapeutic window, and may maximally modulate tumor growth at doses lower than the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). However, first-in-patient oncology studies for molecularly targeted agents continued to evaluate escalating doses using limited number of patients per dose cohort assessing dose-limiting toxicities to identify the MTD which is commonly selected for further development adopting a 'more is better' approach that led to several post-marketing requirement (PMR) studies to evaluate alternative, typically lower, doses or dosing frequencies to optimize the benefit-risk profile. In this review, post-marketing dose optimization efforts were reviewed including those required by a regulatory pathway or voluntarily conducted by the sponsor to improve efficacy, safety, or method of administration. Lessons learned and future implications from this deep dive review are discussed considering the evolving regulatory landscape on dose optimization for oncology compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hoi-Kei Lon
- Global Product Development, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Diane D Wang
- Global Product Development, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
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8
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Kantasiripitak W, Wang Z, Spriet I, Ferrante M, Dreesen E. Recent advancements in clearance monitoring of monoclonal antibodies in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2022; 14:1455-1466. [PMID: 35034509 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2021.2028619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Less than 50% of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) receiving monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy achieve endoscopic remission. Poor outcomes may indicate a need for dose optimization. During therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), drug concentrations are measured, and when found too low, dosage regimen escalations are performed. To date, benefits of TDM of mAbs in patients with IBD are uncertain. AREAS COVERED This review presents an overview of what clearance monitoring is, how it can be performed, and why and when it may be valuable in treating patients with IBD. Virtual patients were used for illustration. A literature search was performed to summarize current evidence for clearance monitoring in IBD and other disease settings. EXPERT OPINION During clearance monitoring, mAb clearance is calculated and monitored over time. Higher mAb clearance in patients with IBD has been associated with higher target load (target-mediated drug disposition), protein-losing enteropathy (fecal drug loss), and immunogenicity. Although not prospectively confirmed, clearance monitoring might facilitate identification of (yet) asymptomatic disease flares or presence of (yet) undetectable anti-drug antibodies. Furthermore, clearance monitoring may be used to predict treatment outcomes. Whether dosage regimen adjustments can modify the clearance time course and the treatment outcome is to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wannee Kantasiripitak
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabel Spriet
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pharmacy, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Ferrante
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erwin Dreesen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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9
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Gibiansky E, Gibiansky L, Chavanne C, Frey N, Jamois C. Population pharmacokinetic and exposure-response analyses of intravenous and subcutaneous rituximab in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 10:914-927. [PMID: 34110098 PMCID: PMC8376135 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A subcutaneous formulation of the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab has been developed. Fixed-dose subcutaneous rituximab delivers noninferior serum trough concentrations (Ctrough ), ensuring similar target saturation and comparable efficacy/safety, to intravenous rituximab, but with simplified and shortened preparation and administration. We aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetic (PK) and exposure-response properties of subcutaneous rituximab. Data from two clinical trials were analyzed to describe PKs and pharmacodynamics in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia following intravenous and subcutaneous rituximab administration. Intravenous and subcutaneous rituximab were described by a linear two-compartment population PK model with time-dependent and time-independent clearances, and first-order subcutaneous absorption. Main covariates influencing exposure were body size and baseline white blood cell count. Occurrence of adverse events was not correlated with rituximab exposure. Although greater and more sustainable B-cell depletion was observed with higher exposure, inherent limitations to the data (use of one dose level, and time-dependent and target-impacted PKs) prevented reliable assessment of exposure-response relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nicolas Frey
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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