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Clothier GKK, Guimarães TR, Thompson SW, Howard SC, Muir BW, Moad G, Zetterlund PB. Streamlining the Generation of Advanced Polymer Materials Through the Marriage of Automation and Multiblock Copolymer Synthesis in Emulsion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202320154. [PMID: 38400586 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202320154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic polymers are of paramount importance in modern life - an incredibly wide range of polymeric materials possessing an impressive variety of properties have been developed to date. The recent emergence of artificial intelligence and automation presents a great opportunity to significantly speed up discovery and development of the next generation of advanced polymeric materials. We have focused on the high-throughput automated synthesis of multiblock copolymers that comprise three or more distinct polymer segments of different monomer composition bonded in linear sequence. The present work has exploited automation to prepare high molar mass multiblock copolymers (typically>100,000 g mol-1) using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization in aqueous emulsion. A variety of original multiblock copolymers have been synthesised via a Chemspeed robot, exemplified by a multiblock copolymer comprising thirteen constituent blocks. Moreover, libraries of copolymers of randomized monomer compositions (acrylates, acrylamides, methacrylates, and styrenes), block orders, and block lengths were also generated, thereby demonstrating the robustness of our synthetic approach. One multiblock copolymer contained all four monomer families listed in the pool, which is unprecedented in the literature. The present work demonstrates that automation has the power to render complex and laborious syntheses of such unprecedented materials not just possible, but facile and straightforward, thus representing the way forward to the next generation of complex macromolecular architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn K K Clothier
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Thiago R Guimarães
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), CNRS (UMR 5629), ENSCPB, Université de Bordeaux, 16 avenue Pey Berland, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Steven W Thompson
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Shaun C Howard
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC, 3169, Australia
| | - Benjamin W Muir
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC, 3169, Australia
| | - Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC, 3169, Australia
| | - Per B Zetterlund
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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2
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Baudis S, Behl M. High-Throughput and Combinatorial Approaches for the Development of Multifunctional Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 43:e2100400. [PMID: 34460146 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput (HT) development of new multifunctional polymers is accomplished by the combination of different HT tools established in polymer sciences in the last decade. Important advances are robotic/HT synthesis of polymer libraries, the HT characterization of polymers, and the application of spatially resolved polymer library formats, explicitly microarray and gradient libraries. HT polymer synthesis enables the generation of material libraries with combinatorial design motifs. Polymer composition, molecular weight, macromolecular architecture, etc. may be varied in a systematic, fine-graded manner to obtain libraries with high chemical diversity and sufficient compositional resolution as model systems for the screening of these materials for the functions aimed. HT characterization allows a fast assessment of complementary properties, which are employed to decipher quantitative structure-properties relationships. Moreover, these methods facilitate the HT determination of important surface parameters by spatially resolved characterization methods, including time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Here current methods for the high-throughput robotic synthesis of multifunctional polymers as well as their characterization are presented and advantages as well as present limitations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Baudis
- Institute of Active Polymers, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, 14513, Teltow, Germany
| | - Marc Behl
- Institute of Active Polymers, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, 14513, Teltow, Germany
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3
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Soheilmoghaddam F, Rumble M, Cooper-White J. High-Throughput Routes to Biomaterials Discovery. Chem Rev 2021; 121:10792-10864. [PMID: 34213880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Many existing clinical treatments are limited in their ability to completely restore decreased or lost tissue and organ function, an unenviable situation only further exacerbated by a globally aging population. As a result, the demand for new medical interventions has increased substantially over the past 20 years, with the burgeoning fields of gene therapy, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine showing promise to offer solutions for full repair or replacement of damaged or aging tissues. Success in these fields, however, inherently relies on biomaterials that are engendered with the ability to provide the necessary biological cues mimicking native extracellular matrixes that support cell fate. Accelerating the development of such "directive" biomaterials requires a shift in current design practices toward those that enable rapid synthesis and characterization of polymeric materials and the coupling of these processes with techniques that enable similarly rapid quantification and optimization of the interactions between these new material systems and target cells and tissues. This manuscript reviews recent advances in combinatorial and high-throughput (HT) technologies applied to polymeric biomaterial synthesis, fabrication, and chemical, physical, and biological screening with targeted end-point applications in the fields of gene therapy, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. Limitations of, and future opportunities for, the further application of these research tools and methodologies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Soheilmoghaddam
- Tissue Engineering and Microfluidics Laboratory (TEaM), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), University Of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia 4072.,School of Chemical Engineering, University Of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia 4072
| | - Madeleine Rumble
- Tissue Engineering and Microfluidics Laboratory (TEaM), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), University Of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia 4072.,School of Chemical Engineering, University Of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia 4072
| | - Justin Cooper-White
- Tissue Engineering and Microfluidics Laboratory (TEaM), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), University Of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia 4072.,School of Chemical Engineering, University Of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia 4072
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4
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Dong C, Shi H, Han Y, Yang Y, Wang R, Men J. Molecularly imprinted polymers by the surface imprinting technique. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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5
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Tamasi M, Kosuri S, DiStefano J, Chapman R, Gormley AJ. Automation of Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization. ADVANCED INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 2:1900126. [PMID: 35586369 PMCID: PMC9113399 DOI: 10.1002/aisy.201900126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Controlled/living radical polymerization (CLRP) techniques are widely utilized to synthesize advanced and controlled synthetic polymers for chemical and biological applications. While automation has long stood as a high-throughput (HTP) research tool to increase productivity as well as synthetic/analytical reliability and precision, oxygen intolerance of CLRP has limited the widespread adoption of these systems. Recently, however, oxygen-tolerant CLRP techniques, such as oxygen-tolerant photoinduced electron/energy transfer-reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT), enzyme degassing of RAFT (Enz-RAFT), and atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), have emerged. Herein, the use of a Hamilton MLSTARlet liquid handling robot for automating CLRP reactions is demonstrated. Synthesis processes are developed using Python and used to automate reagent handling, dispensing sequences, and synthesis steps required to create homopolymers, random heteropolymers, and block copolymers in 96-well plates, as well as postpolymerization modifications. Using this approach, the synergy between highly customizable liquid handling robotics and oxygen-tolerant CLRP to automate advanced polymer synthesis for HTP and combinatorial polymer research is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Tamasi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Shashank Kosuri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jason DiStefano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Robert Chapman
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine (ACN) and the Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Adam J Gormley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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6
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Rosales-Guzmán M, Pérez-Camacho O, Guerrero-Sánchez C, Harrisson S, Torres-Lubián R, Vitz J, Schubert US, Saldívar-Guerra E. Semiautomated Parallel RAFT Copolymerization of Isoprene with Glycidyl Methacrylate. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2019; 21:771-781. [PMID: 31626530 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.9b00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Copolymerization of isoprene (IP) with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) was performed under RAFT (reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer) polymerization conditions in a platform for high-output experimentation. Covering the range between 1 and 0.2 molar fraction of IP in the feed, four sets of reactions were carried out at 10, 15, 20, and 30 h at 115 °C. The kinetic data obtained were used to estimate the reactivity ratios using a nonlinear least-squares approach (NLLS). Reactivity ratios rGMA = 0.61 and rIP = 0.74 indicate that both monomers tend to crosspropagate in agreement with known literature values. Concerning the RAFT study, relatively good control and livingness of the copolymerization was observed except for the experiment in which IP represents 20 mol % in the feed. 1H NMR characterization confirmed the presence of both monomers in the final copolymer, particularly the presence of the epoxy ring of GMA which is susceptible to post polymerization reactions. Finally, preliminary results on the hydrogenation of various polymers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Rosales-Guzmán
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Saltillo, Coahuila 25294, Mexico
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) and Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany
| | | | - Carlos Guerrero-Sánchez
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) and Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Simon Harrisson
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Román Torres-Lubián
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Saltillo, Coahuila 25294, Mexico
| | - Jürgen Vitz
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) and Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) and Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany
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7
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Wang M, Zhang J, Guerrero-Sanchez C, Schubert US, Feng A, Thang SH. Enzyme Degassing for Oxygen-Sensitive Reactions in Open Vessels of an Automated Parallel Synthesizer: RAFT Polymerizations. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2019; 21:643-649. [PMID: 31498991 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.9b00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An enzyme degassing method for oxygen-intolerant polymerizations was implemented in a commercially available automated parallel synthesizer and tested for reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerizations performed in open vessels. For this purpose, a recently reported methodology that employs the enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx) to deplete oxygen in reaction media was utilized. The effectiveness of this approach to perform unattended parallel polymerization reactions in open vessels was demonstrated by comparing experimental results to those obtained under similar experimental conditions but utilizing the common degassing method of sparging N2 to remove oxygen. The proposed experimental technique displayed good precision in performing RAFT polymerizations and good control of the obtained polymers and could be easily adapted to other systems where the removal of oxygen is mandatory. This alternative high-throughput/high-output method may have the potential to increase productivity in research projects where oxygen-intolerant reactions are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Junliang Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shanxi 710072, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Carlos Guerrero-Sanchez
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Anchao Feng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - San H. Thang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Victoria 3800 Australia
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8
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Oliver S, Zhao L, Gormley AJ, Chapman R, Boyer C. Living in the Fast Lane—High Throughput Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adam J. Gormley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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9
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Judzewitsch PR, Nguyen T, Shanmugam S, Wong EHH, Boyer C. Towards Sequence‐Controlled Antimicrobial Polymers: Effect of Polymer Block Order on Antimicrobial Activity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201713036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter R. Judzewitsch
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN) School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Australia Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Thuy‐Khanh Nguyen
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN) School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Australia Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Sivaprakash Shanmugam
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN) School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Australia Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Edgar H. H. Wong
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN) School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Australia Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN) School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Australia Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
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10
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Judzewitsch PR, Nguyen T, Shanmugam S, Wong EHH, Boyer C. Towards Sequence‐Controlled Antimicrobial Polymers: Effect of Polymer Block Order on Antimicrobial Activity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:4559-4564. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201713036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter R. Judzewitsch
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN) School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Australia Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Thuy‐Khanh Nguyen
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN) School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Australia Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Sivaprakash Shanmugam
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN) School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Australia Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Edgar H. H. Wong
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN) School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Australia Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN) School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Australia Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
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11
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Cockram AA, Bradley RD, Lynch SA, Fleming PCD, Williams NSJ, Murray MW, Emmett SN, Armes SP. Optimization of the high-throughput synthesis of multiblock copolymer nanoparticles in aqueous media via polymerization-induced self-assembly. REACT CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00066b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput synthesis of multiblock copolymer nanoparticles via PISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy A. Cockram
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Sheffield
- Sheffield
- UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Steven P. Armes
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Sheffield
- Sheffield
- UK
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12
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De Rybel N, Van Steenberge PHM, Reyniers MF, Barner-Kowollik C, D'hooge DR, Marin GB. An Update on the Pivotal Role of Kinetic Modeling for the Mechanistic Understanding and Design of Bulk and Solution RAFT Polymerization. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.201600048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nils De Rybel
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology; Ghent University; Technologiepark 914 B-9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent) Belgium
| | - Paul H. M. Van Steenberge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology; Ghent University; Technologiepark 914 B-9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent) Belgium
| | - Marie-Françoise Reyniers
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology; Ghent University; Technologiepark 914 B-9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent) Belgium
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry; Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstrasse 18 76128 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering; Queensland University of Technology (QUT); Brisbane, 2 George Street QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Dagmar R. D'hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology; Ghent University; Technologiepark 914 B-9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent) Belgium
- Department of Textiles; Ghent University; Technologiepark 907 B-9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent) Belgium
| | - Guy. B. Marin
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology; Ghent University; Technologiepark 914 B-9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent) Belgium
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13
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Voorhaar L, De Meyer B, Du Prez F, Hoogenboom R. One-Pot Automated Synthesis of Quasi Triblock Copolymers for Self-Healing Physically Crosslinked Hydrogels. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 37:1682-1688. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lenny Voorhaar
- Supramolecular and Polymer Chemistry Research Groups; Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281 S4 9000 Ghent Belgium
- SIM vzw; Technologiepark 935 9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Bernhard De Meyer
- Supramolecular and Polymer Chemistry Research Groups; Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281 S4 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Filip Du Prez
- Supramolecular and Polymer Chemistry Research Groups; Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281 S4 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular and Polymer Chemistry Research Groups; Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281 S4 9000 Ghent Belgium
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14
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Zhang Q, Voorhaar L, De Geest BG, Hoogenboom R. One-Pot Preparation of Inert Well-Defined Polymers by RAFT Polymerization and In Situ End Group Transformation. Macromol Rapid Commun 2015; 36:1177-83. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qilu Zhang
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group; Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281-S4 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Lenny Voorhaar
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group; Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281-S4 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Bruno G. De Geest
- Department of Pharmaceutics; Ghent University; Ottergemsesteenweg 460 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group; Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281-S4 9000 Ghent Belgium
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15
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Vanparijs N, Maji S, Louage B, Voorhaar L, Laplace D, Zhang Q, Shi Y, Hennink WE, Hoogenboom R, De Geest BG. Polymer-protein conjugation via a ‘grafting to’ approach – a comparative study of the performance of protein-reactive RAFT chain transfer agents. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py01224k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The performances of various protein-reactive RAFT CTAs to afford polymer-protein conjugation via a grafting-to approach were compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Vanparijs
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Ghent University
- 9000 Ghent
- Belgium
| | - S. Maji
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- 9000 Ghent
- Belgium
| | - B. Louage
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Ghent University
- 9000 Ghent
- Belgium
| | - L. Voorhaar
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- 9000 Ghent
- Belgium
| | - D. Laplace
- Laboratory for Organic Synthesis
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- 9000 Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Q. Zhang
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- 9000 Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Y. Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Utrecht University
- 3584 Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - W. E. Hennink
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Utrecht University
- 3584 Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - R. Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- 9000 Ghent
- Belgium
| | - B. G. De Geest
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Ghent University
- 9000 Ghent
- Belgium
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16
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Maji S, Zhang Z, Voorhaar L, Pieters S, Stubbe B, Van Vlierberghe S, Dubruel P, De Geest BG, Hoogenboom R. Thermoresponsive polymer coated gold nanoparticles: from MADIX/RAFT copolymerization of N-vinylpyrrolidone and N-vinylcaprolactam to salt and temperature induced nanoparticle aggregation. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra06559c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present contribution, we report the synthesis of thermoresponsive homo and statistical copolymers of N-vinylcaprolactam and N-vinylpyrrolidone and the corresponding responsive gold nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samarendra Maji
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Ghent University
- 9000 Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Zhiyue Zhang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Ghent University
- 9000 Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Lenny Voorhaar
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Ghent University
- 9000 Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Sophie Pieters
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Ghent University
- 9000 Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Birgit Stubbe
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Ghent University
- 9000 Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Ghent University
- 9000 Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Peter Dubruel
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Ghent University
- 9000 Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Bruno G. De Geest
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Ghent University
- 9000 Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Ghent University
- 9000 Ghent
- Belgium
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Voorhaar L, Wallyn S, Du Prez FE, Hoogenboom R. Cu(0)-mediated polymerization of hydrophobic acrylates using high-throughput experimentation. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00239c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper the optimization of the Cu(0)-mediated polymerization of n-butyl acrylate and 2-methoxyethyl acrylate is reported using an automated parallel synthesizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenny Voorhaar
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Ghent University
- B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- SIM vzw
| | - Sofie Wallyn
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Ghent University
- B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip E. Du Prez
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Ghent University
- B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Ghent University
- B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Moad G, Rizzardo E, Thang SH. RAFT Polymerization and Some of its Applications. Chem Asian J 2013; 8:1634-44. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201300262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Guerrero-Sanchez C, Keddie DJ, Saubern S, Chiefari J. Automated parallel freeze-evacuate-thaw degassing method for oxygen-sensitive reactions: RAFT polymerization. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2012; 14:389-94. [PMID: 22709484 DOI: 10.1021/co300044w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
An automated and parallel freeze-evacuate-thaw degassing method in a commercially available synthesizer is disclosed and tested for its applicability to reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The effectiveness of this method to eliminate oxygen in polymerization reactions is demonstrated by directly comparing it against experiments performed using conventional laboratory techniques. Apart from the demonstrated accuracy, the proposed method has also shown significant precision when performing RAFT polymerizations. The reported experimental technique can be easily adapted to other chemical systems where the removal of oxygen is mandatory. This new high-throughput method has the potential to significantly increase the productivity and/or research outcomes in laboratories where oxygen-sensitive reactions are carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Guerrero-Sanchez
- Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Materials Science and Engineering, Bag 10, Clayton South VIC 3169, Australia
| | - Daniel J. Keddie
- Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Materials Science and Engineering, Bag 10, Clayton South VIC 3169, Australia
| | - Simon Saubern
- Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Materials Science and Engineering, Bag 10, Clayton South VIC 3169, Australia
| | - John Chiefari
- Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Materials Science and Engineering, Bag 10, Clayton South VIC 3169, Australia
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Becer CR. The Glycopolymer Code: Synthesis of Glycopolymers and Multivalent Carbohydrate-Lectin Interactions. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 33:742-52. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201200055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Herfurth C, Voll D, Buller J, Weiss J, Barner-Kowollik C, Laschewsky A. Radical addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of ferrocenyl (Meth)acrylates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Li GZ, Randev RK, Soeriyadi AH, Rees G, Boyer C, Tong Z, Davis TP, Becer CR, Haddleton DM. Investigation into thiol-(meth)acrylate Michael addition reactions using amine and phosphine catalysts. Polym Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0py00100g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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24
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Parallel Optimization and High-Throughput Preparation of Well-Defined Copolymer Libraries Using Controlled/“Living” Polymerization Methods. ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2009_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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25
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Becer CR, Babiuch K, Pilz D, Hornig S, Heinze T, Gottschaldt M, Schubert US. Clicking Pentafluorostyrene Copolymers: Synthesis, Nanoprecipitation, and Glycosylation. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9000176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Remzi Becer
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Nanoscience, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), John F. Kennedylaan 2, 5612 AB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; and Center of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Babiuch
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Nanoscience, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), John F. Kennedylaan 2, 5612 AB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; and Center of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - David Pilz
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Nanoscience, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), John F. Kennedylaan 2, 5612 AB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; and Center of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stephanie Hornig
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Nanoscience, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), John F. Kennedylaan 2, 5612 AB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; and Center of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Heinze
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Nanoscience, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), John F. Kennedylaan 2, 5612 AB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; and Center of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Gottschaldt
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Nanoscience, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), John F. Kennedylaan 2, 5612 AB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; and Center of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Nanoscience, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), John F. Kennedylaan 2, 5612 AB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; and Center of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Moad G, Rizzardo E, Thang SH. Living Radical Polymerization by the RAFT Process - A Second Update. Aust J Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1071/ch09311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 811] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides a second update to the review of reversible deactivation radical polymerization achieved with thiocarbonylthio compounds (ZC(=S)SR) by a mechanism of reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) that was published in June 2005 (Aust. J. Chem. 2005, 58, 379–410). The first update was published in November 2006 (Aust. J. Chem. 2006, 59, 669–692). This review cites over 500 papers that appeared during the period mid-2006 to mid-2009 covering various aspects of RAFT polymerization ranging from reagent synthesis and properties, kinetics and mechanism of polymerization, novel polymer syntheses and a diverse range of applications. Significant developments have occurred, particularly in the areas of novel RAFT agents, techniques for end-group removal and transformation, the production of micro/nanoparticles and modified surfaces, and biopolymer conjugates both for therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
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Rojas R, Harris NK, Piotrowska K, Kohn J. Evaluation of automated synthesis for chain and step-growth polymerizations: Can robots replace the chemists? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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