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Famiglini G, Palma P, Termopoli V, Cappiello A. The history of electron ionization in LC-MS, from the early days to modern technologies: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1167:338350. [PMID: 34049632 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review article traces the history of the use of liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) using electron ionization (EI) from the first attempts up to the present day. At the time of the first efforts to couple LC to MS, 70 eV EI was the most common ionization technique, typically used in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and providing highly reproducible mass spectra that could be collated in libraries. Therefore, it was obvious to transport this dominant approach to the early LC-MS coupling attempts. The use of LC coupled to EI-MS is challenging mainly due to restrictions related to high-vacuum and high-temperature conditions required for the operation of EI and the need to remove the eluent carrying the analyte before entering the ion source. The authors will take readers through a journey of about 50 years, showing how through the succession of different attempts it has been possible to successfully couple LC with EI-MS, which in principle appear to be incompatible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Famiglini
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy.
| | - Pierangela Palma
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Veronica Termopoli
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Achille Cappiello
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy.
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Radulov PS, Belyakova YY, Demina AA, Nikishin GI, Yaremenko IA, Terent’ev AO. Selective synthesis of cyclic triperoxides from 1,1′-dihydroperoxydi(cycloalkyl)peroxides and acetals using SnCl4. Russ Chem Bull 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-019-2555-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Electron Ionization LC-MS. ADVANCES IN THE USE OF LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS SPECTROMETRY (LC-MS) - INSTRUMENTATION DEVELOPMENTS AND APPLICATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Tsizin S, Seemann B, Alon T, Amirav A. Second hydrogen atom abstraction by molecular ions. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2017; 52:638-642. [PMID: 28685904 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the observation of a new physical phenomenon of the addition of 2 hydrogen atoms to molecular ions thus forming [M + 2H]+ ions. We demonstrate such second hydrogen atom abstraction onto the molecular ions of pentaerythritol and trinitrotoluene (TNT). We used both gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with supersonic molecular beam (SMB) with methanol added into its make-up gas and electron ionization (EI) liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) with SMB with methanol as the LC solvent. We found that the formation of methanol clusters resulted upon EI in the formation of dominant protonated pentaerythritol ion at m/z = 137 plus about 70% relative abundance of pentaerythritol molecular ion with 2 additional hydrogen atoms at m/z = 138 which is well above the 5.7% natural C13 isotope abundance of protonated pentaerythritol. Similarly, we found an abundant protonated TNT ion at m/z = 228 and a similar abundance of TNT molecular ion with 2 additional hydrogen atoms at m/z = 229. Upon the use of deuterated methanol (CD3 OD) as the solvent, we observed an abundant m/z = 231 (M + 2D)+ of TNT with 2 deuterium atoms. We found such abundant second hydrogen atom abstraction with butylglycolate and at low abundances in dioctylphthalate, Vitamin K3, phenazine, and RDX. At this time, we are unable to report the magnitude and frequency of occurrence of this phenomenon in standard electrospray LC-MS. This observation could have important implications on the provision of elemental formula from mass spectra that are involved with protonated molecules. Accordingly, while accurate mass measurements can serve for the generation of elemental formula, their further support and improvement via isotope abundance analysis are questionable. Consequently, if a given compound can be analyzed by both GC-MS and LC-MS, its GC-MS analysis can be superior for the provision of accurate elemental formulae if its EI mass spectrum exhibits abundant molecular ions such as with GC-MS with SMB (also known as cold EI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Tsizin
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Boaz Seemann
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Tal Alon
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Aviv Amirav
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
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Seemann B, Alon T, Tsizin S, Fialkov AB, Amirav A. Electron ionization LC-MS with supersonic molecular beams--the new concept, benefits and applications. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:1252-63. [PMID: 26505770 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A new type of electron ionization LC-MS with supersonic molecular beams (EI-LC-MS with SMB) is described. This system and its operational methods are based on pneumatic spray formation of the LC liquid flow in a heated spray vaporization chamber, full sample thermal vaporization and subsequent electron ionization of vibrationally cold molecules in supersonic molecular beams. The vaporized sample compounds are transferred into a supersonic nozzle via a flow restrictor capillary. Consequently, while the pneumatic spray is formed and vaporized at above atmospheric pressure the supersonic nozzle backing pressure is about 0.15 Bar for the formation of supersonic molecular beams with vibrationally cold sample molecules without cluster formation with the solvent vapor. The sample compounds are ionized in a fly-though EI ion source as vibrationally cold molecules in the SMB, resulting in 'Cold EI' (EI of vibrationally cold molecules) mass spectra that exhibit the standard EI fragments combined with enhanced molecular ions. We evaluated the EI-LC-MS with SMB system and demonstrated its effectiveness in NIST library sample identification which is complemented with the availability of enhanced molecular ions. The EI-LC-MS with SMB system is characterized by linear response of five orders of magnitude and uniform compound independent response including for non-polar compounds. This feature improves sample quantitation that can be approximated without compound specific calibration. Cold EI, like EI, is free from ion suppression and/or enhancement effects (that plague ESI and/or APCI) which facilitate faster LC separation because full separation is not essential. The absence of ion suppression effects enables the exploration of fast flow injection MS-MS as an alternative to lengthy LC-MS analysis. These features are demonstrated in a few examples, and the analysis of the main ingredients of Cannabis on a few Cannabis flower extracts is demonstrated. Finally, the advantages of EI-LC-MS with SMB are listed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boaz Seemann
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Tal Alon
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Svetlana Tsizin
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | | | - Aviv Amirav
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
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Li X, Zhang Z, Tao L. A novel microarray chemiluminescence method based on chromium oxide nanoparticles catalysis for indirect determination of the explosive triacetone triperoxide at the scene. Analyst 2013; 138:1596-600. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an00084b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Okudaira H, Uchimura T, Imasaka T. A pair of concentric capillaries as an interface for gas chromatography and supersonic jet/multiphoton ionization/mass spectrometry. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2010; 81:084102. [PMID: 20815616 DOI: 10.1063/1.3462982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A pair of concentric capillaries was developed to mix helium, which was used as the carrier gas for gas chromatography, with argon for efficient molecular cooling by supersonic jet expansion. A simple instrument was constructed for the evaluation of nozzle diameter using the Hagen-Poiseuille equation. The effects of nozzle diameter, type of expansion gas, flow rate, and the distance from the nozzle to the observation region were investigated. Mixing argon gas with the carrier gas helium resulted in efficient molecular cooling from 30 to 10 K and the complete disappearance of the background signal from the multiphoton ionization spectrum. Consequently, the spectral selectivity was significantly improved and the nozzle was successfully applied to isomer-selective analysis of dichlorotoluenes. Since the dead volume in the nozzle was negligible, it was suitable as an interface for gas chromatography and supersonic jet/multiphoton ionization/mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Okudaira
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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Terent’ev AO, Borisov DA, Yaremenko IA, Chernyshev VV, Nikishin GI. Synthesis of Asymmetric Peroxides: Transition Metal (Cu, Fe, Mn, Co) Catalyzed Peroxidation of β-Dicarbonyl Compounds with tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide. J Org Chem 2010; 75:5065-71. [DOI: 10.1021/jo100793j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O. Terent’ev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry A. Borisov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ivan A. Yaremenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir V. Chernyshev
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russian Federation
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, 31 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Gennady I. Nikishin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
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Shimizu T, Watanabe-Ezoe Y, Yamaguchi S, Tsukatani H, Imasaka T, Zaitsu SI, Uchimura T, Imasaka T. Enhancement of Molecular Ions in Mass Spectrometry Using an Ultrashort Optical Pulse in Multiphoton Ionization. Anal Chem 2010; 82:3441-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1003773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Shimizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, and Division of Translational Research, Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan, Laboratory of Chemistry, Graduate School of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8540, Japan, and Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, 39 Mukaizano, Dazaifu, Fukuoka 818-0135, Japan
| | - Yuka Watanabe-Ezoe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, and Division of Translational Research, Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan, Laboratory of Chemistry, Graduate School of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8540, Japan, and Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, 39 Mukaizano, Dazaifu, Fukuoka 818-0135, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, and Division of Translational Research, Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan, Laboratory of Chemistry, Graduate School of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8540, Japan, and Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, 39 Mukaizano, Dazaifu, Fukuoka 818-0135, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tsukatani
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, and Division of Translational Research, Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan, Laboratory of Chemistry, Graduate School of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8540, Japan, and Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, 39 Mukaizano, Dazaifu, Fukuoka 818-0135, Japan
| | - Tomoko Imasaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, and Division of Translational Research, Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan, Laboratory of Chemistry, Graduate School of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8540, Japan, and Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, 39 Mukaizano, Dazaifu, Fukuoka 818-0135, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Zaitsu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, and Division of Translational Research, Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan, Laboratory of Chemistry, Graduate School of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8540, Japan, and Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, 39 Mukaizano, Dazaifu, Fukuoka 818-0135, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Uchimura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, and Division of Translational Research, Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan, Laboratory of Chemistry, Graduate School of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8540, Japan, and Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, 39 Mukaizano, Dazaifu, Fukuoka 818-0135, Japan
| | - Totaro Imasaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, and Division of Translational Research, Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan, Laboratory of Chemistry, Graduate School of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8540, Japan, and Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, 39 Mukaizano, Dazaifu, Fukuoka 818-0135, Japan
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Synthesis of 1,2,4,5,7,8-hexaoxonanes by iodine-catalyzed reactions of bis(1-hydroperoxycycloalkyl) peroxides with ketals. Russ Chem Bull 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-010-0012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Terent’ev AO, Borisov DA, Chernyshev VV, Nikishin GI. Facile and Selective Procedure for the Synthesis of Bridged 1,2,4,5-Tetraoxanes; Strong Acids As Cosolvents and Catalysts for Addition of Hydrogen Peroxide to β-Diketones. J Org Chem 2009; 74:3335-40. [DOI: 10.1021/jo900226b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O. Terent’ev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation, Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russian Federation, and A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, 31 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry A. Borisov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation, Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russian Federation, and A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, 31 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir V. Chernyshev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation, Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russian Federation, and A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, 31 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Gennady I. Nikishin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation, Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russian Federation, and A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, 31 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
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Sigman ME, Clark CD, Painter K, Milton C, Simatos E, Frisch JL, McCormick M, Bitter JL. Analysis of oligomeric peroxides in synthetic triacetone triperoxide samples by tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:349-356. [PMID: 19125413 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Oligomeric peroxides formed in the synthesis of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) have been analyzed by mass spectrometry utilizing both electrospray ionization (ESI) and chemical ionization (CI) to form sodiated adducts (by ESI) and ammonium adducts (by CI and ESI). Tandem mass spectrometry and deuterium isotopic labeling experiments have been used to elucidate the collision-induced dissociation (CID) mechanisms for the adducts. The CID mechanisms differ for the sodium and ammonium adducts and vary with the size of the oligoperoxide. The sodium adducts of the oligoperoxides, H[OOC(CH(3))(2)](n)OOH, do not cyclize under CID, whereas the ammonium adducts of the smaller oligoperoides (n < 6) do form the cyclic peroxides under CID. Larger oligoperoxide adducts with both sodium and ammonium undergo dissociation through cleavage of the backbone under CID to form acyl- and hydroperoxy-terminated oligomers of the general form CH(3)C(O)[OOC(CH(3))(2)](x)OOH, where x is an integer less than the original oligoperoxide degree of oligomerization. The oligoperoxide distribution is shown to vary batch-to-batch in the synthesis of TATP and the post-blast distribution differs slightly from the distribution in the uninitiated material. The oligoperoxides are shown to be decomposed under gentle heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Sigman
- Department of Chemistry and National Center for Forensic Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 38216-2367, USA.
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Lehotay SJ, Mastovska K, Amirav A, Fialkov AB, Martos PA, Kok AD, Fernández-Alba AR. Identification and confirmation of chemical residues in food by chromatography-mass spectrometry and other techniques. Trends Analyt Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Poliak M, Fialkov AB, Amirav A. Pulsed flow modulation two-dimensional comprehensive gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry with supersonic molecular beams. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1210:108-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Revised: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Gordin A, Fialkov AB, Amirav A. Classical electron ionization mass spectra in gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with supersonic molecular beams. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:2660-2666. [PMID: 18666200 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A major benefit of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) with a supersonic molecular beam (SMB) interface and its fly-through ion source is the ability to obtain electron ionization of vibrationally cold molecules (cold EI), which show enhanced molecular ions. However, GC/MS with an SMB also has the flexibility to perform 'classical EI' mode of operation which provides mass spectra to mimic those in commercial 70 eV electron ionization MS libraries. Classical EI in SMB is obtained through simple reduction of the helium make-up gas flow rate, which reduces the SMB cooling efficiency; hence the vibrational temperatures of the molecules are similar to those in traditional EI ion sources. In classical EI-SMB mode, the relative abundance of the molecular ion can be tuned and, as a result, excellent identification probabilities and very good matching factors to the NIST MS library are obtained. Classical EI-SMB with the fly-through dual cage ion source has analyte sensitivity similar to that of the standard EI ion source of a basic GC/MS system. The fly-through EI ion source in combination with the SMB interface can serve for cold EI, classical EI-SMB, and cluster chemical ionization (CCI) modes of operation, all easily exchangeable through a simple and quick change (not involving hardware). Furthermore, the fly-through ion source eliminates sample scattering from the walls of the ion source, and thus it offers full sample inertness, tailing-free operation, and no ion-molecule reaction interferences. It is also robust and enables increased column flow rate capability without affecting the sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gordin
- School of Chemistry, Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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Hydrocarbons and fuels analyses with the supersonic gas chromatography mass spectrometry—The novel concept of isomer abundance analysis. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1195:127-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Revised: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Amirav A, Gordin A, Poliak M, Fialkov AB. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with supersonic molecular beams. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2008; 43:141-63. [PMID: 18225851 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with supersonic molecular beams (SMBs) (also named Supersonic GC-MS) is based on GC and MS interface with SMBs and on the electron ionization (EI) of vibrationally cold analytes in the SMBs (cold EI) in a fly-through ion source. This ion source is inherently inert and further characterized by fast response and vacuum background filtration capability. The same ion source offers three modes of ionization including cold EI, classical EI and cluster chemical ionization (CI). Cold EI, as a main mode, provides enhanced molecular ions combined with an effective library sample identification, which is supplemented and complemented by a powerful isotope abundance analysis method and software. The range of low-volatility and thermally labile compounds amenable for analysis is significantly increased owing to the use of the contact-free, fly-through ion source and the ability to lower sample elution temperatures through the use of high column carrier gas flow rates. Effective, fast GC-MS is enabled particularly owing to the possible use of high column flow rates and improved system selectivity in view of the enhancement of the molecular ion. This fast GC-MS with SMB can be further improved via the added selectivity of MS-MS, which by itself benefits from the enhancement of the molecular ion, the most suitable parent ion for MS-MS. Supersonic GC-MS is characterized by low limits of detection (LOD), and its sensitivity is superior to that of standard GC-MS, particularly for samples that are hard for analysis. The GC separation of the Supersonic GC-MS can be improved with pulsed flow modulation (PFM) GC x GC-MS. Electron ionization LC-MS with SMB can also be combined with the Supersonic GC-MS, with fast and easy switching between these two modes of operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviv Amirav
- School of Chemistry, Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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Sigman ME, Clark CD, Caiano T, Mullen R. Analysis of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) and TATP synthetic intermediates by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:84-90. [PMID: 18058960 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The explosive triacetone triperoxide (TATP) has been analyzed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) on a linear quadrupole instrument, giving a 62.5 ng limit of detection in full scan positive ion mode. In the ESI interface with no applied fragmentor voltage the m/z 245 [TATP + Na](+) ion was observed along with m/z 215 [TATP + Na - C(2)H(6)](+) and 81 [(CH(3))(2)CO + Na](+). When TATP was ionized by ESI with an applied fragmentor voltage of 75 V, ions at m/z 141 [C(4)H(6)O(4) + Na](+) and 172 [C(5)H(9)O(5) + Na](+) were also observed. When the precipitates formed in the synthesis of TATP were analyzed before the reaction was complete, a new series of ions was observed in which the ions were separated by 74 m/z units, with ions occurring at m/z 205, 279, 353, 427, 501, 575, 649 and 723. The series of evenly spaced ions is accounted for as oligomeric acetone carbonyl oxides terminated as hydroperoxides, [HOOC(CH(3))(2){OOC(CH(3))(2)}(n)OOH + Na](+) (n = 1, 2 ... 8). The ESI-MS spectra for this homologous series of oligoperoxides have previously been observed from the ozonolysis of tetramethylethylene at low temperatures. Precipitates from the incomplete reaction mixture, under an applied fragmentor voltage of 100 V in ESI, produced an additional ion observed at m/z 99 [C(2)H(4)O(3) + Na](+), and a set of ions separated by 74 m/z units occurring at m/z 173, 247, 321, 395, 469 and 543, proposed to correspond to [CH(3)CO{OOC(CH(3))(2)}(n)OOH + Na](+) (n = 1,2 ... 5). Support for the assigned structures was obtained through the analysis of both protiated and perdeuterated TATP samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Sigman
- Department of Chemistry and National Center for Forensic Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816-2367, USA.
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Terent'ev AO, Platonov MM, Sonneveld EJ, Peschar R, Chernyshev VV, Starikova ZA, Nikishin GI. New Preparation of 1,2,4,5,7,8-Hexaoxonanes. J Org Chem 2007; 72:7237-43. [PMID: 17713951 DOI: 10.1021/jo071072c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new versatile procedure was developed for the synthesis of 1,2,4,5,7,8-hexaoxonanes based on the Lewis acid catalyzed reaction of acetals with 1,1'-dihydroperoxydicycloalkyl peroxides. The procedure substantially extends the structural diversity of these compounds and, in most cases, allows the synthesis of these compounds in higher yields (to 96%) and with higher selectivity. Complexation of hexaoxonane with chloroform was documented for the first time. The structures of several triperoxides were established by X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O Terent'ev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
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Harel T, Amir E, Rozen S. Efficient Synthesis of Episulfones and of SO2 with Any Variation of Oxygen Isotopes Using HOF·CH3CN. Org Lett 2006; 8:1213-6. [PMID: 16524306 DOI: 10.1021/ol060087e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Episulfones are quite unstable and difficult to make compounds. HOF.CH(3)CN, a powerful oxygen transfer agent operating under very mild conditions, was successfully employed in converting episulfides to episulfones. Unlike other oxidizing agents, no episulfoxides were formed under standard conditions. Reacting H(18)OF.CH(3)CN with either an episulfide or an episulfoxide leads to the corresponding episulfone with all combinations of oxygen isotopes. Decomposition of such episulfones gives any desirable variation of S(18)O(x)()O (x = 16, 18).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Harel
- School of Chemistry, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
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Sigman ME, Clark CD, Fidler R, Geiger CL, Clausen CA. Analysis of triacetone triperoxide by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry by electron and chemical ionization. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:2851-7. [PMID: 16941533 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The explosive triacetone triperoxide (TATP) has been analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and sub-nanogram detection limits are reported by ammonia positive ion chemical ionization (PICI), electron ionization (EI) and methane negative ion chemical ionization (NICI). Analysis by methane PICI and ammonia NICI gave detection limits in the low nanogram range. Analyses were carried out on (linear) quadrupole and ion trap instruments. Analysis of TATP by PICI using ammonia reagent gas is the preferred analytical method, producing low limits of detection as well as an abundant (greater than 60% of base peak) diagnostic adduct ion at m/z 240 corresponding to [TATP + NH4]+. Isolation of the [TATP + NH4]+ ion with subsequent collision-induced dissociation (CID) produces extremely low abundance product ions at m/z values greater than 60, and the m/z 223 ion corresponding to [TATP + H]+ was not observed. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the B88LYP/DVZP level indicate that dissociation of the complex to form NH4+ and TATP occurs at energies lower than peroxide bond dissociation, while protonation of TATP leads to cleavage of the ring structure. These results provide a method for pico-gram detection levels of TATP using commercial instrumentation commonly available in forensic laboratories. As a point of comparison, a detection limit of 15 ng was obtained by flame ionization detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, PO Box 162367, Orlando, FL 32816-2367, USA.
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Rozen S. Elemental Fluorine and HOF·CH
3
CN in Service of General Organic Chemistry. European J Org Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200400876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shlomo Rozen
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel‐Aviv University, Tel‐Aviv 69978, Israel, Fax: +972‐3‐6409293
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Denekamp C, Gottlieb L, Tamiri T, Tsoglin A, Shilav R, Kapon M. Two Separable Conformers of TATP and Analogues Exist at Room Temperature. Org Lett 2005; 7:2461-4. [PMID: 15932223 DOI: 10.1021/ol050801c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] TATP gives rise to two separable conformations because the barrier for interconversion between them is relatively high at room temperature. This kind of behavior is rare in cyclic organic systems and is the result of poor overlap in the "flip-flop" transition state. The crystal structure of the analogous tricyclohexanone triperoxide also indicates the presence of two conformers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Denekamp
- Department of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
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Abstract
[reaction: see text] HOF.CH(3)CN, a very efficient oxygen-transfer agent, made readily from F(2), H(2)O, and CH(3)CN, was reacted with various 1,10-phenanthroline derivatives to form the corresponding N,N'-dioxides in good yields and short reaction times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Carmeli
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
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Sasson R, Rozen S. Constructing the CF3 group; unique trifluorodecarboxylation induced by BrF3. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Golan E, Rozen S. A Fast, High-Yield Preparation of Vicinal Dinitro Compounds Using HOF·CH3CN. J Org Chem 2003; 68:9170-2. [PMID: 14604406 DOI: 10.1021/jo030217m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
HOF.CH3CN, a very efficient oxygen-transfer agent, was reacted with various aliphatic and aromatic vicinal diamino compounds. The products were the rare, vicinal dinitro derivatives formed in excellent yields and short reaction times. This is in contrast to other oxygen-transfer agents which tend to break the central C-C bond of the diamino precursor. This reaction was also used for making dinitro compounds with all four oxygens, being the [18]O isotope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Golan
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
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