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Monzote L, Jiménez J, Cuesta-Rubio O, Márquez I, Gutiérrez Y, da Rocha CQ, Marchi M, Setzer WN, Vilegas W. In Vitro
Assessment of Plants Growing in Cuba Belonging to Solanaceae Family Against Leishmania amazonensis. Phytother Res 2016; 30:1785-1793. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lianet Monzote
- Departmento de Parasitología; Instituto de Medicina Tropical ‘Pedro Kouri’; Habana Cuba
| | - Jenny Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Producciones Biofarmacéuticas (LABIOFAM); Matanzas Cuba
| | - Osmany Cuesta-Rubio
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químicas y de la Salud; Universidad Técnica de Machala; Machala Ecuador
| | - Ingrid Márquez
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químicas y de la Salud; Universidad Técnica de Machala; Machala Ecuador
| | - Yamile Gutiérrez
- Departmento de Química, Instituto de Farmacia y Alimentos (IFAL); Universidad de la Habana; Habana Cuba
| | - Cláudia Quintino da Rocha
- Laboratorio de Biodiversidad; Universidad Estatal Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Mary Marchi
- Departmento de Química, Instituto de Química; Universidad Estatal Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; São Paulo Brazil
| | - William N. Setzer
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alabama in Huntsville; Huntsville AL USA
| | - Wagner Vilegas
- Laboratorio de Biodiversidad; Universidad Estatal Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; São Paulo Brazil
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Fernanda LNO, Wilson C, Fernando A, Felipe C, Ivan DVEL, Yulieth U, Victoria O, July AMNO, Sara MR. Antiprotozoal activity and cytotoxicity of extracts from Solanum arboreum and S. ovalifolium (Solanaceae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5897/jmpr2015.5923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Abstract
Metallic nanoparticles have received great attention from chemists, physicists, biologists and engineers who wish to use them for the development of a new generation of nanodevices. In the present Communication, a completely “green” chemistry method for producing silver nanoparticles is introduced. The process is simple, environmentally benign, and quite efficient. Green nanoparticle synthesis has been achieved using environmentally acceptable plant extract and ecofriendly reducing and capping agents. In particular, silver nanoparticles are proved to have potential antibacterial, antifungal and antiplasmodial and antimicrobial properties. The present study was aimed to identify the antiplasmodial activity of green synthesised silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous extract of plantEuphorbia hirtaagainstP.falciparum. Nanoparticles are being used in many commercial applications. It was found that aqueous silver ions can be reduced by aqueous extract of plant to generate extremely stable silver nanoparticles in water. The bio-reduced silver nanoparticles were appropriately characterized by UV–vis spectrum, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The formation of the AgNPs synthesized from the XRD spectrum compared with the standard confirmed spectrum of silver particles formed in the present experiments were in the form of nanocrystals, as evidenced by the peaks at 2θ values of =28.01°, 32.41°, 46.44°, 55.05° and 57.75°. The scanning electron micrograph (SEM) showed structures of spherical, cubic shape, and the size range was found to be 30–60 nm. The EDX spectra showed the purity of the material and the complete chemical composition of the synthesized AgNPs. The parasitic inhibition was dose-dependent. The synthesized AgNPs showed considerable antiplasmodial activity than the crude methanol and aqueous leaf extract ofE.hirta. The maximum efficacy was
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Cruz LR, Spangenberg T, Lacerda MVG, Wells TNC. Malaria in South America: a drug discovery perspective. Malar J 2013; 12:168. [PMID: 23706107 PMCID: PMC3665683 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The challenge of controlling and eventually eradicating malaria means that new tools are urgently needed. South America's role in this fight spans both ends of the research and development spectrum: both as a continent capable of discovering and developing new medicines, and also as a continent with significant numbers of malaria patients. This article reviews the contribution of groups in the South American continent to the research and development of new medicines over the last decade. Therefore, the current situation of research targeting malaria control and eradication is discussed, including endemicity, geographical distribution, treatment, drug-resistance and diagnosis. This sets the scene for a review of efforts within South America to discover and optimize compounds with anti-malarial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza R Cruz
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, 20 route de Pré-Bois, Geneva, CH 1215, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Spangenberg
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, 20 route de Pré-Bois, Geneva, CH 1215, Switzerland
| | - Marcus VG Lacerda
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Av Pedro Teixeira, 25, Manaus, Amazonas, 69040-000, Brazil
| | - Timothy NC Wells
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, 20 route de Pré-Bois, Geneva, CH 1215, Switzerland
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Diosgenone synthesis, anti-malarial activity and QSAR of analogues of this natural product. Molecules 2013; 18:3356-78. [PMID: 23493102 PMCID: PMC6270258 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18033356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Solanum nudum Dunal steroids have been reported as being antimalarial compounds; however, their concentration in plants is low, meaning that the species could be threatened by over-harvesting for this purpose. Swern oxidation was used for hemisynthesis of diosgenone (one of the most active steroidal sapogenin diosgenin compounds). Eighteen structural analogues were prepared; three of them were found to be more active than diosgenone (IC50 27.9 μM vs. 10.1 μM, 2.9 μM and 11.3 μM). The presence of a 4-en-3-one grouping in the A-ring of the compounds seems to be indispensable for antiplasmodial activity; progesterone (having the same functional group in the steroid A-ring) has also displayed antiplasmodial activity. Quantitative correlations between molecular structure and bioactivity were thus explored in diosgenone and several derivatives using well-established 3D-QSAR techniques. The models showed that combining electrostatic (70%) and steric (30%) fields can explain most variance regarding compound activity. Malarial parasitemia in mice became reduced by oral administration of two diosgenone derivatives.
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Kovendan K, Murugan K, Panneerselvam C, Aarthi N, Kumar PM, Subramaniam J, Amerasan D, Kalimuthu K, Vincent S. Antimalarial activity of Carica papaya (Family: Caricaceae) leaf extract against Plasmodium falciparum. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(12)60171-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Plasmodium falciparum: Solanum nudum SN-1 steroid antiplasmodial activity when combined with antimalarial drugs. Exp Parasitol 2011; 127:222-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 07/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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López ML, Vommaro R, Zalis M, de Souza W, Blair S, Segura C. Induction of cell death on Plasmodium falciparum asexual blood stages by Solanum nudum steroids. Parasitol Int 2010; 59:217-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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López ML, Blair S, Sáez J, Segura C. Effect of Solanum nudum steroids on uninfected and Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009; 104:683-8. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000500003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Pabón A, Deharo E, Zuluaga L, Maya JD, Saez J, Blair S. Plasmodium falciparum: Effect of Solanum nudum steroids on thiol contents and β-hematin formation in parasitized erythrocytes. Exp Parasitol 2009; 122:273-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Revised: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Etkin NL. The co-evolution of people, plants, and parasites: biological and cultural adaptations to malaria. Proc Nutr Soc 2007; 62:311-7. [PMID: 14506878 DOI: 10.1079/pns2003244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The urgency generated by drug-resistant strains of malaria has accelerated anti-malarial drug research over the last two decades. While synthetic pharmaceutical agents continue to dominate research, attention increasingly has been directed to natural products. The present paper explores the larger context in which plant use occurs and considers how the selection of medicinal plants has evolved over millennia as part of the larger human effort to mediate illness. First attention is directed to indigenous medicinal plants whose anti-malarial activity is based on an oxidant mode of action, by which intracellular constituents lose electrons (become more electropositive). Next, parallels are drawn between these plant substances and a suite of malaria-protective genetic traits: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency; haemoglobins S, C and E; α- and β-thalassemias. These erythrocyte anomalies are classic examples of Darwinian evolution, occurring in high frequency in populations who have experienced considerable selective pressure from malaria. Characterized by discrete loci and pathophysiologies, they are united through the phenomenon of increased erythrocyte oxidation. In this model, then, oxidant anti-malarial plants are culturally constructed analogues, and molecular mimics, of these genetic adaptations. To further reinforce the scheme, it is noted that the anti-malarial action of pharmaceutical agents such as chloroquine and mefloquine duplicates both the genetic anomalies and the folk therapeutic models based in oxidant plants. This discussion coheres around a theoretical foundation that relates plant secondary metabolites (oxidants) to plasmodial biochemistry and human biological and cultural adaptations to malaria. Co-evolution provides a theoretical link that illuminates how medical cultures manage the relationships among humans, plants, herbivores and their respective pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina L Etkin
- Department of Anthropology, Division of Health Ecology, School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.
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Arango E, Londoño B, Segura C, Solarte Y, Herrera S, Saez J, Carmona-Fonseca J, Blair S. Prevention of sporogony of Plasmodium vivax in Anopheles albimanus by steroids of Solanum nudum Dunal (Solanaceae). Phytother Res 2006; 20:444-7. [PMID: 16619357 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The sporontocidal activity of three steroids (SN-1, SN-2 and SN-4) from Solanum nudum Dunal (Solanaceae) was determined against naturally circulating isolates of Plasmodium vivax in Anopheles albimanus. Laboratory-reared Anopheles albimanus mosquitoes were infected with P. vivax from gametocytemic blood of volunteers resident in Buenaventura, Valle del Cauca (Colombian Pacific Coast) by using an artificial membrane feeder. Prior to mosquito feeding, gametocytemic blood was centrifuged, plasma was separated, packed blood red cells were washed with RPMI 1640 and then resuspended in non-immune AB serum, then the steroids were added at different doses. On day 7 after infection, the presence and number of oocysts in mosquitoes was determined. The steroid SN-2 reduced the infection of mosquitoes by 90% and the mean number of oocysts by 60%. These data confirmed that the experimental steroid is capable of interrupting the sporogonic development of P. vivax in Anopheles albimanus. This experimental steroid has potential for transmission blocking in vivax malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Arango
- Grupo Malaria, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Londoño B, Arango E, Zapata C, Herrera S, Saez J, Blair S, Carmona-Fonseca J. Effect ofSolanum nudum Dunal (Solanaceae) steroids on hepatic trophozoites ofPlasmodium vivax. Phytother Res 2006; 20:267-73. [PMID: 16557608 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Steroids isolated from the plant Solanum nudum showed antiplasmodial activity against the blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum. It has been demonstrated that these steroids are neither mutagenic in vitro nor clastogenic in vivo. This study evaluated the effect of five steroids of S. nudum (SN-1, SN-2, SN-3, SN-4 and SN-5) on hepatic trophozoites of P. vivax, using an experimental design, non-balanced, with blind determination of the effect expressed as the percentage reduction of hepatic trophozoites. The sporozoites used to inoculate human hepatoma cells HepG2-A16 were obtained from gametocytemic blood of volunteers infected only with P. vivax, and passed into laboratory-reared Anopheles albimanus mosquitoes. Steroids were added at three different doses (100, 10 and 1 microg/mL) just after inoculation of the cells with sporozoites. The effect was determined by indirect immunofluorescence assays using the monoclonal antibodies Pv210 or Pv47E-2E10 and steroid cytotoxicity on HepG2-A16 cells was assessed by the MTT method. All the steroids reduced the number of hepatic P. vivax trophozoites, SN-2 and SN-4 reduced the number of hepatic trophozoites by 47% and 39% (p < 0.05), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berlin Londoño
- Grupo Malaria, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Alvarez G, Pabón A, Carmona J, Blair S. Evaluation of clastogenic potential of the antimalarial plantSolanum nudum. Phytother Res 2004; 18:845-8. [PMID: 15551372 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Compounds isolated from Solanum nudum have shown in vitro antimalarial activity against the FCB-2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum. Diosgenone (C27H40O3) the main component isolated from the hexane extract and an aqueous extract were evaluated to measure their clastogenic potential using the micronucleus test. Three concentrations (16, 32 and 64 g/kg of weight) of the aqueous extract were administered intraperitoneally into mice, (the highest concentration corresponded to 80% LD50) and diosgenone solubilized in olive oil was inoculated at the highest concentration possible (11.187 g/kg of weight). After administration of the compounds, no induction of micronucleus was observed either in polychromatic or normochromatic erythrocytes. Interestingly, a reduction of 51% in the young/mature erythrocytes ratio was seen in cells treated with aqueous extract. We conclude that neither diosgenone nor the aqueous extract have clastogenic activity, and that the aqueous extract showed some toxicity at the above mentioned concentrations. These results are significant since diosgenone could be a new therapeutic alternative for the treatment of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Alvarez
- Grupo Malaria, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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