1
|
Armaghan M, Khan K, Irfan M, Hafeez A, Zafar S, Javed Z, Sharifi-Rad J, Butnariu M, Sarac I, Bagiu IC, Bagiu RV. Koetjapic acid: unveiling its potential as a saviour in the realm of biological and medicinal properties, with a focus on anticancer mechanism of action. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:106. [PMID: 38326876 PMCID: PMC10848377 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-01699-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Scientists have been compelled to search for alternative treatments due to the increasing prevalence of chemoresistance as well as the agonising and distressing side effects of both chemotherapy and radiation. Plant extracts have been exploited to treat various medical conditions for ages. Considering this fact, the main focus of various recent studies that are being conducted to find new and potent anticancer drugs involves the identification and utilisation of potential therapeutic chemicals present in plant extracts. Koetjapic acid (KJA), which belongs to the family of triterpenes, is primarily isolated from Sandoricum koetjape. Ongoing investigations into its therapeutic applications have revealed its tendency to impede the growth and proliferation of cancer cells. Koetjapic acid activates the intrinsic apoptotic pathway and promotes the death of cancer cells. Moreover, it inhibits angiogenesis and the dissemination of tumour (metastasis) by targeting the VEGF signalling cascade. Therefore, this study aims to elucidate the underlying mechanism of anticancer activity of koetjapic acid, providing significant insight into the compound's potential as an anticancer agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Armaghan
- Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Khushbukhat Khan
- Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
- Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Trials360 CRO, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Amna Hafeez
- Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sameen Zafar
- Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zeeshan Javed
- Office for Research Innovation and Commercialization (ORIC), Lahore Garrison University, Sector-C, DHA Phase-VI, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Monica Butnariu
- University of Life Sciences ''King Mihai I'' from Timisoara, 300645, Calea Aradului 119, Timis, Romania.
| | - Ioan Sarac
- University of Life Sciences ''King Mihai I'' from Timisoara, 300645, Calea Aradului 119, Timis, Romania
| | - Iulia-Cristina Bagiu
- Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, Department of Microbiology, Timisoara, Romania
- Multidisciplinary Research Center on Antimicrobial Resistance, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Radu Vasile Bagiu
- Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, Department of Microbiology, Timisoara, Romania
- Preventive Medicine Study Center, Timisoara, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gao F, Dai Z, Zhang T, Gu Y, Cai D, Lu M, Zhang Z, Zeng Q, Shang B, Xu B, Lei H. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel sinomenine derivatives as anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent. RSC Adv 2022; 12:30001-30007. [PMID: 36321084 PMCID: PMC9582731 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05558a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sinomenine (SIN) has long been known as an anti-inflammatory drug, while poor efficiency and large-dose treatment had limited its further application. A series of novel SIN derivatives 1–26 were designed and synthesized to improve its anti-inflammatory activity. The anti-inflammatory activity evaluation showed most of the derivatives exhibited enhanced anti-inflammatory activity in vitro compared to SIN. Compound 17 significantly inhibited LPS-induced secretion of pro-inflammatory factors NO (IC50 = 30.28 ± 1.70 μM), and suppressed the expression of iNOS, IL-6 and TNF-α in RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, compound 17 showed excellent anti-inflammatory in mouse paw edema. Immunohistochemistry results revealed that compound 17 exerted anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. Furthermore, compound 17 exhibited an analgesic effect in vivo. The results attained in this study indicated that compound 17 had the potential to be developed into an anti-inflammation and analgesic agent. A series of novel sinomenine derivatives were designed and synthesized. Among them, compound 17 showed strong anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing102400China
| | - Ziqi Dai
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing102400China
| | - Tong Zhang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing102400China
| | - Yuhao Gu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing102400China
| | - Desheng Cai
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing102400China
| | - Mingjun Lu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing102400China
| | - Zijie Zhang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing102400China
| | - Qi Zeng
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing102400China
| | - Bingxian Shang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing102400China
| | - Bing Xu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing102400China
| | - Haimin Lei
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing102400China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jongkon N, Seaho B, Tayana N, Prateeptongkum S, Duangdee N, Jaiyong P. Computational Analysis and Biological Activities of Oxyresveratrol Analogues, the Putative Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072346. [PMID: 35408774 PMCID: PMC9000610 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are a large family of naturally occurring phytochemicals. Herein, oxyresveratrol was isolated from ethanolic crude extracts of Artocarpus lacucha Buch.-Ham., and chemically modified to derive its lipophilic analogues. Biological screening assays showed their inhibitory potency against cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) with very low cytotoxicity to the MRC-5 normal cell lines. At the catalytic site of COX-2, docking protocols with ChemPLP, GoldScore and AutoDock scoring functions were carried out to reveal hydrogen bonding interactions with key polar contacts and hydrophobic pi-interactions. For more accurate binding energetics, COX-2/ligand complexes at the binding region were computed in vacuo and implicit aqueous solvation using M06-2X density functional with 6-31G+(d,p) basis set. Our computational results confirmed that dihydrooxyresveratrol (4) is the putative inhibitor of human COX-2 with the highest inhibitory activity (IC50 of 11.50 ± 1.54 µM) among studied non-fluorinated analogues for further lead optimization. Selective substitution of fluorine provides a stronger binding affinity; however, lowering the cytotoxicity of a fluorinated analogue to a normal cell is challenging. The consensus among biological activities, ChemPLP docking score and the binding energies computed at the quantum mechanical level is obviously helpful for identification of oxyresveratrol analogues as a putative anti-inflammatory agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathjanan Jongkon
- Department of Social and Applied Science, College of Industrial Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand;
| | - Boonwiset Seaho
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (B.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Ngampuk Tayana
- Drug Discovery and Development Center, Office of Advance Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
| | - Saisuree Prateeptongkum
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (B.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Nongnaphat Duangdee
- Drug Discovery and Development Center, Office of Advance Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
- Correspondence: (N.D.); (P.J.)
| | - Panichakorn Jaiyong
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (B.S.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence: (N.D.); (P.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bailly C. The health benefits of santol fruits and bioactive products isolated from Sandoricum koetjape Merr.: A scoping review. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14152. [PMID: 35315091 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The santol tree (Sandoricum koetjape Merr.) is largely distributed in Southeast Asia. It produces useful timber and edible fruits, consumed fresh, and transformed. It has a wide range of traditional medicinal uses for the treatment of inflammatory disorders and digestive troubles. Numerous bioactive natural products have been isolated from the roots, leaves, stems, and fruits of S. koetjape, including flavonoids, limonoids, and terpenoids. The seeds are considered toxic and contain insecticidal limonoids. The present review provides a survey of the natural products isolated from different parts of the plant and discusses their pharmacological properties. Information on S. koetjape was collected through databases and analyzed, leading to the identification of about 30 natural products of interest. Bioactive compounds include limonoids, such as sandoripins A-B, sanjecumins A-B, and sandrapins A-E, and flavonoids with antioxidant, antibacterial, and insecticidal properties such as sandoricin and sandoripin derivatives. The santol plant contains various anti-inflammatory triterpenes, such as sentulic acid and koetjapic acid (KA). KA is the main product found in santol and a few other plants. This tetracyclic triterpenoid is endowed with anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties, with marked antimetastatic and antiangiogenic effects. Its potential molecular targets are discussed, notably the kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and other proteins (cyclooxygenase 2, DNA polymerase-β). The water-soluble derivative potassium koetjapate (KK) affords an orally bioavailable derivative, with superior antiangiogenic properties compared to KA. The health benefits associated with the consumption of santol fruits shall be further considered, and the design of hemi-synthetic analogs of KA encouraged. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The fruits of the santol tree are largely consumed in Asia and different parts of the plant (Sandoricum koetjape Merr.) are used in traditional medicine. Diverse bioactive terpenoids have been isolated from the plant. Their pharmacological properties are reviewed here, with a focus on the triterpene koetjapic acid which displays marked anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. Several other bioactive natural products, including limonoids and flavonoids, are evoked as well, to shed light on the many active compounds found in the fruits and the whole plant. For a healthy life, the use of the plant in phytomedicine and the consumption of the santol fruit should be encouraged.
Collapse
|
5
|
Pagassini JAV, de Godoy LJG, Campos FG, Barzotto GR, Vieira MAR, Boaro CSF. Silicon and mechanical damage increase polyphenols and vitexin in Passiflora incarnata L. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22064. [PMID: 34764405 PMCID: PMC8586260 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01647-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Passiflora incarnata L. is a species of global pharmacological importance, has not been fully studied in the context of cultivation and management. It is known that silicon acts on abiotic stress and promotes phenols synthesis. The practice of mechanical damage is widely used in P. incarnata crops, and its interaction with silicon can have a significant influence on plant metabolism. Therefore, our objective was to investigate the effects of silicon and mechanical damage on photosynthesis, polyphenols and vitexin of P. incarnata. The experiment was conducted in a factorial design with SiO2 concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3 mM) and presence or absence of mechanical damage. It was found that mechanical damage improved photosynthetic performance at lower concentrations or absence of silicon. Moreover, this condition promoted an increasing in vitexin concentration when SiO2 was not provided. The application of 3 mM Si is recommended to increase polyphenols and vitexin, without harming dry mass of aerial part. The interaction between silicon and mechanical damage could be a tool to increase agronomic yield and commercial value of the P. incarnata crop.
Collapse
|
6
|
Syafriana V, Febriani A, Suyatno S, Nurfitri N, Hamida F. Antimicrobial Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Sempur (Dillenia suffruticosa (Griff.) Martelli) Leaves against Pathogenic Microorganisms. BORNEO JOURNAL OF PHARMACY 2021. [DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v4i2.1870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sempur (Dillenia suffruticosa) leaves are known as a traditional medicine for the people of Bangka-Belitung Island. The local people empirically utilize the boiled water of D. suffruticosa leaves as anti-diarrhea. However, the antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extract of D. suffruticosa leaves has not been reported. This study aims to determine the antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extract of D. suffruticosa leaves against several microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus as Gram-positive bacteria, Escherichia coli as Gram-negative bacteria, and Candida albicans as fungi. Extraction was carried out by maceration method with 70% ethanol, then screened for phytochemical constituents. The antimicrobial test was carried out by the disc diffusion method using Nutrient Agar (NA) for bacteria, and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) for fungi. The results of phytochemical screening showed that the ethanol extract of D. suffruticosa leaves contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The antimicrobial test showed that the extract of D. suffruticosa leaves could inhibit the growth of S. aureus at concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 40% were 8.35±0.05; 9.34±0.32; and 10.52±0.22, respectively. The ethanol extract of D. suffruticosa leaves could inhibit the growth of S. aureus, whereas E. coli and C. albicans did not show any activity.
Collapse
|
7
|
Abdulai IL, Kwofie SK, Gbewonyo WS, Boison D, Puplampu JB, Adinortey MB. Multitargeted Effects of Vitexin and Isovitexin on Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications. ScientificWorldJournal 2021; 2021:6641128. [PMID: 33935599 PMCID: PMC8055414 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6641128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Till date, there is no known antidote to cure diabetes mellitus despite the discovery and development of diverse pharmacotherapeutic agents many years ago. Technological advancement in natural product chemistry has led to the isolation of analogs of vitexin and isovitexin found in diverse bioresources. These compounds have been extensively studied to explore their pharmacological relevance in diabetes mellitus. Aim of the Study. The present review was to compile results from in vitro and in vivo studies performed with vitexin and isovitexin derivatives relating to diabetes mellitus and its complications. A systematic online literature query was executed to collect all relevant articles published up to March 2020. RESULTS In this piece, we have collected data and presented it in a one-stop document to support the multitargeted mechanistic actions of vitexin and isovitexin in controlling diabetes mellitus and its complications. CONCLUSION Data collected hint that vitexin and isovitexin work by targeting diverse pathophysiological and metabolic pathways and molecular drug points involved in the clinical manifestations of diabetes mellitus. This is expected to provide a deeper understanding of its actions and also serve as a catapult for clinical trials and application research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Luru Abdulai
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 54, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Samuel Kojo Kwofie
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 54, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG77, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Winfred Seth Gbewonyo
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Daniel Boison
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Joshua Buer Puplampu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Michael Buenor Adinortey
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen Y, Wang B, Yuan X, Lu Y, Hu J, Gao J, Lin J, Liang J, Hou S, Chen S. Vitexin prevents colitis-associated carcinogenesis in mice through regulating macrophage polarization. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 83:153489. [PMID: 33571919 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with inflammatory bowel disease are at increased risks of developing ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC). Vitexin can suppress the proliferation of colorectal carcinoma cells in vitro orin vivo. However, different from colorectal carcinoma, CAC is more consistent with the transformation from inflammation to cancer in clinical chronic IBD patients. Therefore, we aim to investigated that vitexin whether possess benefic effects on CAC mice. PURPOSE We aimed to determine the beneficial effects of vitexin on CAC mice and reveal its underlying mechanism. METHODS The mouse CAC model was induced by Azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate (AOM/DSS) and CAC mice were treated with vitexin. At the end of this study, inflammatory cytokines of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10 as well as nitric oxide (NO) were detected by kits after long-term treatment of vitexin. Pathological changes and macrophage polarization were determined by H&E and immunofluorescence in adjacent noncancerous tissue and carcinomatous tissue respectively of CAC mice. RESULTS Our results showed that oral administration of vitexin could significantly improve the clinical signs and symptoms of chronic colitis, relieve colon damage, regulate colonic inflammatory cytokines, as well as suppress tumor incidence and tumor burden. Interesting, vitexin caused a significant increase in serum level of NO and a higher content of NO in tumor tissue. In addition, vitexin significantly decreased M1 phenotype macrophages in the adjacent noncancerous tissue, while markedly up-regulated M1 macrophage polarization in the tumor tissue in the colon of CAC mice. CONCLUSION Vitexin can attenuate chronic colitis-associated carcinogenesis induced by AOM/DSS in mice and its protective effects are partly associated with its alternations in macrophage polarization in the inflammatory and tumor microenvironment .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonger Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China
| | - Bingxin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510000, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China
| | - Xin Yuan
- National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Guangzhou Branch), Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China
| | - Yingyu Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510000, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China
| | - Jiliang Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China
| | - Jie Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China
| | - Jizong Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510000, PR China
| | - Jian Liang
- National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Guangzhou Branch), Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China
| | - Shaozhen Hou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China.
| | - Shuxian Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510000, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ullah A, Munir S, Badshah SL, Khan N, Ghani L, Poulson BG, Emwas AH, Jaremko M. Important Flavonoids and Their Role as a Therapeutic Agent. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225243. [PMID: 33187049 PMCID: PMC7697716 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are phytochemical compounds present in many plants, fruits, vegetables, and leaves, with potential applications in medicinal chemistry. Flavonoids possess a number of medicinal benefits, including anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties. They also have neuroprotective and cardio-protective effects. These biological activities depend upon the type of flavonoid, its (possible) mode of action, and its bioavailability. These cost-effective medicinal components have significant biological activities, and their effectiveness has been proved for a variety of diseases. The most recent work is focused on their isolation, synthesis of their analogs, and their effects on human health using a variety of techniques and animal models. Thousands of flavonoids have been successfully isolated, and this number increases steadily. We have therefore made an effort to summarize the isolated flavonoids with useful activities in order to gain a better understanding of their effects on human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asad Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan; (A.U.); (S.M.); (N.K.)
| | - Sidra Munir
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan; (A.U.); (S.M.); (N.K.)
| | - Syed Lal Badshah
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan; (A.U.); (S.M.); (N.K.)
- Correspondence: (S.L.B.); (M.J.)
| | - Noreen Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan; (A.U.); (S.M.); (N.K.)
| | - Lubna Ghani
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir 13230, Pakistan;
| | - Benjamin Gabriel Poulson
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdul-Hamid Emwas
- Core Labs, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (S.L.B.); (M.J.)
| |
Collapse
|