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Pal A, Ghosh D, Thakur P, Nagpal P, Irulappan M, Maruthan K, Mukherjee S, Patil NG, Dutta T, Veeraraghavan B, Vivekanandan P. Clinically relevant mutations in regulatory regions of metabolic genes facilitate early adaptation to ciprofloxacin in Escherichia coli. Nucleic Acids Res 2024:gkae719. [PMID: 39180403 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The genomic landscape associated with early adaptation to ciprofloxacin is poorly understood. Although the interplay between core metabolism and antimicrobial resistance is being increasingly recognized, mutations in metabolic genes and their biological role remain elusive. Here, we exposed Escherichia coli to increasing gradients of ciprofloxacin with intermittent transfer-bottlenecking and identified mutations in three non-canonical targets linked to metabolism including a deletion (tRNA-ArgΔ414-bp) and point mutations in the regulatory regions of argI (ARG box) and narU. Our findings suggest that these mutations modulate arginine and carbohydrate metabolism, facilitate anaerobiosis and increased ATP production during ciprofloxacin stress. Furthermore, mutations in the regulatory regions of argI and narU were detected in over 70% of sequences from clinical E. coli isolates and were overrepresented among ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates. In sum, we have identified clinically relevant mutations in the regulatory regions of metabolic genes as a central theme that drives physiological changes necessary for adaptation to ciprofloxacin stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Pal
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
- Department of Zoology, Raiganj Surendranath Mahavidyalaya, Sudarshanpur, Raiganj, Uttar Dinajpur, West Bengal733134, India
| | - Dipannita Ghosh
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Pratyusha Thakur
- RNA Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Priya Nagpal
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Madhumathi Irulappan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karthik Maruthan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sanket Mukherjee
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Nikita G Patil
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tanmay Dutta
- RNA Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Balaji Veeraraghavan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Perumal Vivekanandan
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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2
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Pereira Batista AF, Coelho Trevisan DA, Rodrigues Dos Santos A, Silva AF, Zanetti Campanerut-Sá PA, Alves de Abreu Filho B, Junior MM, Graton Mikcha JM. Synergistic inhibition of Salmonella Typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus in apple jam by cinnamaldehyde and potassium sorbate. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2024; 30:384-394. [PMID: 36974393 DOI: 10.1177/10820132231165541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effectiveness of cinnamaldehyde (CIN) and potassium sorbate (P.S.), alone and in combination, against Salmonella Typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus in vitro and in apple jam. Antimicrobial activity in vitro was investigated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), time-kill assay and determination of fractional inhibitory concentration index. CIN MIC and MBC was 312 μg/mL. P.S. MIC and MBC were 2500 and 5000 μg/mL, respectively, against S. Typhimurium; and 10,000 and 20,000 μg/mL, respectively, against S. aureus. The compounds combined exhibited a synergistic effect (FIC < 0.5), inhibiting S. Typhimurium growth after 12 h and S. aureus after 24 h. The effect of CIN and P.S., at sub-inhibitory concentrations, against bacterial strains in apple jam was evaluated during storage. Physicochemical and sensory analyses were also performed. No cultivable S. Typhimurium or S. aureus cells were recovered in apple jam supplemented with CIN + P.S. on the third day of storage. The addition of CIN and P.S. did not affect the physicochemical properties and sensory evaluation showed a score above 7.0. CIN and P.S. association at sub-inhibitory concentrations was effective in controlling foodborne pathogens and improved the shelf life of apple jam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Farias Pereira Batista
- Center for Agricultural Sciences, Postgraduate Program of Food Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Daliah Alves Coelho Trevisan
- Center for Health Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Adriele Rodrigues Dos Santos
- Center for Agricultural Sciences, Postgraduate Program of Food Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Alex Fiori Silva
- Center for Health Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Benício Alves de Abreu Filho
- Center for Agricultural Sciences, Postgraduate Program of Food Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Miguel Machinski Junior
- Center for Agricultural Sciences, Postgraduate Program of Food Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Jane Martha Graton Mikcha
- Center for Agricultural Sciences, Postgraduate Program of Food Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
- Center for Health Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Analyses and Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
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3
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Li J, Mo JR, Hu SY, Dong X, Li JW, Yang LY, Wu YJ. Effects of Hericium erinaceus polysaccharide in porcine IPEC-J2 intestinal epithelial cells against apoptosis induced by oxidative stress. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 280:109902. [PMID: 38508351 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
This study was intended to investigate whether Hericium erinaceus polysaccharides (HEP) prevent oxidative stress and apoptosis of intestinal porcine epithelial cells from jejunum (IPEC-J2 cells) induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Crude HEP were extracted and purified by chromatography. The ultraviolet and infrared spectra and monosaccharide composition of HEP were analyzed. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was quantified by flow cytometry method, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) production were determined by TBARS. Also, apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry method and the apoptosis-related regulatory molecules were determined by microplate or western blotting method. Our results showed that pretreatment of IPEC-J2 cells with HEP significantly scavenged ROS and reduced LDH and MDA production. HEP also reduced apoptosis and kept polarity of the mitochondrial membrane potential. Moreover, HEP increased the content of caspase-3 and PARP, and protein expression of Bcl-2, while inhibited Bax and Bad and reduced the content of caspase-9 and release of CytC. Meanwhile, HEP inhibited the protein expression of TNFR1, FAS, and FASL, and decreased the content of caspase-8. The results indicated that HEP had a protective effect against oxidative stress in IPEC-J2 cells and the underlying mechanism was reducing apoptosis via mitochondrial and death receptor pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China.
| | - Jia-Rong Mo
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Shi-Yu Hu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Xin Dong
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Jia-Wei Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Li-Yu Yang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Yi-Jian Wu
- University Key Laboratory for Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Veterinary Medicine and Animal Healthcare in Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
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4
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Khalil M, Piccapane F, Vacca M, Celano G, Mahdi L, Perniola V, Apa CA, Annunziato A, Iacobellis I, Procino G, Calasso M, De Angelis M, Caroppo R, Portincasa P. Nutritional and Physiological Properties of Thymbra spicata: In Vitro Study Using Fecal Fermentation and Intestinal Integrity Models. Nutrients 2024; 16:588. [PMID: 38474717 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
(Poly)phenolic-rich Mediterranean plants such as Thymbra spicata have been associated with several health-promoting effects. The nutritional value, as well as physiological interaction of T. spicata with the gastrointestinal tract, has not been investigated before. The nutritional composition of T. spicata leaves was here characterized by standard analytical methods. T. spicata leaves were subjected to ethanolic extraction, simulated gastrointestinal digestion, and anaerobic microbial gut fermentation. Phenols/flavonoid contents and radical scavenging activity were assessed by colorimetric methods. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were detected by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The effect on intestinal integrity was evaluated using a Caco-2 monolayers mounted in a Ussing chamber. T. spicata contains a high amount of fiber (12.3%) and unsaturated fatty acids (76% of total fat). A positive change in VOCs including short-chain fatty acids was observed without significant change in viable microbe. T. spicata and carvacrol (main phenolic compound) enhanced ionic currents in a concentration-dependent manner without compromising the Caco-2 monolayer's integrity. These effects were partially lost upon simulated digestion and completely abolished after colonic fermentation in line with polyphenols and carvacrol content. Conclusion: T. spicata represents a promising nutrient for the modulation of gut microbiota and the gut barrier. Further studies must better define its mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Khalil
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Piccapane
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Mirco Vacca
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Celano
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Laura Mahdi
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Valeria Perniola
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Carmen Aurora Apa
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Annunziato
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Ilaria Iacobellis
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Procino
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Calasso
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria De Angelis
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Rosa Caroppo
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
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5
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Li JG, Chen XF, Lu TY, Zhang J, Dai SH, Sun J, Liu YH, Liao XP, Zhou YF. Increased Activity of β-Lactam Antibiotics in Combination with Carvacrol against MRSA Bacteremia and Catheter-Associated Biofilm Infections. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:2482-2493. [PMID: 38019707 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
β-Lactam antibiotics are the mainstay for the treatment of staphylococcal infections, but their utility is greatly limited by the emergence and rapid dissemination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Herein, we evaluated the ability of the plant-derived monoterpene carvacrol to act as an antibiotic adjuvant, revitalizing the anti-MRSA activity of β-lactam antibiotics. Increased susceptibility of MRSA to β-lactam antibiotics and significant synergistic activities were observed with carvacrol-based combinations. Carvacrol significantly inhibited MRSA biofilms and reduced the production of exopolysaccharide, polysaccharide intercellular adhesin, and extracellular DNA and showed synergistic biofilm inhibition in combination with β-lactams. Transcriptome analysis revealed profound downregulation in the expression of genes involved in two-component systems and S. aureus infection. Mechanistic studies indicate that carvacrol inhibits the expression of staphylococcal accessory regulator sarA and interferes with SarA-mecA promoter binding that decreases mecA-mediated β-lactam resistance. Consistently, the in vivo experiment also supported that carvacrol restored MRSA sensitivity to β-lactam antibiotic treatments in both murine models of bacteremia and biofilm-associated infection. Our results indicated that carvacrol has a potential role as a combinatorial partner with β-lactam antibiotics to address MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Guo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ting-Yin Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Yantai Fushan Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Fushan, Yantai, Shandong 265500, China
| | - Shu-He Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jian Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ya-Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yu-Feng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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6
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Batista AFP, Rosa LCM, Pizzo JS, da Silva AF, Visentainer JV, de Abreu Filho BA, Kobayashi RKT, Nakazato G, Mikcha JMG. Biogenic silver nanoparticles and cinnamaldehyde as an effective sanitizer for fresh sweet grape tomatoes. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023; 60:2477-2485. [PMID: 37424585 PMCID: PMC10326202 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-023-05770-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of cinnamaldehyde (CIN) and biogenic silver nanoparticles (BioAgNP), alone and in combination, against Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. Their sanitation activities on fresh sweet grape tomatoes were also evaluated. CIN and BioAgNP inhibited the growth of the tested bacteria, and at low concentrations, their combinations presented a synergistic effect. In the sanitization of fresh sweet grape tomatoes, CIN (156 µg/mL) combined with BioAgNP (31.25 µM) at subinhibitory concentrations inhibited the growth of E. coli after only 5 min of contact. Exposed samples showed no growth of E. coli during their shelf life. The combination of these compounds did not change significantly (p > 0.05) the physicochemical properties of sweet grape tomatoes and showed that CIN combined with BioAgNP could represent an effective method for decontaminating fruits and vegetables. This combination has great potential for application in the prevention of foodborne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Farias Pereira Batista
- Center for Agricultural Sciences, Postgraduate Program of Food Science, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, Paraná 87020-900 Brazil
| | - Luana Carolina Martins Rosa
- Center for Agricultural Sciences, Postgraduate Program of Food Science, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, Paraná 87020-900 Brazil
| | | | - Alex Fiori da Silva
- Department of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, State University of Minas Gerais, Ituiutaba, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | | | - Benício Alves de Abreu Filho
- Center for Agricultural Sciences, Postgraduate Program of Food Science, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, Paraná 87020-900 Brazil
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná Brazil
| | - Renata Katsuko Takayama Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Gerson Nakazato
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Jane Martha Graton Mikcha
- Center for Agricultural Sciences, Postgraduate Program of Food Science, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, Paraná 87020-900 Brazil
- Center for Health Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná Brazil
- Department of Clinical Analyses and Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná Brazil
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7
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The Impact of Za'atar Antioxidant Compounds on the Gut Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Disorders: Insights for Future Clinical Applications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020426. [PMID: 36829984 PMCID: PMC9952350 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in host homeostasis and energy balance, changes in its composition can be associated with disease states through the promotion of immune-mediated inflammatory disorders and increasing intestinal permeability, ultimately leading to the impairment of intestinal barrier function. Za'atar is one of the most popular plant-based foods in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Za'atar is a mixture of different plant leaves, fruits, and seeds and contains hundreds of antioxidant compounds, especially polyphenols, and fiber, with pre-clinical and clinical evidence suggesting health-promoting effects in cardiovascular and metabolic disease. Za'atar compounds have also been studied from a gastrointestinal perspective, concerning both gut microbiota and gastrointestinal diseases. Antioxidants such as Za'atar polyphenols may provide beneficial effects in the complex interplay between the diet, gut microbiota, and intestinal permeability. To our knowledge, no studies have reported the effects of the whole Za'atar mixture, however, based on the pre-clinical studies published on components and single compounds found in Za'atar, we provide a clinical overview of the possible effects on the gastrointestinal tract, focusing mainly on carvacrol, rosmarinic acid, gallic acid, and other polyphenols. We also cover the potential clinical applications of Za'atar mixture as a possible nutraceutical in disorders involving the gastrointestinal tract.
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8
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Ekonomou S, Akshay Thanekar P, Lamprou DA, Weaver E, Doran O, Stratakos AC. Development of Geraniol-Loaded Liposomal Nanoformulations against Salmonella Colonization in the Pig Gut. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:7004-7014. [PMID: 35653283 PMCID: PMC9204824 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella is a global health threat, with pig production being one of the main sources of human salmonellosis. The current study investigated the antivirulence properties of geraniol for inhibiting the in vitro colonization of Salmonella. The minimum inhibitory (MIC) and bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of geraniol against Salmonella typhimurium followed by the sub-MIC of geraniol were determined. Results provided clear evidence that geraniol at 1/8 MIC can be used as an effective, non-toxic antivirulence compound to inhibit virulence factors (motility, adhesion, and invasiveness) affecting the colonization of S. typhimurium on IPEC-J2 cells. Additionally, the findings signified that microfluidics is an emerging technology suitable for the preparation of stable liposomes with a small size (<200 nm) and high encapsulation efficiency (EE) of up to 92.53%, which can act as effective carriers of geraniol into the pig gastrointestinal tract (GIT), targeting Salmonella, preventing colonization, and thus increasing the safety of the food supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios
I. Ekonomou
- Faculty
of Health and Applied Sciences (HAS), University
of the West of, Coldharbour Ln, Bristol BS16 1QY, England
| | - Pooja Akshay Thanekar
- Faculty
of Health and Applied Sciences (HAS), University
of the West of, Coldharbour Ln, Bristol BS16 1QY, England
| | - Dimitrios A. Lamprou
- School
of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Edward Weaver
- School
of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Olena Doran
- Faculty
of Health and Applied Sciences (HAS), University
of the West of, Coldharbour Ln, Bristol BS16 1QY, England
| | - Alexandros Ch. Stratakos
- Faculty
of Health and Applied Sciences (HAS), University
of the West of, Coldharbour Ln, Bristol BS16 1QY, England
- . Tel: (0044) 01173284743
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9
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Marks H, Grześkowiak Ł, Martinez-Vallespin B, Dietz H, Zentek J. Porcine and Chicken Intestinal Epithelial Cell Models for Screening Phytogenic Feed Additives—Chances and Limitations in Use as Alternatives to Feeding Trials. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030629. [PMID: 35336204 PMCID: PMC8951747 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous bioactive plant additives have shown various positive effects in pigs and chickens. The demand for feed additives of natural origin has increased rapidly in recent years to support the health of farm animals and thus minimize the need for antibiotics and other drugs. Although only in vivo experiments can fully represent their effect on the organism, the establishment of reliable in vitro methods is becoming increasingly important in the goal of reducing the use of animals in experiments. The use of cell models requires strict control of the experimental conditions so that reliability and reproducibility can be achieved. In particular, the intestinal porcine epithelial cell line IPEC-J2 represents a promising model for the development of new additives. It offers the possibility to investigate antioxidative, antimicrobial, anti- or pro-proliferative and antiviral effects. However, the use of IPEC-J2 is limited due to its purely epithelial origin and some differences in its morphology and functionality compared to the in vivo situation. With regard to chickens, the development of a reliable intestinal epithelial cell model has attracted the attention of researchers in recent years. Although a promising model was presented lately, further studies are needed to enable the standardized use of a chicken cell line for testing phytogenic feed additives. Finally, co-cultivation of the currently available cell lines with other cell lines and the development of organoids will open up further application possibilities. Special emphasis was given to the IPEC-J2 cell model. Therefore, all publications that investigated plant derived compounds in this cell line were considered. The section on chicken cell lines is based on publications describing the development of chicken intestinal epithelial cell models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Marks
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (Ł.G.); (B.M.-V.); (J.Z.)
- Kaesler Research Institute, Kaesler Nutrition GmbH, Fischkai 1, 27572 Bremerhaven, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Łukasz Grześkowiak
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (Ł.G.); (B.M.-V.); (J.Z.)
| | - Beatriz Martinez-Vallespin
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (Ł.G.); (B.M.-V.); (J.Z.)
| | - Heiko Dietz
- Kaesler Research Institute, Kaesler Nutrition GmbH, Fischkai 1, 27572 Bremerhaven, Germany;
| | - Jürgen Zentek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (Ł.G.); (B.M.-V.); (J.Z.)
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10
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Ahmad A, Saeed M, Ansari IA. Molecular insights on chemopreventive and anticancer potential of carvacrol: Implications from solid carcinomas. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e14010. [PMID: 34796513 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Globally, cancer is one of the deadliest diseases, estimated to cause 9.9 million deaths in 2020. Conventional cancer treatments commonly involve mono-chemotherapy or a combination of radiotherapy and mono-chemotherapy. However, the negative side effects of these approaches have been extensively reported and have prompted the search for new therapeutic drugs. Over the past few years, numerous dietary agents, medicinal plants, and their phytochemicals gained considerable therapeutic importance because of their anticancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Recent years have shown that essential oils possess therapeutic effects against numerous cancers. They are primarily used due to their lesser side effects than standard chemotherapeutic drugs. Carvacrol (CRV) is a phenolic monoterpenoid found in essential oils of oregano, thyme, pepperwort, wild bergamot, and other plants. Numerous anticancer reports of CRV substantiated that the main mechanistic action of CRV involves reduction in the viability of cancer cells and induction of apoptosis via both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. CRV also obstructs the migration and invasion of cells leading to the suppressed proliferation rate. Furthermore, CRV mediates augmented ROS generation resulting in DNA damage and also halts the progression of cell cycle. Treatment of CRV modulates the expression of apoptotic proteins (Bax, Bad) and molecular targets of various signaling pathways (PI3K/AKT/mTOR, MAPKs, and Notch) in multiple solid carcinomas. Hence, this review aimed to acquire and disseminate the knowledge of chemopreventive and anticancer effects of CRV and the mechanisms of action already described for the compound against numerous cancers, including solid carcinomas, to guide future research. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Development and formulation of phytocompound based anticancer drug agents to counteract the aftereffects of chemotherapeutic drugs is a propitious approach. CRV is a monoterpenoid consisting of a phenolic group obtained from the essential oils of oregano and thyme. These plants are being used as food flavoring spice and as fragrance ingredient in various cosmetic formulations. For the use of CRV as an efficient chemopreventive agent, different therapeutic interactions of CRV along with its targeted pathways and molecules, involved in the regulation of onset and progression of various types of solid carcinomas, need to be studied and explored thoroughly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afza Ahmad
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Mohd Saeed
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Irfan A Ansari
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, India
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Cortes-López H, Castro-Rosas J, García-Contreras R, Rodríguez-Zavala JS, González-Pedrajo B, Díaz-Guerrero M, Hernández-Morales J, Muñoz-Cazares N, Soto-Hernández M, Ruíz-Posadas LDM, Castillo-Juárez I. Antivirulence Activity of a Dietary Phytochemical: Hibiscus Acid Isolated from Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Reduces the Virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a Mouse Infection Model. J Med Food 2021; 24:934-943. [PMID: 33751918 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2020.0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Hs) calyxes, rich in organic acids, are included in diets in different countries. In recent years, some phytochemicals have been shown to reduce bacterial virulence at sublethal concentrations by interfering with quorum sensing (QS) systems. Therefore, in this study the antivirulence properties of Hs calyxes and two γ-lactones (hibiscus acid [HA] and its methyl ester) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa were analyzed. Acetone and methanol extracts of Hs showed anti-QS activity by inhibiting violacein production (60% to 80% with 250 μg/mL). In molecular docking analysis, the γ-lactones registered a good binding score, which suggests strong interaction with the active site of LasR protein. To verify their effect in vitro, they were isolated from Hs and evaluated in six QS-regulated phenotypes, as well as in ExoU toxin that is released by the type III secretion system (T3SS). At 500 μg/mL they reduced alkaline protease (29-52%) and elastase (15-37%) activity, biofilm formation (∼75%), and swarming (50%), but there was no effect on pyocyanin production, hemolytic activity, or type III secretion. In a mouse abscess/necrosis model, HA at sublethal concentrations (15 and 31.2 μg/mL) affected infection establishment and prevented damage and systemic spread. In conclusion, HA is the first molecule identified with antivirulence properties in Hs with the potential to prevent infections caused by P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Cortes-López
- Posgrado de Botánica y, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, Estado de México, México
| | - Javier Castro-Rosas
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, México
| | - Rodolfo García-Contreras
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, México
| | | | - Bertha González-Pedrajo
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, México
| | - Miguel Díaz-Guerrero
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, México
| | - Javier Hernández-Morales
- Posgrado en Fitosanidad-Fitopatología, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, Estado de México, México
| | - Naybi Muñoz-Cazares
- Posgrado de Botánica y, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, Estado de México, México
| | - Marcos Soto-Hernández
- Posgrado de Botánica y, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, Estado de México, México
| | | | - Israel Castillo-Juárez
- Posgrado de Botánica y, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, Estado de México, México
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12
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Xu B, Fu J, Zhu L, Li Z, Jin M, Wang Y. Overall assessment of antibiotic substitutes for pigs: a set of meta-analyses. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:3. [PMID: 33413687 PMCID: PMC7792336 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00534-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antibiotic growth promoters are widely used to improve weight gain. However, the abuse of antibiotics can have many negative effects on people. Developing alternatives to antibiotics is an urgent need in livestock production. We aimed to perform a meta-analysis and network meta-analysis (NMA) to investigate the effects of feed additives as potential antibiotic substitutes (ASs) on bacteriostasis, growth performance, intestinal morphology and immunity. Furthermore, the primary, secondary, and tertiary ASs were defined by comparing their results with the results of antibiotics. Results Among 16,309 identified studies, 37 were summarized to study the bacteriostasis effects of feed additives, and 89 were included in the meta-analysis and NMA (10,228 pigs). We summarized 268 associations of 57 interventions with 32 bacteria. The order of bacteriostasis effects was as follows: antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) ≈ antibiotics>organic acids>plant extracts>oligosaccharides. We detected associations of 11 feed additives and 11 outcomes. Compared with a basal diet, plant extract, AMPs, probiotics, microelements, organic acids, bacteriophages, lysozyme, zymin, and oligosaccharides significantly improved growth performance (P < 0.05); organic acids, probiotics, microelements, lysozyme, and AMPs remarkably increased the villus height:crypt depth ratio (V/C) (P < 0.05); and plant extracts, zymin, microelements, probiotics, and organic acids notably improved immunity (P < 0.05). The optimal AMP, bacteriophage, lysozyme, microelements, oligosaccharides, organic acids, plants, plant extracts, probiotics, and zymin doses were 0.100%, 0.150%, 0.012%, 0.010%, 0.050%, 0.750%, 0.20%, 0.040%, 0.180%, and 0.100%, respectively. Compared with antibiotics, all investigated feed additives exhibited no significant difference in effects on growth performance, IgG, and diarrhoea index/rate (P > 0.05); AMPs and microelements significantly increased V/C (P < 0.05); and zymin significantly improved lymphocyte levels (P < 0.05). Furthermore, linear weighting sum models were used to comprehensively estimate the overall impact of each feed additive on pig growth and health. Conclusions Our findings suggest that AMPs and plant extracts can be used as primary ASs for weaned piglets and growing pigs, respectively. Bacteriophages, zymin, plants, probiotics, oligosaccharides, lysozyme, and microelements can be regarded as secondary ASs. Nucleotides and organic acids can be considered as tertiary ASs. Future studies should further assess the alternative effects of combinational feed additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bocheng Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Fu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Luoyi Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Li
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingliang Jin
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Giovagnoni G, Rossi B, Tugnoli B, Ghiselli F, Bonetti A, Piva A, Grilli E. Thymol and Carvacrol Downregulate the Expression of Salmonella typhimurium Virulence Genes during an In Vitro Infection on Caco-2 Cells. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060862. [PMID: 32517327 PMCID: PMC7355688 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella typhimurium is one of the major bacteria responsible for gastroenteritis in humans caused by foodborne pathogens. As pork is one of the main routes of transmission, bioactive compounds used as feed additives may be an important strategy to control Salmonella typhimurium. The aim of this study was to assess the antimicrobial activity of several organic acids and nature identical compounds against Salmonella typhimurium ATCC®® 6994™. Moreover, the effect of sub-lethal concentrations of thymol and carvacrol in counteracting a Salmonella typhimurium in vitro infection on Caco-2 cells was evaluated, focusing on the maintenance of the epithelial barrier and the alteration of Salmonella virulence genes. The results showed a protective effect of the compounds on the integrity of the intestinal monolayer, improving transepithelial electrical resistance and bacterial translocation compared to the non-treated cells. A real-time PCR study highlighted a significant downregulation of the main virulence genes of Salmonella (hilA, prgH, invA, sipA, sipC, sipD, sopB, sopE2). These findings indicate that thymol and carvacrol could be good candidates for the control of Salmonella typhimurium in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Giovagnoni
- DIMEVET, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy; (G.G.); (F.G.); (A.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Barbara Rossi
- Vetagro S.p.A., via Porro 2, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (B.R.); (B.T.)
| | - Benedetta Tugnoli
- Vetagro S.p.A., via Porro 2, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (B.R.); (B.T.)
| | - Federico Ghiselli
- DIMEVET, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy; (G.G.); (F.G.); (A.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Andrea Bonetti
- DIMEVET, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy; (G.G.); (F.G.); (A.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Andrea Piva
- DIMEVET, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy; (G.G.); (F.G.); (A.B.); (A.P.)
- Vetagro S.p.A., via Porro 2, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (B.R.); (B.T.)
| | - Ester Grilli
- DIMEVET, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy; (G.G.); (F.G.); (A.B.); (A.P.)
- Vetagro Inc., 116 W. Jackson Blvd., Suite #320, Chicago, IL 60604, USA
- Correspondence:
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14
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Lamas A, Regal P, Vázquez B, Cepeda A, Franco CM. Short Chain Fatty Acids Commonly Produced by Gut Microbiota Influence Salmonella enterica Motility, Biofilm Formation, and Gene Expression. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:E265. [PMID: 31847278 PMCID: PMC6963744 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8040265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are commonly produced by healthy gut microbiota and they have a protective role against enteric pathogens. SCFAs also have direct antimicrobial activity against bacterial pathogens by diffusion across the bacterial membrane and reduction of intracellular pH. Due to this antimicrobial activity, SCFAs have promising applications in human health and food safety. In this study, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of four SCFAs (acetic acid, butyric acid, propionic acid, and valeric acid) in Salmonella strains isolated from poultry were determined. The effect of subinhibitory concentrations of SCFAs in Salmonella biofilm formation, motility, and gene expression was also evaluated. Butyric acid, propionic acid, and valeric acid showed a MIC of 3750 µg/mL in all strains tested, while the MIC of acetic acid was between 1875 and 3750 µg/mL. Subinhibitory concentrations of SCFAs significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the motility of all Salmonella strains, especially in the presence of acetic acid. Biofilm formation was also significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the presence of SCFAs in some of the Salmonella strains. Salmonella strain. Salmonella Typhimurium T7 showed significant (p < 0.05) upregulation of important virulence genes, such as invA and hilA, especially in the presence of butyric acid. Therefore, SCFAs are promising substances for the inhibition of the growth of foodborne pathogens. However, it is important to avoid the use of subinhibitory concentrations that could increase the virulence of foodborne pathogen Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Lamas
- Laboratorio de Higiene Inspección y Control de Alimentos, Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (P.R.); (B.V.); (A.C.); (C.M.F.)
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15
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Entrapment of a phage cocktail and cinnamaldehyde on sodium alginate emulsion-based films to fight food contamination by Escherichia coli and Salmonella Enteritidis. Food Res Int 2019; 128:108791. [PMID: 31955758 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Notwithstanding the implementation of good processing practices in food companies and appropriate washing of food products by the consumer, Salmonella and Escherichia coli outbreaks continue to occur. In this study, different combinations of bacteriophages (phages) and cinnamaldehyde (CNMA) were incorporated on sodium alginate emulsion-based films to impart them with antimicrobial activity towards S. Enteritidis and E. coli. Films were prepared by casting and they were characterized in terms of CNMA and/or phages loading, thickness, moisture content, water vapor permeability (WVP), swelling index (SW), chemical interactions by FTIR, surface morphology by SEM and antimicrobial performance. Results showed that phages incorporation was not compromised by CNMA as evidenced by their viability inside the films. Increasing CNMA concentration yielded formulations less heterogeneous and a higher amount of CNMA loaded. Films characterization revealed that, in general, phages incorporation did not introduce significant changes on films parameters while the presence of CNMA increased the roughness, thickness and swelling ability of films. Sodium alginate films incorporated with EC4 and φ135 phages displayed antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. Enteritidis, respectively, while CNMA empowered the films with activity against both species. Combination of both phages with the higher concentration of CNMA resulted in a synergic antimicrobial effect against E. coli and a facilitative effect against Salmonella. Overall, incorporation of EC4 and φ135 phages together with CNMA on alginate emulsion-based films holds great potential to be further applied in food packaging to prevent food contamination.
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Chen L, Wang Z, Liu L, Qu S, Mao Y, Peng X, Li YX, Tian J. Cinnamaldehyde inhibits Candida albicans growth by causing apoptosis and its treatment on vulvovaginal candidiasis and oropharyngeal candidiasis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:9037-9055. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10119-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Santos RR, Awati A, Roubos-van den Hil PJ, van Kempen TATG, Tersteeg-Zijderveld MHG, Koolmees PA, Smits C, Fink-Gremmels J. Effects of a feed additive blend on broilers challenged with heat stress. Avian Pathol 2019; 48:582-601. [PMID: 31389714 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2019.1648750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated a blend of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA), organic acids, and a polyphenol antioxidant on gut integrity. Eighty Ross Broilers were exposed to 20-22°C (control - normothermic) or to 35-39.5°C (heat stress) for eight hours a day for a period of 1 or 5 days. Birds were fed a standard diet, or a diet supplemented with the test blend. Thereafter, birds were euthanized, and intestinal sections were excised for morphological, morphometric and gene expression analyses. Blood samples were collected for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) determination. Heart and liver tissues were used to quantify the expression of heat shock proteins 60 and 70 (HSP60 and HSP70, respectively) and inhibitor of kappa light chain gene enhancer in B cells alpha (IKBA). The jejunum was the most sensitive intestinal section, where heat stress modulated the expression of HSP70, of the inflammatory markers IKBA, interleukin 8 (IL-8), interferon gamma (IFNγ), and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Moreover, expression of tight junctions (CLDN1, ZO1 and ZO2) and nutrient transporters (PEPT1 and EAAT3) was modulated especially in the jejunum. In conclusion, the feed additive blend protected intestines during heat stress from the decrease in villus height and crypt depth, and from the increase in villus width. Especially in the jejunum, heat stress played an important role by modulating oxidative stress and inflammation, impairing gut integrity and nutrient transport, and such deleterious effects were alleviated by the feed additive blend. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Jejunum is the most sensitive intestinal segment during heat stress. Heat stress affects the expression of tight junctions and nutrient transporters. Feed management helps to alleviate the disturbances caused by heat stress. A blend of MCFA, organic acids and a polyphenol protects broilers under heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regiane R Santos
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Veterinary Pharmacy, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands.,Animal Sciences Post-graduation Program, Federal University of Pará , Belém , Pará , Brazil
| | - Ajay Awati
- Trouw Nutrition R&D , Boxmeer , Netherlands
| | | | - Theo A T G van Kempen
- Trouw Nutrition R&D , Boxmeer , Netherlands.,Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University , Raleigh , NC , USA
| | - Monique H G Tersteeg-Zijderveld
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Veterinary Pharmacy, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Peter A Koolmees
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Veterinary Pharmacy, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Coen Smits
- Trouw Nutrition R&D , Boxmeer , Netherlands
| | - Johanna Fink-Gremmels
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Veterinary Pharmacy, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands
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18
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Potential of a Small Molecule Carvacrol in Management of Vegetable Diseases. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24101932. [PMID: 31137465 PMCID: PMC6572147 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Carvacrol, a plant-derived volatile small molecule, is effective against various agents that can cause damage to humans, the food processing industry, and plants, and is considered a safe substance for human consumption. In this short communication, previous studies on the effectiveness of carvacrol against various agents, particularly plant pathogens and their associated mechanisms are described. In our study, carvacrol was found to be effective on media against several soilborne pathogens and in planta against three foliar pathogens (Xanthomonas perforans, Alternaria tomatophila, and Podosphaeraxanthii) of important vegetable crops in south Florida of the United States. Current research findings indicated that the effectiveness of carvacrol against various plant pathogens tested was associated with its direct bactericidal/fungicidal effect, which was affected greatly by its volatility. Development of new formulations to overcome the volatility and to prolong the effectiveness of carvacrol was also presented. Our studies on carvacrol suggested that, with advanced development of new formulations, carvacrol could be used as a promising tool in the integrated pest management for bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens of important vegetable crops in Florida, the USA, and the world.
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19
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Pereira Batista AF, Rodrigues dos Santos A, Fiori da Silva A, Coelho Trevisan DA, Ribeiro LH, Zanetti Campanerut-Sá PA, Alves de Abreu Filho B, Junior MM, Graton Mikcha JM. Inhibition of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium by combined carvacrol and potassium sorbate in vitro and in tomato paste. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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20
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Murbach Teles Andrade BF, Nunes Barbosa L, Bérgamo Alves FC, Pereira Marques AF, Albano M, Mores Rall VL, Brüggemann H, Fernandes Júnior A. The impact of Cymbopogon martinii essential oil on Cutibacterium (formerly Propionibacterium) acnes strains and its interaction with keratinocytes. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 70:1688-1699. [PMID: 30277563 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The human skin microbiota is mainly composed of bacteria belonging to the genera Staphylococcus, Cutibacterium, Micrococcus and Corynebacterium, but on the skin of the face and back, ca. 50% of the total microbiota is represented by the bacterium Cutibacterium acnes. The aim of this research was to evaluate the impact of C. martini EO and its major compound, geraniol, on C. acnes. METHODS The minimum inhibitory concentration against C. acnes strains, phenotypic changes and responses of the proteome was determined. In addition, was assessed the effect of compounds in RNA-binding assay, on C. acnes-exposed keratinocytes and on the C. acnes type distribution on shoulder skin. KEY FINDINGS The range of the MIC was 0.7 to 1.6 mg/ml for the three main C. acnes types. There were no cytotoxic effects of compounds in the absence or presence of C. acnes; after 7 days of exposure to C. martini EO, we could not detect a major shift of the C. acnes types on shoulder skin that was found to be dominated by C. acnes strains of types II and IA2. CONCLUSIONS Our work gives novel insight into the skin microbiota-interacting properties of C. martini EO.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fernanda Cristina Bérgamo Alves
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP - Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Flávia Pereira Marques
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP - Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Albano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP - Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Vera Lúcia Mores Rall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP - Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Ary Fernandes Júnior
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP - Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Stratakos AC, Linton M, Ward P, Campbell M, Kelly C, Pinkerton L, Stef L, Pet I, Stef D, Iancu T, Theodoridou K, Gundogdu O, Corcionivoschi N. The Antimicrobial Effect of a Commercial Mixture of Natural Antimicrobials Against Escherichia coli O157:H7. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 16:119-129. [PMID: 30277811 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruminants are important reservoirs of E. coli O157:H7 and are considered as the major source of most foodborne outbreaks (e.g., 2017 outbreak in Germany, 2014 and 2016 outbreaks in United States, all linked to beef products). A promising strategy to reduce E. coli O157 is using antimicrobials to reduce the pathogen levels and/or virulence within the animal gastrointestinal tract and thus foodborne disease. The aim of the study was to determine the efficacy of a commercial mixture of natural antimicrobials against E. coli O157. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of the antimicrobial were quantitatively determined and found to be 0.5% and 0.75% (v/v) of the natural antimicrobial, respectively. Microbial growth kinetics was also used to determine the effect of the antimicrobial on the pathogen. The natural antimicrobial affected the cell membrane of E. coli O157, as demonstrated by the increase in relative electric conductivity and increase in protein and nucleic acid release. The antimicrobial was also able to significantly reduce the concentration on E. coli O157 in a model rumen system. Biofilm assays showed that subinhibitory concentrations of the antimicrobial significantly reduced the E. coli 0157 biofilm forming capacity without influencing pathogen growth. In addition, the natural antimicrobial was able to reduce motility and exopolysaccharide production. Subinhibitory concentrations of the antimicrobial had no effect on AI-2 production. These findings suggest that the natural antimicrobial exerts an antimicrobial effect against E. coli O157 in vitro and in a model rumen system and could be potentially used to control this pathogen in the animal gut. The results also indicate that subinhibitory concentrations of the antimicrobial effectively reduce biofilm formation, motility, and exopolysaccharide production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Ch Stratakos
- 1 Veterinary Sciences Division, Bacteriology Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute , Belfast, Northern Ireland .,2 Auranta, Nova UCD, Belfield Innovation Park , Belfield, Ireland
| | - Mark Linton
- 1 Veterinary Sciences Division, Bacteriology Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute , Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Patrick Ward
- 2 Auranta, Nova UCD, Belfield Innovation Park , Belfield, Ireland
| | - Mairead Campbell
- 3 Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Carmel Kelly
- 1 Veterinary Sciences Division, Bacteriology Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute , Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Laurette Pinkerton
- 1 Veterinary Sciences Division, Bacteriology Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute , Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Lavinia Stef
- 4 Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine , King Michael I of Romania, Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ioan Pet
- 4 Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine , King Michael I of Romania, Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ducu Stef
- 4 Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine , King Michael I of Romania, Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Tiberiu Iancu
- 4 Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine , King Michael I of Romania, Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Katerina Theodoridou
- 3 Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Ozan Gundogdu
- 5 Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolae Corcionivoschi
- 1 Veterinary Sciences Division, Bacteriology Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute , Belfast, Northern Ireland .,4 Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine , King Michael I of Romania, Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
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22
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Sima F, Stratakos AC, Ward P, Linton M, Kelly C, Pinkerton L, Stef L, Gundogdu O, Lazar V, Corcionivoschi N. A Novel Natural Antimicrobial Can Reduce the in vitro and in vivo Pathogenicity of T6SS Positive Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli Chicken Isolates. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2139. [PMID: 30245680 PMCID: PMC6137164 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Human campylobacteriosis is considered one of the most common foodborne diseases worldwide with poultry identified as the main source of infection accounting for 50-80% of human cases. Highly virulent Campylobacter spp., positive for the Type VI secretion system (T6SS), which have an increased ability to adhere to and invade the host gastrointestinal epithelium are highly prevalent in poultry. Multidrug resistant strains of bacteria are rapidly evolving and therefore, new antimicrobials to supplement animal feed that are able to control Campylobacter species, are in great need. The work presented herein indicates that a novel phenolic antimicrobial, Auranta 3001, is able to reduce the adhesion and invasion of human intestinal epithelial cells (HCT-8) by two T6SS positive chicken isolates, C. jejuni RC039 (p < 0.05) and C. coli RC013 (p < 0.001). Exposure of C. jejuni RC039 and C. coli RC013 to Auranta 3001 downregulated the expression of hcp and cetB genes, known to be important in the functionality of T6SS. Furthermore, the reduced adhesion and invasion is associated with a significant decrease in bacterial motility of both isolates (p < 0.05-p < 0.001) in vitro. Most importantly our in vivo results show that Auranta 3001 is able to reduce cecum colonization levels from log 8 CFU/ml to log 2 CFU/ml for C. jejuni RC039 and from log 7 CFU/ml to log 2 CFU/ml for C. coli RC013. In conclusion, this novel antimicrobial is able to reduce the pathogenic properties of T6SS campylobacters in vitro and also to decrease colonization in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Sima
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- Auranta, NovaUCD, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alexandros Ch. Stratakos
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
- Auranta, NovaUCD, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Mark Linton
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Carmel Kelly
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Laurette Pinkerton
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Lavinia Stef
- School of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Banat University of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine – King Michael I of Romania, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ozan Gundogdu
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Veronica Lazar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Nicolae Corcionivoschi
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
- School of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Banat University of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine – King Michael I of Romania, Timisoara, Romania
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23
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Sima F, Stratakos AC, Ward P, Linton M, Kelly C, Pinkerton L, Stef L, Gundogdu O, Lazar V, Corcionivoschi N. A Novel Natural Antimicrobial Can Reduce the in vitro and in vivo Pathogenicity of T6SS Positive Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli Chicken Isolates. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2139. [PMID: 30245680 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02139/full] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human campylobacteriosis is considered one of the most common foodborne diseases worldwide with poultry identified as the main source of infection accounting for 50-80% of human cases. Highly virulent Campylobacter spp., positive for the Type VI secretion system (T6SS), which have an increased ability to adhere to and invade the host gastrointestinal epithelium are highly prevalent in poultry. Multidrug resistant strains of bacteria are rapidly evolving and therefore, new antimicrobials to supplement animal feed that are able to control Campylobacter species, are in great need. The work presented herein indicates that a novel phenolic antimicrobial, Auranta 3001, is able to reduce the adhesion and invasion of human intestinal epithelial cells (HCT-8) by two T6SS positive chicken isolates, C. jejuni RC039 (p < 0.05) and C. coli RC013 (p < 0.001). Exposure of C. jejuni RC039 and C. coli RC013 to Auranta 3001 downregulated the expression of hcp and cetB genes, known to be important in the functionality of T6SS. Furthermore, the reduced adhesion and invasion is associated with a significant decrease in bacterial motility of both isolates (p < 0.05-p < 0.001) in vitro. Most importantly our in vivo results show that Auranta 3001 is able to reduce cecum colonization levels from log 8 CFU/ml to log 2 CFU/ml for C. jejuni RC039 and from log 7 CFU/ml to log 2 CFU/ml for C. coli RC013. In conclusion, this novel antimicrobial is able to reduce the pathogenic properties of T6SS campylobacters in vitro and also to decrease colonization in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Sima
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- Auranta, NovaUCD, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alexandros Ch Stratakos
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
- Auranta, NovaUCD, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Mark Linton
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Carmel Kelly
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Laurette Pinkerton
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Lavinia Stef
- School of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Banat University of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine - King Michael I of Romania, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ozan Gundogdu
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Veronica Lazar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Nicolae Corcionivoschi
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
- School of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Banat University of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine - King Michael I of Romania, Timisoara, Romania
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24
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Ruggeri J, Foresti F, Pavesi R, Terrini A, Giudici F, Padoan D, Corradi A, Ossiprandi MC, Pasquali P, Alborali GL. The synergistic effect of organic acids, phytochemicals and a permeabilizing complex reduces Salmonella Typhimurium 1,4,[5],12:i-shedding in pigs. Vet Res Commun 2018; 42:209-217. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-018-9723-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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25
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Sharifi-Rad M, Varoni EM, Iriti M, Martorell M, Setzer WN, Del Mar Contreras M, Salehi B, Soltani-Nejad A, Rajabi S, Tajbakhsh M, Sharifi-Rad J. Carvacrol and human health: A comprehensive review. Phytother Res 2018; 32:1675-1687. [PMID: 29744941 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Carvacrol (CV) is a phenolic monoterpenoid found in essential oils of oregano (Origanum vulgare), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), pepperwort (Lepidium flavum), wild bergamot (Citrus aurantium bergamia), and other plants. Carvacrol possesses a wide range of bioactivities putatively useful for clinical applications such antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. Carvacrol antimicrobial activity is higher than that of other volatile compounds present in essential oils due to the presence of the free hydroxyl group, hydrophobicity, and the phenol moiety. The present review illustrates the state-of-the-art studies on the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties of CV. It is particularly effective against food-borne pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Bacillus cereus. Carvacrol has high antioxidant activity and has been successfully used, mainly associated with thymol, as dietary phytoadditive to improve animal antioxidant status. The anticancer properties of CV have been reported in preclinical models of breast, liver, and lung carcinomas, acting on proapoptotic processes. Besides the interesting properties of CV and the toxicological profile becoming definite, to date, human trials on CV are still lacking, and this largely impedes any conclusions of clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Sharifi-Rad
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, 61663-335, Iran
| | - Elena Maria Varoni
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Milan State University, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcello Iriti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milan State University, Milan, Italy
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - William N Setzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA
| | - María Del Mar Contreras
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain.,Research and Development Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Health Science Technological Park, Bioregión Building, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, Granada, Spain
| | - Bahare Salehi
- Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Soltani-Nejad
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sadegh Rajabi
- Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mercedeh Tajbakhsh
- Pediatric Infections Research Center (PIRC), Research Institute for Children Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environmental Science Complex, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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26
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Alavinezhad A, Khazdair MR, Boskabady MH. Possible therapeutic effect of carvacrol on asthmatic patients: A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, Phase II clinical trial. Phytother Res 2017; 32:151-159. [PMID: 29193478 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The relaxant effects of carvacrol, a phenolic monoterpene, on tracheal smooth muscle and its preventive effect on asthmatic animals were reported. The effect of carvacrol in asthmatic patients was examined in the placebo group (Group P, n = 11) receiving placebo and treatment group (Group C, n = 12), which received carvacrol capsule (1.2 mg/kg/day) for 2 months in a double-blind manner. Pulmonary function tests, respiratory symptoms, hematological indices, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were measured before, 1 and 2 months after starting treatment. At the end of treatment period, Pulmonary function tests values in Group C were significantly increased (p < .05 to p < .001). Most respiratory symptoms were also significantly reduced in Group C at the end of 2-month treatment (p < .05 to p < .001). Total and differential white blood cell (p < .05 to p < .001), as well as serum levels of hs-CRP in Group C were also significantly reduced after 2-month treatment with carvacrol (p < .001). Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit were changed in Group C (p < .05 and p < .01, respectively). However, in Group P, there was no significant changes in the evaluated parameters. Pulmonary function tests were increased but respiratory symptoms, inflammatory cells, and hs-CRP were reduced in asthmatic patients who received carvacrol that indicates its therapeutic effect on asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Alavinezhad
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 9177948564, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Khazdair
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 9177948564, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Boskabady
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 9177948564, Mashhad, Iran
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27
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Amrutha B, Sundar K, Shetty PH. Effect of organic acids on biofilm formation and quorum signaling of pathogens from fresh fruits and vegetables. Microb Pathog 2017; 111:156-162. [PMID: 28867627 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Organic acids are known to be used as food preservatives due to their antimicrobial potential. This study evaluated the ability of three organic acids, namely, acetic acid, citric acid and lactic acid to manage E. coli and Salmonella sp. from fresh fruits and vegetables. Effect of these organic acids on biofilm forming ability and anti-quorum potential was also investigated. The effect of organic acids on inactivation of E. coli and Salmonella sp. on the surface of a selected vegetable (cucumber) was determined. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the organic acids were found to be 1.5, 2 and 0.2% in E. coli while it was observed to be 1, 1.5 and 1% in Salmonella sp. for acetic, citric and lactic acids respectively. Maximum inhibition of biofilm formation was recorded at 39.13% with lactic acid in E. coli and a minimum of 22.53% with citric acid in Salmonella sp. EPS production was affected in E. coli with lactic acid showing reduction by 13.42% while citric acid and acetic acid exhibited only 6.25% and 10.89% respectively. Swimming and swarming patterns in E. coli was notably affected by both acetic and lactic acids. Lactic and acetic acids showed higher anti-quorum sensing (QS) potential when compared to citric acid. 2% lactic acid showed a maximum inhibition of violacein production by 37.7%. Organic acids can therefore be used as potential quorum quenching agents in food industry. 2% lactic acid treatment on cucumber demonstrated that it was effective in inactivating E. coli and Salmonella sp. There was 1 log reduction in microbial count over a period of 6 days after the lactic acid treatment. Thus, organic acids can act as effective potential sanitizers in reducing the microbial load associated with fresh fruits and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balagopal Amrutha
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pondicherry Central University, R V Nagar, Kalapet, Puducherry 605 014, India
| | - Kothandapani Sundar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pondicherry Central University, R V Nagar, Kalapet, Puducherry 605 014, India
| | - Prathapkumar Halady Shetty
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pondicherry Central University, R V Nagar, Kalapet, Puducherry 605 014, India.
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28
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Kissels W, Wu X, Santos R. Short communication: Interaction of the isomers carvacrol and thymol with the antibiotics doxycycline and tilmicosin: In vitro effects against pathogenic bacteria commonly found in the respiratory tract of calves. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:970-974. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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29
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Burt SA, Adolfse SJM, Ahad DSA, Tersteeg-Zijderveld MHG, Jongerius-Gortemaker BGM, Post JA, Brüggemann H, Santos RR. Cinnamaldehyde, Carvacrol and Organic Acids Affect Gene Expression of Selected Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Markers in IPEC-J2 Cells Exposed to Salmonella typhimurium. Phytother Res 2016; 30:1988-2000. [PMID: 27561686 PMCID: PMC5157771 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Essential oils and organic acids are used as feed additives to improve health status and reduce colonization with pathogens. Although bactericidal in vitro, concentrations achieved in the animal gut are probably not lethal to pathogens. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol and cinnamic, lactic and propionic acids on the ability of Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028 (ST) to invade intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) and on the expression levels of immune related genes in the cells. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and non-inhibitory concentration (NIC) were determined and influence on the invasion capacity of ST was investigated. The structure of fimbriae and flagella was analysed by electron microscopy, and expression levels of HSP70, IkBa, IL-8 and IL-10 in the IPEC-J2 cells were carried out by q-PCR. Cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol and cinnamic and propionic acids inhibited ST invasion but not cell viability, bacterial viability and motility or the development of flagella. Propionic acid and cinnamaldehyde in combination with cinnamic acid caused structural impairment of fimbriae. Cinnamaldehyde up-regulated expression of HSP70 irrespective of the presence of organic acids or ST; exposure to carvacrol induced HSP70 only in the presence of propionic acid and ST. © 2016 The Authors. Phytotherapy Research published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Burt
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Simone J M Adolfse
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dina S A Ahad
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Monique H G Tersteeg-Zijderveld
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Betty G M Jongerius-Gortemaker
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A Post
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Regiane R Santos
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Veterinary Pharmacy, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Animal Sciences Post-graduation Program, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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