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Proanthocyanidins and Flavan-3-Ols in the Prevention and Treatment of Periodontitis-Antibacterial Effects. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13010165. [PMID: 33430257 PMCID: PMC7825738 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavan-3-ols and their oligomeric forms called proanthocyanidins are polyphenolic compounds occurring in several foodstuffs and in many medicinal herbs. Their consumption is associated with numerous health benefits. They exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, as well as antimicrobial activity. The latter property is important in the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases. Periodontitis is a multifactorial polymicrobial infection characterized by a destructive inflammatory process affecting the periodontium. Using non-toxic and efficient natural products such as flavanol derivatives can significantly contribute to alleviating periodontitis symptoms and preventing the disease’s progress. Therefore, a comprehensive systematic review of proanthocyanidins and flavan-3-ols in the prevention and treatment of periodontitis was performed. The present paper reviews the direct antibacterial effects of these compounds against periodontic pathogens. The immunomodulatory effects, including animal and clinical studies, are included in a separate, parallel article. There is significant evidence supporting the importance of the antibacterial action exerted by proanthocyanidins from edible fruits, tea, and medicinal herbs in the inhibition of periodontitis-causing pathogens.
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Cranberry Proanthocyanidins Neutralize the Effects of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Leukotoxin. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11110662. [PMID: 31739483 PMCID: PMC6891731 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a Gram-negative bacterium that has been strongly associated with localized aggressive periodontitis. The capacity of A. actinomycetemcomitans to produce a leukotoxin (LtxA) that activates pyroptosis in macrophages and induces the release of endogenous danger signals is thought to play a key role in the disease process. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of cranberry proanthocyanidins (PACs) on gene expression and cytotoxic activities of LtxA. We showed that cranberry PACs dose-dependently attenuate the expression of genes making up the leukotoxin operon, including ltxB and ltxC, in the two strains of A. actinomycetemcomitans tested. Cranberry PACs (≥62.5 µg/mL) protected macrophages against the cytotoxic effect of purified LtxA. Moreover, cranberry PACs reduced caspase-1 activation in LtxA-treated macrophages and consequently decreased the release of both IL-1β and IL-18, which are known as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and contribute to the progression of periodontitis by increasing cell migration and osteoclastogenesis. In addition, cranberry PACs reduced the expression of genes encoding the P2X7 receptor and NALP3 (NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3), which play key roles in pore formation and cell death. Lastly, cranberry PACs blocked the binding of LtxA to macrophages and consequently reduced the LtxA-mediated cytotoxicity. In summary, the present study showed that cranberry PACs reduced LtxA gene expression in A. actinomycetemcomitans and neutralized the cytolytic and pro-inflammatory responses of human macrophages treated with LtxA. Given these properties, cranberry PACs may represent promising molecules for prevention and treatment of the aggressive form of periodontitis caused by A. actinomycetemcomitans.
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Taverniti V, Dalla Via A, Minuzzo M, Del Bo' C, Riso P, Frøkiær H, Guglielmetti S. In vitro assessment of the ability of probiotics, blueberry and food carbohydrates to prevent S. pyogenes adhesion on pharyngeal epithelium and modulate immune responses. Food Funct 2018; 8:3601-3609. [PMID: 28891576 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00829e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Group A streptococci (GAS) cause 20-30% of pediatric pharyngitis episodes, which are a major cause of ambulatory care visits. Therefore, a strategy to prevent GAS dissemination in children could significantly benefit public healthcare. Contextually, we assessed the possibility of employing alternative food-grade strategies to be used with the oral probiotic L. helveticus MIMLh5 for the prevention of pharyngeal infections. First, we demonstrated through an antagonism-by-exclusion assay that guaran may potentially prevent S. pyogenes adhesion on pharyngeal cells. Subsequently, we showed that an anthocyanin-rich fraction extracted from wild blueberry (BbE) exerts anti-inflammatory effects on the human macrophage cell line U937. Finally, we showed that BbE reduces interferon-β expression in MIMLh5-stimulated murine dendritic cells, resulting in a reduction in the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-12 and TNF-α. In conclusion, this proof-of-concept study indicates that different food-grade strategies may be concomitantly adopted to potentially prevent GAS colonization and modulate local immune defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Taverniti
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Italy.
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Hao YF, Lu CL, Li DJ, Zhu L, Jiang JG, Piao JH. Protective effects of diphenylheptanes from Curcuma phaeocaulis Val. on H2O2 induced cell injury. Food Funct 2015; 5:1369-73. [PMID: 24818222 DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60687b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Curcuma phaeocaulis Val. has been used as a health food in China for a long time. This research aimed to isolate and identify its active compounds with protective effects against hydrogen peroxide-induced PC12 cell death. 70% ethanol extracts of C. phaeocaulis were re-extracted and three fractions of water, petroleum ether and ethyl acetate were obtained. Three diphenylheptane compounds from the ethyl acetate fraction were identified for the first time from C. phaeocaulis, and compound III was considered to be a new structure. All of the three compounds displayed certain protective effects against toxicity in PC12 cells. For all concentrations, compound III displayed a more significant protective effect than ethanol extracts, the ethyl acetate fraction, and the other two compounds. At a concentration of 50 μg mL(-1), the survival rate of damaged PC-12 cells treated with compound III reached 84.7%. Diphenylheptanes were concluded to be the main compounds responsible for the health effects of C. phaeocaulis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Fang Hao
- College of Food and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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Ulrey RK, Barksdale SM, Zhou W, van Hoek ML. Cranberry proanthocyanidins have anti-biofilm properties against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:499. [PMID: 25511463 PMCID: PMC4320558 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacteria within a biofilm are phenotypically more resistant to antibiotics, desiccation, and the host immune system, making it an important virulence factor for many microbes. Cranberry juice has long been used to prevent infections of the urinary tract, which are often related to biofilm formation. Recent studies have found that the A-type proanthocyanidins from cranberries have anti-biofilm properties against Escherichia coli. METHODS Using crystal violet biofilm staining, resazurin metabolism assays, and confocal imaging, we examined the ability of A-type proanthocyanidins (PACs) to disrupt the biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We used mass spectrometry to analyze the proteomic effects of PAC treatment. We also performed synergy assays and in vitro and in vivo infections to determine whether PACs, alone and in combination with gentamicin, could contribute to the killing of P. aeruginosa and the survival of cell lines and G. mellonella. RESULTS Cranberry PACs reduced P. aeruginosa swarming motility. Cranberry PACs significantly disrupted the biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa. Proteomics analysis revealed significantly different proteins expressed following PAC treatment. In addition, we found that PACs potentiated the antibiotic activity of gentamicin in an in vivo model of infection using G. mellonella. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that A-type proanthocyanidins may be a useful therapeutic against the biofilm-mediated infections caused by P. aeruginosa and should be further tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Ulrey
- />Department of Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia USA
| | | | - Weidong Zhou
- />Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia USA
| | - Monique L van Hoek
- />School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia USA
- />National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia USA
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Structural identification of compounds from Toona sinensis leaves with antioxidant and anticancer activities. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Use of polyphenols in periodontal inflammation. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 720:77-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Eclipta prostrata L. phytochemicals: Isolation, structure elucidation, and their antitumor activity. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:4016-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2012] [Revised: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Feghali K, Feldman M, La VD, Santos J, Grenier D. Cranberry proanthocyanidins: natural weapons against periodontal diseases. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:5728-5735. [PMID: 22082264 DOI: 10.1021/jf203304v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cranberry ( Vaccinium macrocarpon ) is known to have a beneficial effect on several aspects of human health. Proanthocyanidins (PACs), the most abundant flavonoids extracted from red cranberry fruits, have been reported to possess antimicrobial, antiadhesion, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Recent in vitro studies have shown that cranberry PACs may be potential therapeutic agents for the prevention and management of periodontitis, an inflammatory disease of bacterial origin affecting tooth-supporting tissues. After presenting an overview of cranberry phytochemicals and their potential for human health benefits, this review will focus on the effects of cranberry PACs on connective tissue breakdown and alveolar bone destruction, as well as their potential for controlling periodontal diseases. Possible mechanisms of action of cranberry PACs include the inhibition of (i) bacterial and host-derived proteolytic enzymes, (ii) host inflammatory response, and (iii) osteoclast differentiation and activity. Given that cranberry PACs have shown interesting properties in in vitro studies, clinical trials are warranted to better evaluate the potential of these molecules for controlling periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Feghali
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval , Quebec City, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
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Caillet S, Côté J, Sylvain JF, Lacroix M. Antimicrobial effects of fractions from cranberry products on the growth of seven pathogenic bacteria. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Caillet S, Lorenzo G, Côté J, Sylvain JF, Lacroix M. Free Radical-Scavenging Properties and Antioxidant Activity of Fractions from Cranberry Products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/fns.2012.33049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Extraction optimisation of daphnoretin from root bark of Wikstroemia indica (L.) C.A. and its anti-tumour activity tests. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Feldman M, Tanabe S, Epifano F, Genovese S, Curini M, Grenier D. Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of 4-hydroxycordoin: potential therapeutic benefits. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2011; 74:26-31. [PMID: 21158427 DOI: 10.1021/np100547b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
4-Hydroxycordoin (1), a natural isopentenyloxychalcone, is a plant secondary metabolite that is relatively rare. Since there are very few reports about the biological activities of 1, its potential benefits for periodontal disease were investigated. A marked and dose-dependent antibacterial activity of 1 was observed against the three major periodontal pathogens, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Prevotella intermedia. Moreover, compound 1 showed an antiadhesion effect, since it inhibited attachment of P. gingivalis to oral epithelial cells. Finally, using a macrophage model, the ability of 1 to inhibit the secretion of inflammatory mediators induced by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide was demonstrated. The anti-inflammatory effect observed was associated with reduced activation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 and activator protein-1 (AP-1) pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Feldman
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, 2420 Rue de la Terrasse, Québec City, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6
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Abstract
Proanthocyanidins, also named condensed tannins, are the result of flavanols condensation. Oligomers and polymers of proanthocyanidins can widely be found in the plant kingdom, as in fruits and berries, seeds, flowers, and leaves. They have a putative role as antioxidants, and they affect the inflammatory process via calcium-dependent release of nitric oxide and protect against H(2)O(2)-induced lipid peroxidation. They also demonstrated a role in cardiovascular diseases via vessel relaxation and LDL oxidation inhibition. These condensed tannins have also shown activities that improve diabetic complications, such as neuropathy, retinopathy, or nephropathy, including a decrease in serum glucose and advanced glycation end products. Furthermore, proanthocyanidins have evidenced anticancer properties by mitigating tumor development through induction of apoptosis or inhibition of cell proliferation. Finally, they are able to produce antiadhesive actions against bacteria in urinary and dental infections, including Escherichia coli and Streptococcus mutans. Hence, proanthocyanidins are considered as beneficial molecules in preventing or treating many diseases and pathological conditions. Therefore, finding out more about condensed tannins bioavailability, and understanding the regulatory genes and pathways involved in their effects should be aimed in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío de la Iglesia
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences, Physiology and Toxicology, Universidad de Navarra, Calle Irunlarrea, Pamplona, Spain
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Anti-Porphyromonas gingivalis and anti-inflammatory activities of A-type cranberry proanthocyanidins. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:1778-84. [PMID: 20176905 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01432-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A-type cranberry proanthocyanidins (AC-PACs) have recently been reported to be beneficial for human health, especially urinary tract health. The effect of these proanthocyanidins on periodontitis, a destructive disease of tooth-supporting tissues, needs to be investigated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of AC-PACs on various virulence determinants of Porphyromonas gingivalis as well as on the inflammatory response of oral epithelial cells stimulated by this periodontopathogen. We examined the effects of AC-PACs on P. gingivalis growth and biofilm formation, adherence to human oral epithelial cells and protein-coated surfaces, collagenase activity, and invasiveness. We also tested the ability of AC-PACs to modulate the P. gingivalis-induced inflammatory response by human oral epithelial cells. Our results showed that while AC-PACs neutralized all the virulence properties of P. gingivalis in a dose-dependent fashion, they did not interfere with growth. They also inhibited the secretion of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5) but did not affect the secretion of IL-6 by epithelial cells stimulated with P. gingivalis. This anti-inflammatory effect was associated with reduced activation of the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) p65 pathway. AC-PACs may be potentially valuable bioactive molecules for the development of new strategies to treat and prevent P. gingivalis-associated periodontal diseases.
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