Herbal medicine in oral lichen planus

Network pharmacology and molecular docking analysis predict the mechanisms of Huangbai liniment in treating oral lichen planus

This study explored the mechanism of Huangbai liniment (HB) for the treatment of oral lichen planus (OLP) through network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques. The study identified HB' active ingredients, therapeutic targets for OLP, and associated signaling pathways. The chemical composition of HB was screened using the HERB database. The disease targets of OLP were obtained through the GeneCards and OMIM databases. A protein-protein interactions network was constructed with the String platform. Topological analysis was performed using Cytoscape software to identify core targets. Gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway enrichment analysis were performed using the Hiplot database, and the active ingredients and core targets were verified by molecular docking. Date analysis showed that the active composition of HB in the treatment of OLP were quercetin, wogonin, kaempferol, and luteolin. This survey identified 10 potential therapeutic targets, including TNF, CXCL8, IL-6, IL1B, PIK3R1, ESR1, JUN, AKT1, PIK3CA, and CTNNB1. Molecular docking revealed stable interactions between OLP' key targets and HB. These key targets were predominantly involved in the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, AGE-RAGE signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, and HIF-1 signaling pathway. HB plays a crucial role in the treatment of OLP, acting on multiple targets and pathways, particularly the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. It regulated biological processes like the proliferation of epithelial cells and lymphocytes and mediates the expression of transcription factors, cytokines, and chemokines. Therefore, this study provides a theoretical basis for the clinical trial and application of HB in the therapy of OLP.

Expression of epithelial growth factor receptor as a protein marker in oral reticular and erosive lichen planus

BACKGROUND

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory mucosal disease that is classified as a premalignant condition. Epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) is associated with tumorigenesis and tumor progression and is overexpressed in several oral malignant disorders. Despite the association of EGFR overexpression with oral potentially malignant lesions, few studies have analyzed its expression in OLP, showing controversial results. This study aimed to compare the expression of EGFR as a protein marker in Reticular and Erosive OLP.

METHODS

This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional was conducted on 15 paraffin blocks of reticular lichen planus lesions, 16 paraffin blocks of erosive OLP lesions, and 8 paraffin blocks of inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia lesions as the control group (39 in total). After immunohistochemical staining for EGFR, samples were simultaneously observed by two maxillofacial pathologist, and the percentage of stained cells, intensity of staining, pattern of staining, and the location of stained cells were obtained.

RESULTS

The Mann-Whitney-U test showed that there was no significant difference in the mean percentage of stained cells between erosive OLP and reticular OLP (P-value = 0.213) and between reticular OLP and control group (P-value = 0.137), but there was a significant difference between erosive OLP and control group (P-value = 0.035). Fisher's exact test showed that there was no significant difference between the frequency distribution of staining patterns in three types of lesions (P-value = 0.90). Kruskal-Wallis test showed that there was no significant difference between the intensity of staining in the three groups (P-value = 0.19) and also there was no significant difference between the location of stained cells in different layers of the epithelium in the three groups (P-value = 0.90).

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study showed that in comparison of reticular OLP, erosive OLP, and the control group there was a significant difference just between erosive OLP and control group in the percentage of stained cells.

What can we learn from treatments of oral lichen planus?

Oral lichen planus (OLP), a T-lymphocyte-mediated disease of the oral mucosa, has a complex pathogenesis that involves a number of factors. The disease is characterized by recurrent episodes and requires continuous follow up, and there is no curative treatment available. Erosive lichen planus, among others, has a risk of malignant transformation and requires standardized treatment to control its progression. Different clinical subtypes of oral lichen planus require appropriate treatment. Pharmacological treatments are the most widely available and have the greatest variety of options and a number of novel pharmacological treatments are presented as highlights, including JAK enzyme inhibitors. The second is photodynamic therapy, which is the leading physiological treatment. In addition, periodontal treatment and psychological treatment should not be neglected. In this review, we briefly discuss the most recent developments in therapies for oral lichen planus after summarizing the most widely used clinical treatments, aiming to provide different proposals for future clinical treatment.

Cepharanthine and Oral Lichen Planus Efficacy (COLE) study: protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled study assessing the efficacy and safety of cepharanthine with topical corticosteroids in oral lichen planus

INTRODUCTION

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic, inflammatory oral condition leading to a range of symptoms from mild discomfort to severe pain, affecting patients' quality of life. Standard therapy involves the use of topical corticosteroids, although some patients respond insufficiently or develop resistance to therapy. We aim to explore if adding cepharanthine, an herbal extract from Stephania cepharantha Hayata, can enhance the efficacy of corticosteroid therapy in symptomatic OLP.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

This open-label, parallel-group, multi-centre, randomised controlled study will be conducted at three Japanese hospitals. It will compare safety and efficacy of integrated oral cepharanthine and corticosteroid therapy versus standard corticosteroid therapy. 50 symptomatic OLP patients will be randomised 1:1 to receive cepharanthine (30 mg/day) plus topical dexamethasone, or topical dexamethasone alone for 8 weeks. The primary outcome will be changed in pain intensity while drinking room-temperature water, measured on a visual analogue scale. The primary outcome is the change in pain intensity from baseline when drinking room-temperature water, evaluated using a visual analogue scale. Secondary outcomes are changes in the longest diameter of the target lesion from baseline to weeks 4 and 8, improvement and deterioration rates according to appearance and severity criteria at weeks 4 and 8, change in pain intensity when drinking room-temperature water from baseline to week 4, changes in pain intensity at rest from baseline to weeks 4 and 8, and the rates of adverse events.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

This protocol was approved by the Certified Review Board of Nara Medical University (CRB5200002). Participants will provide informed consent. Results will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals and conferences.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

Japan Registry of Clinical Trials (jRCTs051220130).

Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Analysis Exploring the Mechanism of Tripterygium wilfordii in the Treatment of Oral Lichen Planus

Background: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is an infrequent autoimmune disease of the oral mucosa, which affects up to 2% of the world population. An investigation of Tripterygium wilfordii's mechanism of action for treating OLP was conducted, and a theoretical basis was provided for improving current treatment regimens. Materials and Methods: We used a network pharmacological approach to gain insight into the molecular mechanism of Tripterygium wilfordii in the treatment of OLP. Then, potential protein targets between Tripterygium wilfordii and OLP were analyzed through a drug-target network. This was followed by KEGG enrichment analysis and Gene Ontology (GO) classification. Finally, for molecular docking, AutoDock Vina was used. Results: A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed by analyzing the common targets of a total of 51 wilfordii-OLP interactions from different databases. The GO and KEGG enrichment analyses showed that the treatment of OLP with Tripterygium wilfordii mainly involves lipopolysaccharide response, bacterial molecular response, positive regulation of cytokine production, and leukocyte proliferation, and the signaling pathways mainly include the AGE-RAGE, NF-κB, Toll-like receptor, IL-17, HIF-1, and TNF signaling pathways. The molecular docking results showed that β-sitosterol, kaempferol, hederagenin, and triptolide have a higher affinity for AKT1, TNF, CASP3, and PTGS2, respectively. Based on the CytoNCA analysis of common targets, 19 key targets, including AKT1, TNF, VEGFA, STAT3, CXCL8, PTGS2, TP53, and CASP3, and their connections were identified. Conclusions: Preliminarily, this study reveals that Tripterygium wilfordii interferes with OLP by interacting with multiple targets through multiple accesses, as validated by molecular docking.

Efficacy and safety of a bioadhesive gel containing propolis extract, nanovitamin C and nanovitamin E on desquamative gingivitis: a double-blind, randomized, clinical trial

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the efficacy of a gel-containing propolis extract, nanovitamin C, and nanovitamin E as adjuvants to professional plaque removal on desquamative gingivitis (DG).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A randomized clinical trial was conducted on patients suffering DG due to mucocutaneous diseases. Patients received professional supragingival prophylaxis with oral hygiene instructions and were randomly assigned to use test or control gels as toothpaste and to apply it on DG lesions 3 times/day for 4 weeks. DG clinical score (DGCS), clinical periodontal variables, and visual analog scale (VAS) for pain and oral health impact profile (OHIP-14) were collected at baseline, 2 and 4 weeks.

RESULTS

Twenty-two patients were randomly assigned to test (n = 11) or control group (n = 11). Eighteen had diagnosis of oral lichen planus and four of mucous membrane pemphigoid. DGCS statistically decreased in both groups after treatment with no significant differences between groups. Clinical periodontal outcomes decreased in both groups, but no significant differences were observed. Periodontal variables statistically improved only in test group after treatment. VAS and OHIP-14 scores decreased in test and control groups without significant differences. However, only one test group showed a statistically significant decrease in VAS and OHIP-14 scores after treatment. No adverse effects were reported.

CONCLUSIONS

Test gel may alleviate DG and improve quality of life without side effects.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

A gel-containing propolis extract, nanovitamin C, and nanovitamin E as adjuvants to mechanical debridement may improve both clinical and patient related outcomes in DG patients without side effects.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION

The study protocol was registered at clinicaltrials.gov with the following number: NCT05124366 on October 16, 2021.

Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Analysis Explores the Mechanisms of Cordyceps sinensis in the Treatment of Oral Lichen Planus

Objective

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is the most common potentially malignant disorder of the oral cavity. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of action of Cordyceps sinensis in the treatment of OLP and provides a theoretical support for improving current treatment regimens for OLP.

Methods

The active components and therapeutic targets of Cordyceps sinensis were predicted and screened using the TCMSP, SymMap, PubMed, HIT 2.0, and PharmMapper databases, while the relevant OLP targets were predicted and screened using the DisGeNET and GeneCards databases. Protein-protein interactions (PPI) were examined using the String database, and Cytoscape was used to combine and illustrate the findings. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were carried out using RStudio, and AutoDock Vina and Pymol were used for molecular docking and visualization, respectively.

Results

A total of 404 potential target genes were discovered after evaluating 21 active compounds from Cordyceps sinensis. Potential therapeutic targets included 67 targets that matched and overlapped with OLP, including TNF, IL-6, CD4, EGFR, and IL1B. Key targets were predominantly engaged in the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and the MAPK signaling pathway, according to the GO and KEGG analyses. These targets have a connection to biological processes including apoptosis signaling pathway regulation, T cell activation, and oxidative stress response. The molecular docking results showed that TNF, IL-6, CD4, EGFR, and IL1B could bind to their corresponding active components.

Conclusions

Cordyceps sinensis contains multiple components and acts on multiple targets and multiple pathways. Particularly, Cordyceps sinensis targets TNF, IL-6, CD4, EGFR, and IL1B, regulates PI3K-Akt and MAPK signaling pathways, as well as takes part in biological processes including apoptosis, T cell activation, and oxidative stress. Cordyceps sinensis could be a crucial choice in the therapy of OLP.

The efficacy of henna (Lawsonia inermis L.) mouthwash versus chlorhexidine gluconate 0.2% mouthwash as adjuvant therapy of oral lichen planus: A randomized double-blind clinical trial

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

In modern medicine, some traditional remedies are introduced to be effective in treatment. Accordingly, the henna plant (Lawsonia inermis L.) is studied more than before. Previous studies have shown many medical properties for henna, such as anti-inflammatory and anti-fungal properties.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a common mucocutaneous disease with chronic immunomodulatory disruptions. Topical corticosteroids are the first line of OLP treatment. Previous studies have suggested different adjunctive therapies for preventing the side effects of corticosteroids overuse. This study aimed to compare the effects of henna and chlorhexidine mouthwashes as adjunctive therapy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This parallel-group, double-blind, randomized controlled study was conducted on forty OLP patients. Luteolin content was determined in Henna mouthwash composed of 2% aqueous extract of henna, 2% ethanol, 10% glycerol, and 0.1% methylparaben distilled water. Henna or chlorhexidine mouthwashes were prescribed twice daily as an adjuvant to the topical corticosteroid treatment. Visual analog scale (VAS) index and Thongprasom rating were used to measure pain intensity and clinical signs of patients at days 0,7, and 14. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 26.0; SPSS). Ordinal logistic regression was used to investigate the effect of independent variables on Thongprasom and VAS scores.

RESULTS

In this clinical trial, 82.6% of the participants were women. There was no difference between the two study groups in terms of VAS scores (p = 0.404) and clinical features (p = 0.305) in the second follow-up visit. All drug regimens caused clinical signs and symptoms relief.

CONCLUSIONS

There was no significant difference between the groups receiving topical corticosteroid supplementation, neither henna mouthwash nor chlorhexidine mouthwash. The therapeutic effects of henna mouthwash in the main or adjuvant treatment of OLP need more evaluation in future research. Henna mouthwash can be a good alternative to chlorhexidine mouthwash if no side effects are reported.

Activation of ATM/Chk2 by Zanthoxylum armatum DC extract induces DNA damage and G1/S phase arrest in BRL 3A cells

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Zanthoxylum armatum DC is a traditional medicinal plant. It is widely used in clinical treatment and disease prevention in China, India and other regions. Modern studies have reported the phytotoxicity, cytotoxicity and the animal toxicity of Zanthoxylum armatum DC, and the damage of genetic material has been observed in plants, but the detailed mechanism has not been explored. Besides, the toxicity of normal mammalian cells has not been evaluated.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To evaluate the effects and underlying mechanism of genetic material damage in BRL 3A cells induced by Zanthoxylum armatum DC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Orbitrap High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry was used for identification of compounds in methanol extract of Zanthoxylum armatum DC. BRL 3A cells were incubated with different concentrations of methanol extract of Zanthoxylum armatum DC (24 h). The cytotoxicity of extract was assessed with cell viability, LDH release rate, and ROS production. The damage of genetic material was assessed with OTM value of comet cells, cell cycle and the expression levels of p-ATM, p- Chk2, Cdc25A, and CDK2.

RESULTS

Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Orbitrap High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry investigation revealed the presence of compounds belonging to flavonoid, fatty acid and alkaloid groups. The viability of BRL 3A cells was reduced in a time-dose dependent manner treated by methanol extract of Zanthoxylum armatum DC. It increased LDH release rate and ROS production, activated the DNA double strand damage marker of γH2AX and produced comet cells. In addition, methanol extract of Zanthoxylum armatum DC caused ATM-mediated DNA damage, further phosphorylated Chk2, inhibited cell cycle related proteins, and arrested the G1/S cycle.

CONCLUSIONS

Methanol extract of Zanthoxylum armatum DC induces DNA damage and further leads G1/S cell cycle arrest by triggering oxidative stress in the BRL 3A cells. This study provides some useful evidences for its development as an antitumor drug via activation of ATM/Chk2.

Integrative Medicine (Herbal Medicine Combined with Drug Therapy) for Behcet's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

This review aimed to investigate the efficacy of integrative medicine (herbal medicine combined with drug therapy) in the treatment of Behcet’s disease (BD). Eleven databases were searched from their inception to 7 December 2020, for randomized control trials (RCTs) that reported the effects of integrative medicine in treating BD. The risk of bias was assessed using seven domain criteria from the Cochrane Collaboration tool. Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) was used to assess the quality of evidence. The direction of the effect is also shown in the form of an albatross plot. Sixteen trials met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. The overall risk of bias was determined to be uncertain. The meta-analysis showed a superior response rate with herbal medicine plus drug therapy (relative risk (RR) 1.19, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13 to 1.25, n = 1034, p < 0.00001, I² = 0%, low certainty of evidence (CoE)) compared to drug therapy. Integrative medicine also lowered the recurrence rate after 2 months of follow-up (RR 0.27, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.76, n = 120, p = 0.01, I² = 0%, low CoE). The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP) level, and skin lesions were also significantly improved using integrative medicine, but equivalent effects were seen for oral ulcers, genital ulcers, and eye inflammation. Minor adverse events were reported in both groups. Our findings suggest that herbal medicine combined with drug therapy is more effective for the treatment of BD than drug therapy alone. Although the type of drug therapy used varied across the studies, integrative medicine was shown to improve the total response rate, skin lesions, the ESR, and the CRP level. However, the overall risk of bias of the studies was concerning, and the CoE was low. Information on adverse events (AEs) was also insufficient. In addition, the number of studies included for data synthesis for most outcomes was small. Future studies with rigorous RCTs may help establish the efficacy of integrative medicine in the treatment of BD.

Comparison of oral Nano-Curcumin with oral prednisolone on oral lichen planus: a randomized double-blinded clinical trial

Background

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a mucocutaneous autoimmune disease with T-cell mediation. Corticosteroids are considered as a first choice in OLP and should be used for a long period with a subsequent increase in dose since the disease has a chronic and recalcitrant nature. There have been efforts to use alternative therapies due to the Corticosteroid’s side effects. Curcumin is a non-toxic natural product with different effects on various oral diseases. It demonstrates antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticarcinogenic activities. It seems that Curcumin can be used as a proper alternative for Corticosteroid treatments. To overcome limitations in the bioavailability of Curcumin, the therapeutic effect of oral Nano-Curcumin was evaluated for the first time.

Methods

Sixty OLP patients were included in this double-blinded randomized clinical trial. The patients were randomly divided into two groups and received either ‘Nano-Curcumin 80 mg’ or ‘Prednisolone 10 mg’ treatments for 1 month. The patients should take one capsule after having their breakfast. The VAS scale was used to analyze pain severity and burning sensation. To assess lesion size the Thongprasom scale was employed. Repeated measures and independent t-tests, as well as LSD paired-test, were used to analyze the data.

Results

Data from 57 patients were analyzed. The level of pain, burning sensation, and OLP lesions decreased in both groups of Curcumin and Prednisolone and no statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups.

Conclusion

Despite many studies conducted to find an effective approach for managing OLP, the results have often been unsatisfactory. In comparison with previous studies, current results clarify the importance of Nano-Curcumin bioavailability in therapeutic effects. Pain VAS and lesion size were decreased with oral Curcumin. The results have shown that oral Curcumin can be used as an alternative therapy for OLP in patients with the contraindicated Corticosteroids or should be used with caution. Oral Curcumin can be used in preventing the recurrence of OLP lesions after the treatment and initial control. Moreover, the amount of Curcumin dose is more important than its use duration in improving OLP.

Trial registration

IRCT, IRCT20100101002950N5. Registered 9 February 2019, https://www.irct.ir/trial/36704.

The thioredoxin system and cancer therapy: a review

Thioredoxin (Trx), thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), and NADPH are key members of the Trx system that is involved in redox regulation and antioxidant defense. In recent years, several researchers have provided information about the roles of the Trx system in cancer development and progression. These reports indicated that many tumor cells express high levels of Trx and TrxR, which can be responsible for drug resistance in tumorigenesis. Inhibition of the Trx system may thus contribute to cancer therapy and improving chemotherapeutic agents. There are now a number of effective natural and synthetic inhibitors with chemotherapy applications possessing antitumor activity ranging from oxidative stress induction to apoptosis. In this article, we first described the features and functions of the Trx system and then reviewed briefly its correlations with cancer. Finally, we summarized the present knowledge about the Trx/TrxR inhibitors as anticancer drugs.