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Loh GOK, Wong EYL, Goh CZ, Tan YTF, Lee YL, Pang LH, Shahridzo SH, Damenthi N, Hermansyah A, Long CM, Peh KK. Simultaneous determination of tramadol and paracetamol in human plasma using LC-MS/MS and application in bioequivalence study of -fixed-dose combination. Ann Med 2023; 55:2270502. [PMID: 37857359 PMCID: PMC10588528 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2270502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to develop a sensitive and high-throughput liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry method to quantify concentrations of tramadol and paracetamol simultaneously in human plasma. Sample preparation involved single-step protein precipitation using methanol and two deuterated internal standards, tramadol D6 and paracetamol D4. Agilent Poroshell 120 EC-C18 (100 × 2.1 mm, 2.1 µm) analytical column was employed to achieve chromatographic separation. Detection was in positive ion multiple reaction monitoring mode. A tailing factor (Tf) of <1.2, separation factor (K prime) of >1.5 from the column dead time and signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio >10, were obtained for analytes and internal standards. The standard curve was linear over the concentration range of 2.5-500.00 ng/mL for tramadol and 0.025-20.00 μg/mL for paracetamol. A small injection volume of 1 µL, low flow rate of 440 µL/min and short analysis time of 3.5 min reduced the solvent consumption, analysis cost and system contamination. The results of method validation parameters fulfilled the acceptance criteria of bioanalytical guidelines. The method was successfully applied to a bioequivalence study of fixed-dose combination products of tramadol and paracetamol in Malaysian healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Onn Kit Loh
- Bioxis Sdn. Bhd., Taman Perindustrian Bukit Minyak, Simpang Ampat, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Emily Yii Ling Wong
- Bioxis Sdn. Bhd., Taman Perindustrian Bukit Minyak, Simpang Ampat, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Chen Zhu Goh
- Bioxis Sdn. Bhd., Taman Perindustrian Bukit Minyak, Simpang Ampat, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Yvonne Tze Fung Tan
- Bioxis Sdn. Bhd., Taman Perindustrian Bukit Minyak, Simpang Ampat, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Yi Lin Lee
- Centre for Clinical Trial, Institute for Clinical Research, Ampang Hospital, Ministry of Health, Jalan Mewah Utara, Ampang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lai Hui Pang
- Centre for Clinical Trial, Institute for Clinical Research, Ampang Hospital, Ministry of Health, Jalan Mewah Utara, Ampang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Halimah Shahridzo
- Centre for Clinical Trial, Institute for Clinical Research, Ampang Hospital, Ministry of Health, Jalan Mewah Utara, Ampang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nair Damenthi
- Centre for Clinical Trial, Institute for Clinical Research, Ampang Hospital, Ministry of Health, Jalan Mewah Utara, Ampang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Andi Hermansyah
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Chiau Ming Long
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Pengiran Anak Puteri Rashidah Sa’adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Sunway City, Malaysia
| | - Kok Khiang Peh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
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Güzel R, Ertekin ZC, Ziyadanoğulları B, Dinç E, Ziyadanoğulları R. Comparative Study of the Quantitative Resolution of Paracetamol and Methocarbamol Mixture by Spectrophotometry with Wavelet Transform and UPLC Techniques. Pharm Chem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-021-02547-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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3
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Jain R, Kumari A, Khatri I. Simple and rapid analysis of acetaminophen in human autopsy samples by vortex‐assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction‐thin layer chromatography‐image analysis. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202000092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Jain
- Forensic Toxicology Division Central Forensic Science Laboratory Chandigarh India
| | - Aparna Kumari
- Forensic Toxicology Division Central Forensic Science Laboratory Chandigarh India
| | - Indu Khatri
- Forensic Toxicology Division Central Forensic Science Laboratory Chandigarh India
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Patel M, Kumar R, Kishor K, Mlsna T, Pittman CU, Mohan D. Pharmaceuticals of Emerging Concern in Aquatic Systems: Chemistry, Occurrence, Effects, and Removal Methods. Chem Rev 2019; 119:3510-3673. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 827] [Impact Index Per Article: 165.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manvendra Patel
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Kamal Kishor
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Todd Mlsna
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Charles U. Pittman
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Dinesh Mohan
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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Zhang X, Li R, Hu W, Zeng J, Jiang X, Wang L. A reliable LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine, acetaminophen glutathione and acetaminophen glucuronide in mouse plasma, liver and kidney: Method validation and application to a pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32:e4331. [PMID: 29978489 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, specific, and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method has been developed and validated to simultaneously quantify N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine (NAPQI), acetaminophen-glutathione (acetaminophen-glut) and acetaminophen-glucuronide (acetaminophen-gluc) in mouse plasma, liver and kidney homogenates. Analytes were eluted by a binary gradient mobile phase composed of water (phase A) and methanol containing 0.1% formic acid (phase B) at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min, which was performed on a CAPCELL PAK C18 MG II column. It took 3.2 min to detect three analytes in a single run. Quantification was carried out in positive mode combined with multiple reaction monitoring. The validation of the LC-MS/MS method consisted of specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, protein precipitation recovery, matrix effect, dilution integrity and stability. The plasma and tissue homogenate calibration curves were linear over concentration ranges of 0.050-5.00, 0.050-5.00 and 0.100-40.0 μg/mL, with a lower limit of quantification of 0.050, 0.050, and 0.100 μg/mL for NAPQI, acetaminophen-glut and acetaminophen-gluc, respectively. The intra- and inter-run precision values were within 12.47% for NAPQI, 12.11% for acetaminophen-glut and 11.86% for acetaminophen-gluc at their lower limit of quantitation levels. The samples were stable under all tested conditions. This method was successfully applied to study the pharmacokinetics of NAPQI, acetaminophen-glut and acetaminophen-gluc in ICR mice following oral administration of 200 mg/kg of acetaminophen suspension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiqian Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Key Laboratory of Drug Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ruina Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Key Laboratory of Drug Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenya Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Key Laboratory of Drug Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jin Zeng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Key Laboratory of Drug Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuehua Jiang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Key Laboratory of Drug Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Key Laboratory of Drug Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Fernández N, Olivera NM, Keller GA, Diez RA, Di Girolamo G, Quiroga PN. Simultaneous quantitation of meperidine, normeperidine, tramadol, propoxyphene and norpropoxyphene in human plasma using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry: Method validation and application to cardiovascular safety of therapeutic doses. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:1519-1533. [PMID: 28686794 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Several opioid analgesics have been related to the prolongation of cardiac repolarization, a condition which can be fatal. In order to establish a correct estimation of the risk/benefit balance of therapeutic doses of meperidine, normeperidine, tramadol, propoxyphene and norpropoxyphene, it was necessary to develop an analytical method to determinate plasma concentrations of these opioids. METHODS Here we describe a method which incorporates strong alkaline treatment to obtain norpropoxyphene amide followed by a one-elution step solid-phase extraction, and without further derivatization. Separation and quantification were achieved by gas chromatography/electron ionization mass spectrometry (GC/EI-MS) in selected-ion monitoring mode. Quantification was performed with 500 μL of plasma by the addition of deuterated analogues as internal standards. RESULTS The proposed method has been validated in the linearity range of 25-1000 ng/mL for all the analytes, with correlation coefficients higher than 0.990. The lower limit of quantification was 25 ng/mL. The intra- and inter-day precision, calculated in terms of relative standard deviation, were 2.0-12.0% and 6.0-15.0%, respectively. The accuracy, in terms of relative error, was within a ± 10% interval. The absolute recovery and extraction efficiency ranged from 81.0 to 111.0% and 81.0 to 105.0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A GC/MS method for the rapid and simultaneous determination of meperidine, normeperidine, tramadol, propoxyphene and norpropoxyphene in human plasma was developed, optimized and validated. This procedure was shown to be sensitive and specific using small specimen amounts, suitable for application in routine analysis for forensic purposes and therapeutic monitoring. To our knowledge, this is the first full validation of the simultaneous determination of these opioids and their metabolites in plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Fernández
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Toxicología y Química Legal, Laboratorio de asesoramiento toxicológico analítico (CENATOXA). Junín 956 7mo piso (C1113AAD). Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nancy Mónica Olivera
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Toxicología y Química Legal, Laboratorio de asesoramiento toxicológico analítico (CENATOXA). Junín 956 7mo piso (C1113AAD). Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Alberto Keller
- Facultad de Medicina, Segunda Cátedra de Farmacología. Paraguay 2155 16avopiso (C1221ABG), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roberto Alberto Diez
- Facultad de Medicina, Segunda Cátedra de Farmacología. Paraguay 2155 16avopiso (C1221ABG), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Di Girolamo
- Facultad de Medicina, Segunda Cátedra de Farmacología. Paraguay 2155 16avopiso (C1221ABG), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricia Noemí Quiroga
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Toxicología y Química Legal, Laboratorio de asesoramiento toxicológico analítico (CENATOXA). Junín 956 7mo piso (C1113AAD). Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Validation thin layer chromatography for the determination of acetaminophen in tablets and comparison with a pharmacopeial method. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:545703. [PMID: 24063006 PMCID: PMC3766983 DOI: 10.1155/2013/545703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Adsorption thin layer chromatography (NP-TLC) with densitometry has been established for the identification and the quantification of acetaminophen in three leading commercial products of pharmaceutical tablets coded as brand: P1 (Product no. 1), P2 (Product no. 2), and P3 (Product no. 3). Applied chromatographic conditions have separated acetaminophen from its related substances, namely, 4-aminophenol and and 4′-chloroacetanilide. UV densitometry was performed in absorbance mode at 248 nm. The presented method was validated by specificity, range, linearity, accuracy, precision, detection limit, quantitative limit, and robustness. The TLC-densitometric method was also compared with a pharmacopeial UV-spectrophotometric method for the assay of acetaminophen, and the results confirmed statistically that the NP-TLC-densitometric method can be used as a substitute method. It could be said that the validated NP-TLC-densitometric method is suitable for the routine analysis of acetaminophen in quantity control laboratories.
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Emara S, Masujima T, Hadad G, Kamal M, ZaaZaa H, Kawi MA. A RAPID, SENSITIVE, AND ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY ON-LINE SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION USING PROTEIN-COATED μ-BONDAPAK CYANIDE SILICA PRECOLUMN FOR CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF PARACETAMOL IN HUMAN SERUM. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2012.686139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samy Emara
- a Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department , Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Tsutomu Masujima
- b Analytical Molecular Medicine & Devices Laboratory, Hiroshima University, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences , Hiroshima , Japan
| | - Ghada Hadad
- c Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department , Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University , Ismailia , Egypt
| | - Maha Kamal
- a Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department , Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Hala ZaaZaa
- d Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department , Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdel Kawi
- d Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department , Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
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Yin OQP, Tomlinson B, Chow MSS. CYP3A5 but Not CYP2D6 Polymorphism Contributes Significantly to the Variability in Dextropropoxyphene Disposition. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 50:1136-41. [DOI: 10.1177/0091270009359006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Battal D, Hilal A, Daglioglu K, Unal I, Gulmen MK. Evaluation of paracetamol distribution and stability in case of acute intoxication in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2013; 32:82-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327112456314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Effects of different storing conditions on paracetamol concentration in biological samples of acute intoxicated rats were investigated. The stability and distribution of paracetamol was observed in postmortem serum, liver, kidney and brain tissues. The serum samples were stored for 30 days and daily changes were evaluated for paracetamol. A significant difference ( p = 0.05) was noticed on the 30th experimental day. Paracetamol serum levels changed as much as 66.30% and 33.78% for 4°C and −20°C, respectively. The stability of paracetamol in liver stored at −20°C was also evaluated for 30 days. The paracetamol concentration levels taken from liver samples dramatically decreased from 30.36% on the 1st day to 94.97% on the 30th day. The paracetamol distribution in organs was as 2.68 , 1.11 and 0.68 mg/g in liver, kidney and brain samples, respectively. Meaningful difference in paracetamol in serum and liver samples was in observed in 30th day values ( p = 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- D Battal
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - A Hilal
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - K Daglioglu
- Vocational High School of Health, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - I Unal
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - MK Gulmen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
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Tonoli D, Varesio E, Hopfgartner G. Quantification of acetaminophen and two of its metabolites in human plasma by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–low and high resolution tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 904:42-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Revised: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Tan QY, Zhu RH, Li HD, Wang F, Yan M, Dai LB. Simultaneous quantitative determination of paracetamol and its glucuronide conjugate in human plasma and urine by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry: Application to a clinical pharmacokinetic study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 893-894:162-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Trettin A, Zoerner AA, Böhmer A, Gutzki FM, Stichtenoth DO, Jordan J, Tsikas D. Quantification of acetaminophen (paracetamol) in human plasma and urine by stable isotope-dilution GC–MS and GC–MS/MS as pentafluorobenzyl ether derivative. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:2274-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Development of an HPLC-MS/MS method for the selective determination of paracetamol metabolites in mouse urine. Anal Biochem 2007; 374:106-11. [PMID: 18082126 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2007.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Revised: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An HPLC-MS/MS method has been developed for the selective quantitative analysis of paracetamol and its two major metabolites. The use of tandem MS enabled the detection and quantitation of metabolites in small sample sizes with high sensitivity and selectivity. Isocratic elution using acetonitrile and water containing formic acid combined with electrospray-tandem MS enabled the separation and accurate quantitation of each analyte and the internal standard 3-acetamidophenol. The on-column limits of detection for paracetamol, paracetamol sulfate, and paracetamol glucuronide were 2.4, 1.2, and 1.2 pmol, respectively. The method was applied to quantitate paracetamol and its metabolites in mouse urine. It is highly specific, sensitive, and easily adaptable to measure these analytes in biological fluids of other animals.
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Zhu T, Ding L, Guo X, Yang L, Wen A. Simultaneous Determination of Tramadol and Acetaminophen in Human Plasma by LC–ESI–MS. Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-007-0268-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Fitch WL, He L, Tu YP, Alexandrova L. Application of polarity switching in the identification of the metabolites of RO9237. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:1661-8. [PMID: 17465015 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Polarity switching mass spectrometry is an efficient way to collect structural data on drug metabolites. The value of this approach is illustrated with the in vitro metabolism of RO9237. Metabolites are identified by positive and negative electrospray ionization (ESI) full scan mass spectrometry, MS/MS and MS(3) using unlabelled and (14)C-radiolabelled versions of the drug. Comparison of the relative detectability of these metabolites by +ESI and -ESI shows that neither ESI mode is universal. It is advantageous to screen for metabolites using both positive and negative ionization modes. This is especially true for phase II metabolism which tends to make molecules more polar and often more acidic. Identification of phase II metabolites also benefits greatly from MS(3) experiments because the conjugating groups typically are cleaved in MS/MS and information on the core structure is only obtained in MS(3). A special case of phase II metabolism is the generation of glutathione (GSH) conjugates from reactive metabolites. The detection of GSH conjugates also benefits from generating both positive and negative ESI mass spectral data.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Fitch
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Roche Palo Alto, LLC, 3431 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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Kauppila TJ, Wiseman JM, Ketola RA, Kotiaho T, Cooks RG, Kostiainen R. Desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for the analysis of pharmaceuticals and metabolites. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:387-92. [PMID: 16381061 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The performance of desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) in the analysis of a group of pharmaceuticals and their glucuronic acid conjugates is reported. The suitability of different sprayer solvents and different surfaces was examined. In the positive ion mode, water/methanol/trifluoroacetic acid performed best, whereas, in the negative ion mode, water/methanol/ammonium hydroxide was found to be the most suitable spray solvent. Of the surfaces investigated, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) was found to give the best performance in terms of sensitivity. Spray solution flow rate and the distance of the sprayer tip from the surface were also found to have significant effects on the signal intensity. Analytes with basic groups efficiently formed the corresponding protonated molecules in the positive ion mode, whereas acidic analytes, such as the glucuronic acid conjugates, formed intense signals due to the deprotonated molecules in the negative ion mode. Ionization of neutral compounds was less efficient and in many cases it was achieved through adduct formation with simple anions or cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina J Kauppila
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2084, USA
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2005; 40:1110-21. [PMID: 16106339 DOI: 10.1002/jms.809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
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