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Palusiak A. Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae as pathogens capable of causing co-infections and exhibiting similarities in their virulence factors. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:991657. [PMID: 36339335 PMCID: PMC9630907 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.991657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The genera Klebsiella and Proteus were independently described in 1885. These Gram-negative rods colonize the human intestinal tract regarded as the main reservoir of these opportunistic pathogens. In favorable conditions they cause infections, often hospital-acquired ones. The activity of K. pneumoniae and P. mirabilis, the leading pathogens within each genus, results in infections of the urinary (UTIs) and respiratory tracts, wounds, bacteremia, affecting mainly immunocompromised patients. P. mirabilis and K. pneumoniae cause polymicrobial UTIs, which are often persistent due to the catheter biofilm formation or increasing resistance of the bacteria to antibiotics. In this situation a need arises to find the antigens with features common to both species. Among many virulence factors produced by both pathogens urease shows some structural similarities but the biggest similarities have been observed in lipids A and the core regions of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs). Both species produce capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) but only in K. pneumoniae these antigens play a crucial role in the serological classification scheme, which in Proteus spp. is based on the structural and serological diversity of LPS O-polysaccharides (OPSs). Structural and serological similarities observed for Klebsiella spp. and Proteus spp. polysaccharides are important in the search for the cross-reacting vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Palusiak
- Laboratory of General Microbiology, Department of Biology of Bacteria, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
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Anandan A, Vrielink A. Structure and function of lipid A-modifying enzymes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1459:19-37. [PMID: 31553069 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides are complex molecules found in the cell envelop of many Gram-negative bacteria. The toxic activity of these molecules has led to the terminology of endotoxins. They provide bacteria with structural integrity and protection from external environmental conditions, and they interact with host signaling receptors to induce host immune responses. Bacteria have evolved enzymes that act to modify lipopolysaccharides, particularly the lipid A region of the molecule, to enable the circumvention of host immune system responses. These modifications include changes to lipopolysaccharide by the addition of positively charged sugars, such as N-Ara4N, and phosphoethanolamine (pEtN). Other modifications include hydroxylation, acylation, and deacylation of fatty acyl chains. We review the two-component regulatory mechanisms for enzymes that carry out these modifications and provide details of the structures of four enzymes (PagP, PagL, pEtN transferases, and ArnT) that modify the lipid A portion of lipopolysaccharides. We focus largely on the three-dimensional structures of these enzymes, which provide an understanding of how their substrate binding and catalytic activities are mediated. A structure-function-based understanding of these enzymes provides a platform for the development of novel therapeutics to treat antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anandhi Anandan
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alice Vrielink
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Zabłotni A, Matusiak D, Arbatsky NP, Moryl M, Maciejewska A, Kondakova AN, Shashkov AS, Ługowski C, Knirel YA, Różalski A. Changes in the lipopolysaccharide of Proteus mirabilis 9B-m (O11a) clinical strain in response to planktonic or biofilm type of growth. Med Microbiol Immunol 2018; 207:129-139. [PMID: 29330591 PMCID: PMC5878192 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-018-0534-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The impact of planktonic and biofilm lifestyles of the clinical isolate Proteus mirabilis 9B-m on its lipopolysaccharide (O-polysaccharide, core region, and lipid A) was evaluated. Proteus mirabilis bacteria are able to form biofilm and lipopolysaccharide is one of the factors involved in the biofilm formation. Lipopolysaccharide was isolated from planktonic and biofilm cells of the investigated strain and analyzed by SDS–PAGE with silver staining, Western blotting and ELISA, as well as NMR and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry techniques. Chemical and NMR spectroscopic analyses revealed that the structure of the O-polysaccharide of P. mirabilis 9B-m strain did not depend on the form of cell growth, but the full-length chains of the O-antigen were reduced when bacteria grew in biofilm. The study also revealed structural modifications of the core region in the lipopolysaccharide of biofilm-associated cells—peaks assigned to compounds absent in cells from the planktonic culture and not previously detected in any of the known Proteus core oligosaccharides. No differences in the lipid A structure were observed. In summary, our study demonstrated for the first time that changes in the lifestyle of P. mirabilis bacteria leads to the modifications of their important virulence factor—lipopolysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Zabłotni
- Laboratory of General Microbiology, Department of Biology of Bacteria, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Dominik Matusiak
- Laboratory of General Microbiology, Department of Biology of Bacteria, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland
| | - Nikolay P Arbatsky
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 47, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Magdalena Moryl
- Department of Biology of Bacteria, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland
| | - Anna Maciejewska
- Department of Immunochemistry, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolf Weigl 12, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna N Kondakova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 47, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander S Shashkov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 47, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Czesław Ługowski
- Department of Immunochemistry, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolf Weigl 12, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Yuriy A Knirel
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 47, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Antoni Różalski
- Department of Biology of Bacteria, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland
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Palusiak A. Classification of Proteus penneri lipopolysaccharides into core region serotypes. Med Microbiol Immunol 2016; 205:615-624. [PMID: 27469376 PMCID: PMC5093214 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-016-0468-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The frequency of P. penneri isolation from hospital patients, mostly from urine and wounds, keeps on growing, and numerous isolates are multi-drug resistant. P. penneri rods produce lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which may lead to the septic shock. Until now, O-specific polysaccharide has been the best structurally and serologically characterized region of P. penneri LPS. It is worth having an insight into the serological specificity of both poly- and oligosaccharide parts of P. penneri LPS. The P. penneri core region is less structurally diverse than OPS, but still, among other enterobacterial LPS core regions, it is characterized by structural variability. In the present study, the serological reactivity of 25 P. penneri LPS core regions was analyzed by ELISA, passive immunohemolysis and Western blot technique using five polyclonal P. penneri antisera after or without their adsorption with the respective LPSs. The results allowed the assignment of the tested strains to five new core serotypes, which together with published serological studies led to the creation of the first serotyping scheme based on LPS core reactivities of 35 P. penneri and three P. mirabilis strains. Together with the O types scheme, it will facilitate assigning Proteus LPSs of clinical isolates into appropriate O and R serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Palusiak
- Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland.
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Immunochemical properties of Proteus penneri lipopolysaccharides—one of the major Proteus sp. virulence factors. Carbohydr Res 2013; 380:16-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Hamad MA, Di Lorenzo F, Molinaro A, Valvano MA. Aminoarabinose is essential for lipopolysaccharide export and intrinsic antimicrobial peptide resistance inBurkholderia cenocepacia†. Mol Microbiol 2012; 85:962-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2012.08154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Knirel YA, Kondakova AN, Vinogradov E, Lindner B, Perepelov AV, Shashkov AS. Lipopolysaccharide core structures and their correlation with genetic groupings of Shigella strains. A novel core variant in Shigella boydii type 16. Glycobiology 2011; 21:1362-72. [PMID: 21752864 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwr088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria Shigella, the cause of shigellosis, evolved from the intestinal bacteria Escherichia coli. Based on structurally diverse O-specific polysaccharide chains of the lipopolysaccharides (LPSs; O-antigens), three from four Shigella species are subdivided into multiple serotypes. The central oligosaccharide of the LPS called core is usually conserved within genus but five core types called R1-R4 and K-12 have been recognized in E. coli. Structural data on the Shigella core are limited to S. sonnei, S. flexneri and one S. dysenteriae strain, which all share E. coli core types. In this work, we elucidated the core structure in 14 reference strains of S. dysenteriae and S. boydii. Core oligosaccharides were obtained by mild acid hydrolysis of the LPSs and studied using sugar analysis, high-resolution mass spectrometry and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. The R1, R3 and R4 E. coli core types were identified in 8, 3 and 2 Shigella strains, respectively. A novel core variant found in S. boydii type 16 differs from the R3 core in the lack of GlcNAc and the presence of a D-glycero-D-manno-heptose disaccharide extension. In addition, the structure of an oligosaccharide consisting of the core and one O-antigen repeat was determined in S. dysenteriae type 8. A clear correlation of the core type was observed with genetic grouping of Shigella strains but not with their traditional division to four species. This finding supports a notion on the existing Shigella species as invalid taxa and a suggestion of multiple independent origins of Shigella from E. coli clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy A Knirel
- ND Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii Prospekt 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Banoub JH, El Aneed A, Cohen AM, Joly N. Structural investigation of bacterial lipopolysaccharides by mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:606-650. [PMID: 20589944 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometric studies are now playing a leading role in the elucidation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) structures through the characterization of antigenic polysaccharides, core oligosaccharides and lipid A components including LPS genetic modifications. The conventional MS and MS/MS analyses together with CID fragmentation provide additional structural information complementary to the previous analytical experiments, and thus contribute to an integrated strategy for the simultaneous characterization and correct sequencing of the carbohydrate moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Banoub
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Special Projects, P.O. Box 5667, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada A1C 5X1.
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Kojima H, Inagaki M, Tomita T, Watanabe T. Diversity of non-stoichiometric substitutions on the lipopolysaccharide of E. coli C demonstrated by electrospray ionization single quadrupole mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:43-48. [PMID: 19957294 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of enterobacteria frequently contains various numbers of charged non-stoichiometric substituents such as phosphate (P) and ethanolamine (EtN) groups and a third residue of 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid (KDO) on the R-core polysaccharide backbone. These substituents can modify the biological activities of LPS including varying the stability of the outer membrane, tolerance to cationic antibiotics, pathogenicity, and sensitivity to enterobacteria bacteriophages. These diverse substituents can be clearly detected in degraded samples of LPS from E. coli C using electrospray ionization single quadrupole mass spectrometry (ESI-Q-MS) from a 0.1 mg/mL solution in a 50:50 mixture of methanol and 10 mM ammonium acetate (pH 6.8). The O-deacylated derivative showed multiple peaks of [M-3H](3-) ions which corresponded to species having up to eight phosphates, two ethanolamines, and an additional KDO on the backbone of Hex(5) Hep(3) KDO(2) GlcN(2) C14:0(3-OH)(2). The major components of the O,N-deacylated derivative were the species associated with four and five phosphates on Hex(5) Hep(3) KDO(2) GlcN(2). The polysaccharide portion of LPS also revealed species which corresponded to Hex(5) Hep(3) KDO associated with two to four phosphates and an ethanolamine. The present method was proved to be useful to investigate the structural diversity of enterobacterial LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisaki Kojima
- Analytical Science, Pre-Clinical Development, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2611, Japan
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Kondakova AN, Vinogradov E, Katzenellenbogen E, Kocharova NA, Lindner B, Knirel YA. Structural Studies on the Lipopolysaccharide Core of Bacteria of the Genus Citrobacter: Two Different Core Structures in Citrobacter O14 Serogroup. J Carbohydr Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/07328300902999337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna N. Kondakova
- a N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow, Russia
- b Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences , Borstel, Germany
| | - Evgeny Vinogradov
- c Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council , Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ewa Katzenellenbogen
- d L. Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy , Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Nina A. Kocharova
- a N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow, Russia
| | - Buko Lindner
- b Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences , Borstel, Germany
| | - Yuriy A. Knirel
- a N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow, Russia
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Hanuszkiewicz A, Kaczyński Z, Lindner B, Goldmann T, Vollmer E, Debarry J, Heine H, Holst O. Structural Analysis of the Capsular Polysaccharide fromAcinetobacter lwoffiiF78. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200800887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Hanuszkiewicz A, Hübner G, Vinogradov E, Lindner B, Brade L, Brade H, Debarry J, Heine H, Holst O. Structural and Immunochemical Analysis of the Lipopolysaccharide fromAcinetobacter lwoffii F78 Located OutsideChlamydiaceaewith aChlamydia-Specific Lipopolysaccharide Epitope. Chemistry 2008; 14:10251-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Matamoros Fernández LE. Introduction to ion trap mass spectrometry: Application to the structural characterization of plant oligosaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Bindila L, Steiner K, Schaffer C, Messner P, Mormann M, Peter-Katalinić J. Sequencing of O-glycopeptides derived from an S-layer glycoprotein of Geobacillus stearothermophilus NRS 2004/3a containing up to 51 monosaccharide residues at a single glycosylation site by fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance infrared multiphoton dissociation mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2007; 79:3271-3279. [PMID: 17378537 PMCID: PMC4389835 DOI: 10.1021/ac0617363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The microheterogeneity of large sugar chains in glycopeptides from S-layer glycoproteins containing up to 51 monosaccharide residues at a single O-attachment site on a 12 amino acid peptide backbone was investigated by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR MS). Structural elucidation of glycopeptides with the same amino acid sequence and different glycoforms, having such a high saccharide-to-peptide ratio, was achieved by applying infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) MS/MS for the first time. A 100% sequence coverage of the glycan chain and a 50% coverage of the peptide backbone fragmentation were obtained. The microheterogeneity of carbohydrate chains at the same glycosylation site, containing largely rhamnose, could have been reliably assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jasna Peter-Katalinić
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone: +492518352308. Fax: +492518355140.
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Vinogradov E, Lindner B, Seltmann G, Radziejewska-Lebrecht J, Holst O. Lipopolysaccharides fromSerratia marcescens Possess One or Two 4-Amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinopyranose 1-Phosphate Residues in the Lipid A andD-glycero-D-talo-Oct-2-ulopyranosonic Acid in the Inner Core Region. Chemistry 2006; 12:6692-700. [PMID: 16807947 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The carbohydrate backbones of the core-lipid A region were characterized from the lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) of Serratia marcescens strains 111R (a rough mutant strain of serotype O29) and IFO 3735 (a smooth strain not serologically characterized but possessing the O-chain structure of serotype O19). The LPSs were degraded either by mild hydrazinolysis (de-O-acylation) and hot 4 M KOH (de-N-acylation), or by hydrolysis in 2 % aqueous acetic acid, or by deamination. Oligosaccharide phosphates were isolated by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography. Through the use of compositional analysis, electrospray ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry, and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy applying various one- and two-dimensional experiments, we identified the structures of the carbohydrate backbones that contained D-glycero-D-talo-oct-2-ulopyranosonic acid and 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose 1-phosphate residues. We also identified some truncated structures for both strains. All sugars were D-configured pyranoses and alpha-linked, except where stated otherwise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Vinogradov
- Institute for Biological Sciences, NRC Canada, Ottawa, ON K1 A 0R6, Canada
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Kondakova AN, Vinogradov E, Lindner B, Kocharova NA, Rozalski A, Knirel YA. Elucidation of the Lipopolysaccharide Core Structures of Bacteria of the GenusProvidencia. J Carbohydr Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/07328300600860161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Kołodziejska K, Perepelov AV, Zabłotni A, Drzewiecka D, Senchenkova SN, Zych K, Shashkov AS, Knirel YA, Sidorczyk Z. Structure of the glycerol phosphate-containing O-polysaccharides and serological studies of the lipopolysaccharides ofProteus mirabilisCCUG 10704 (OE) andProteus vulgarisTG 103 classified into a newProteusserogroup, O54. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 47:267-74. [PMID: 16831214 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2006.00084.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
O-Polysaccharides were obtained from the lipopolysaccharides of Proteus mirabilis CCUG 10704 (OE) and Proteus vulgaris TG 103 and studied by chemical analyses and one- and two-dimensional (1)H and (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, including rotating-frame nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy, H-detected (1)H,(13)C heteronuclear single-quantum spectroscopy and (1)H,(31)P heteronuclear multiple-quantum spectroscopy experiments. The Proteus mirabilis OE polysaccharide was found to have a trisaccharide repeating unit with a lateral glycerol phosphate group. The Proteus vulgaris TG 103 produces a similar O-polysaccharide, which differs in incomplete substitution with glycerol phosphate (c. 50% of the stoichiometric amount) and the presence of an O-acetyl group at position 6 of the 2-acetamido-2-deoxygalactose (GalNAc) residue. These structures are unique among the known bacterial polysaccharide structures. Based on the structural and serological data of the lipopolysaccharides, it is proposed to classify both strains studied into a new Proteus serogroup, O54, as two subgroups, O54a,54b and O54a,54c. The serological relatedness of the Proteus O54 and some other Proteus lipopolysaccharides is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kołodziejska
- Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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