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Zhao Q, Song D, Ju H, Xing W, Ma J, Xiao P. Mass spectrometry in measurement of thyroid biomarkers. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 562:119872. [PMID: 39013525 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.119872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
In 2022, the number of patients with thyroid disease in China exceeded 200 million (10 million with hyperthyroidism, 90 million with hypothyroidism, and 100 million with other thyroid disease such as goiter, thyroid nodules, and thyroid cancer). Well-established markers include FT3, FT4, TT3, TT4, and TSH tested by a number of immunoassay methods. This approach is based on the primary binding of antigen with antibody and a subsequent secondary chemical reaction that provides an indirect measure. The use of traceable standards for quantitation remains an important factor to ensure inter-assay reliability and precision. Recently, mass spectrometry (MS) has received considerable attention as an analytic tool due to high resolution and quantitative accuracy. In addition, MS allows for sensitive determination of low-abundance markers making it ideal for development of traceable standards. Furthermore, this technology will allow for the development of highly accurate thyroid biomarker assays to facilitate diagnosis, enable early treatment and improve outcomes. Herein, we provide a systematic review and summary of MS in enhancing the analysis of thyroid biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhao
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Beijing 100029, China; Department of Immunology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Dan Song
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Huanyu Ju
- Department of Immunology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Wenjing Xing
- Department of Immunology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Jian Ma
- Department of Immunology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Peng Xiao
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Beijing 100029, China.
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2
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Ząbczyńska M, Kozłowska K, Pocheć E. Glycosylation in the Thyroid Gland: Vital Aspects of Glycoprotein Function in Thyrocyte Physiology and Thyroid Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2792. [PMID: 30227620 PMCID: PMC6163523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The key proteins responsible for hormone synthesis in the thyroid are glycosylated. Oligosaccharides strongly affect the function of glycosylated proteins. Both thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secreted by the pituitary gland and TSH receptors on the surface of thyrocytes contain N-glycans, which are crucial to their proper activity. Thyroglobulin (Tg), the protein backbone for synthesis of thyroid hormones, is a heavily N-glycosylated protein, containing 20 putative N-glycosylated sites. N-oligosaccharides play a role in Tg transport into the follicular lumen, where thyroid hormones are produced, and into thyrocytes, where hyposialylated Tg is degraded. N-glycans of the cell membrane transporters sodium/iodide symporter and pendrin are necessary for iodide transport. Some changes in glycosylation result in abnormal activity of the thyroid and alteration of the metabolic clearance rate of hormones. Alteration of glycan structures is a pathological process related to the progression of chronic diseases such as thyroid cancers and autoimmunity. Thyroid carcinogenesis is accompanied by changes in sialylation and fucosylation, β1,6-branching of glycans, the content and structure of poly-LacNAc chains, as well as O-GlcNAcylation, while in thyroid autoimmunity the main processes affected are sialylation and fucosylation. The glycobiology of the thyroid gland is an intensively studied field of research, providing new data helpful in understanding the role of the sugar component in thyroid protein biology and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ząbczyńska
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Kamila Kozłowska
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Ewa Pocheć
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
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3
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Ribela MTCP, Damiani R, Silva FD, Lima ER, Oliveira JE, Peroni CN, Torjesen PA, Soares CR, Bartolini P. N-Glycoprofiling Analysis for Carbohydrate Composition and Site-Occupancy Determination in a Poly-Glycosylated Protein: Human Thyrotropin of Different Origins. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020131. [PMID: 28165356 PMCID: PMC5343769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human thyrotropin (hTSH) is a glycoprotein with three potential glycosylation sites: two in the α-subunit and one in the β-subunit. These sites are not always occupied and occupancy is frequently neglected in glycoprotein characterization, even though it is related to folding, trafficking, initiation of inflammation and host defense, as well as congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG). For the first time N-glycoprofiling analysis was applied to the site-occupancy determination of two native pituitary hTSH, in comparison with three recombinant preparations of hTSH, a widely used biopharmaceutical. A single methodology provided the: (i) average N-glycan mass; (ii) mass fraction of each monosaccharide and of sulfate; and (iii) percent carbohydrate. The results indicate that the occupancy (65%–87%) and carbohydrate mass (12%–19%) can be up to 34%–57% higher in recombinant hormones. The average glycan mass is 24% lower in pituitary hTSH and contains ~3-fold fewer moles of galactose (p < 0.005) and sialic acid (p < 0.01). One of the two native preparations, which had the smallest glycan mass together with the lowest occupancy and GalNAc, sulfate, Gal and sialic acid contents, also presented the lowest in vivo bioactivity and circulatory half-life. The methodology described, comparing a recombinant biopharmaceutical to its native equivalent, can be applied to any physiologically or clinical relevant glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa C P Ribela
- Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP-Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242-Cidade Universitária, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Renata Damiani
- Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP-Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242-Cidade Universitária, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Felipe D Silva
- Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP-Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242-Cidade Universitária, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Eliana R Lima
- Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP-Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242-Cidade Universitária, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - João E Oliveira
- Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP-Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242-Cidade Universitária, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Cibele N Peroni
- Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP-Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242-Cidade Universitária, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Peter A Torjesen
- Hormone Laboratory, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Carlos R Soares
- Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP-Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242-Cidade Universitária, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Paolo Bartolini
- Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP-Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242-Cidade Universitária, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil.
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4
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Donadio-Andréi S, Chikh K, Heuclin C, Kuczewski E, Charrié A, Gauchez AS, Ronin C. Variability among TSH Measurements Can Be Reduced by Combining a Glycoengineered Calibrator to Epitope-Defined Immunoassays. Eur Thyroid J 2017; 6:3-11. [PMID: 28611942 PMCID: PMC5465719 DOI: 10.1159/000449463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Measuring protein markers with variable glycosylation, such as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), with high accuracy is not an easy task. Despite highly sensitive third-generation tests, discrepancies among TSH assays still remain unsolved and are the focus of important standardization efforts. Earlier work from our group showed that a lack of similarity in epitope expression between standards and samples may account for discordant hormone measurements. In this study, we aimed at producing a glycoengineered TSH with serum-type glycosylation and compared its immunological behavior to that of the international standards. STUDY DESIGN Recombinant glycoengineered TSH (rgTSH) was produced in glycoengineered Chinese hamster ovary cells to express a highly sialylated TSH and tested in newly designed assays. Two groups of assays targeting defined epitopes were constructed and TSH levels were estimated in a panel of 84 clinical samples (2.1-22.4 mIU/l) based on the use of the current 3rd IS 81/565, the 1st IRP 94/674 and rgTSH calibrations. RESULTS Calibration based on rgTSH was found to significantly reduce the percentage difference means of assays compared to the pituitary standard. We also found that a switch from a mIU/l (3rd IS 81/565) to ng/l (rgTSH) basis can be established within the normal as well as in the mid to upper normal range of TSH levels. Of interest, TSH assays targeting the main immunogenic region displayed variable TSH values, indicating that, in this region, epitopes should be defined for assays to deliver similar values. CONCLUSIONS A glycoengineered TSH with serum-type glycosylation proved to be a new calibrator efficient in harmonizing TSH values.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karim Chikh
- CARMEN-INSERM U1060, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
- CARMEN-INSERM U1060, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine et de Maïeutique Lyon Sud - Charles Mérieux, Oullins, France
- Société Française de Médecine Nucléaire, Groupe de Biologie Spécialisée, Centre Antoine Béclère, Paris, France
| | - Christine Heuclin
- Laboratoire du Service de Médecine Nucléaire, BioSIMS Technologies, Seine Biopolis II, Rouen, France
| | - Elisabetta Kuczewski
- CARMEN-INSERM U1060, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Anne Charrié
- CARMEN-INSERM U1060, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
- CARMEN-INSERM U1060, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine et de Maïeutique Lyon Sud - Charles Mérieux, Oullins, France
- Société Française de Médecine Nucléaire, Groupe de Biologie Spécialisée, Centre Antoine Béclère, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Gauchez
- Société Française de Médecine Nucléaire, Groupe de Biologie Spécialisée, Centre Antoine Béclère, Paris, France
- Laboratoire du Service de Médecine Nucléaire, Centre Hospitalier de Chambéry, Chambéry, Grenoble, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Grenoble, UMR-S INSERM 1037, Grenoble, France
| | - Catherine Ronin
- Siamed'Xpress, Hôtel Technologique Morandat, Gardanne, France
- *Prof. Catherine Ronin, Siamed'Xpress, Hôtel Technologique Morandat, 1480 rue d'Arménie, FR−13120 Gardanne (France), E-Mail
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5
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Lowenthal MS, Davis KS, Formolo T, Kilpatrick LE, Phinney KW. Identification of Novel N-Glycosylation Sites at Noncanonical Protein Consensus Motifs. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:2087-101. [PMID: 27246700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
N-glycosylation of proteins is well known to occur at asparagine residues that fall within the canonical consensus sequence N-X-S/T but has also been identified at a small number of asparagine residues within N-X-C motifs, including the N491 residue of human serotransferrin. Here we report novel glycosylation sites within noncanonical consensus motifs, in the conformation N-X-C, based on mass spectrometry analysis of partially deglycosylated glycopeptide targets. Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (A1AG) and serotransferrin (Tf) were observed for the first time to be N-glycosylated on asparagine residues within a total of six unique noncanonical motifs. N-glycosylation was initially predicted in silico based on the evolutionary conservation of the N-X-C motif among related mammalian species and demonstrated experimentally in A1AG from porcine, canine, and feline sources and in human serotransferrin. High-resolution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was employed to collect fragmentation data of predicted GlcNAcylated peptides and to assign modification sites within N-X-C motifs. A combination of targeted analytical techniques that includes complementary mass spectrometry platforms, enzymatic digestions, and partial-deglycosylation procedures was developed to confirm the novel observations. Additionally, we found that A1AG in porcine and canine sources is highly N-glycosylated at a noncanonical motif (N-Q-C) based on semiquantitative multiple reaction monitoring analysis-the first report of an N-X-C motif exhibiting substantial N-glycosylation. Although reports of N-X-C motif N-glycosylation are relatively uncommon in the literature, this work adds to a growing list of glycoproteins reported with glycosylation at various forms of noncanonical motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Lowenthal
- Material Measurement Laboratory, Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology , 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8314, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Kiersta S Davis
- Material Measurement Laboratory, Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology , 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8314, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Trina Formolo
- Material Measurement Laboratory, Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology , 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8314, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Lisa E Kilpatrick
- Material Measurement Laboratory, Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology , 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8314, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Karen W Phinney
- Material Measurement Laboratory, Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology , 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8314, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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6
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Takakura D, Harazono A, Hashii N, Kawasaki N. Selective glycopeptide profiling by acetone enrichment and LC/MS. J Proteomics 2014; 101:17-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Ongay S, Boichenko A, Govorukhina N, Bischoff R. Glycopeptide enrichment and separation for protein glycosylation analysis. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:2341-72. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rainer Bischoff
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
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8
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Han H, Stapels M, Ying W, Yu Y, Tang L, Jia W, Chen W, Zhang Y, Qian X. Comprehensive characterization of the N-glycosylation status of CD44s by use of multiple mass spectrometry-based techniques. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:373-88. [PMID: 22722744 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6167-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The CD44 family are type-1 transmembrane glycoproteins which are important in mediating the response of cells to their microenvironment, including regulation of growth, survival, differentiation, and motility. All these important functions have been reported to be regulated by N-glycosylation; however, little is known about this process. In the CD44 family, the most prolific isoform is CD44 standard type (CD44s). In this work, an integrated strategy combining stable isotope labeling, chemical derivatization, hydrophilic-interaction liquid chromatographic (HILIC) separation, and mass spectrometric (MS) identification was used to perform a comprehensive qualitative and quantitative survey of the N-glycosylation of recombinant CD44s. Specifically, the occupation ratios of the N-glycosites were first determined by MS with (18)O labeling; the results revealed five glycosites with different occupation ratios. Next, N-glycans were profiled by chemical derivatization and exoglycosidase digestion, followed by MALDI-TOF-MS and HILIC-ESI-MS-MS analysis. Interestingly, the quantitative analysis showed that non-sialylated, fucosylated complex-type glycans dominated the N-glycans of CD44s. Furthermore, the site-specific N-glycan distributions profiled by LC-ESI-MS(E) indicated that most glycosites bore complex-type glycans, except for glycosite N100, which was occupied by high-mannose-type N-glycans. This is the first comprehensive report of the N-glycosylation of CD44s. Figure Strategies for characterization of the N-glycosylation status of CD44s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 102206, China
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for the period 2005-2006. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:1-100. [PMID: 20222147 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This review is the fourth update of the original review, published in 1999, on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2006. The review covers fundamental studies, fragmentation of carbohydrate ions, method developments, and applications of the technique to the analysis of different types of carbohydrate. Specific compound classes that are covered include carbohydrate polymers from plants, N- and O-linked glycans from glycoproteins, glycated proteins, glycolipids from bacteria, glycosides, and various other natural products. There is a short section on the use of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for the study of enzymes involved in glycan processing, a section on industrial processes, particularly the development of biopharmaceuticals and a section on the use of MALDI-MS to monitor products of chemical synthesis of carbohydrates. Large carbohydrate-protein complexes and glycodendrimers are highlighted in this final section.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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10
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Gauchez AS, Pizzo M, Alcaraz-Galvain D, Chikh K, Orgiazzi J, Brabant G, Ronin C, Charrié A. TSH Isoforms: About a Case of Hypothyroidism in a Down's Syndrome Young Adult. J Thyroid Res 2010; 2010:703978. [PMID: 21048840 PMCID: PMC2957696 DOI: 10.4061/2010/703978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. For unknown reasons, the prevalence of thyroid autoimmune disorders is higher in patients with Down's syndrome than in the general population. The present case strongly supports a recent evaluation of propagating screening for thyroid disease in this group of patients to assure early diagnosis of hypothyroidism. Methods. In a 25-year-old man diagnosed with Down's syndrome, clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism were lacking, but profound biochemical abnormalities were found with particularly high levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Antigenic properties of TSH were characterized using a panel of anti-TSH antibodies. Results. Technical problems not infrequently associated with TSH measurements are convincingly ruled out. Antigenic characterization of the patient's circulating TSH revealed circulating forms of TSH different from pituitary TSH which closely resembled TSH recombinant human hormone. Conclusions. It appears counterintuitive that the bioactivity of TSH decreases in the hypothyroid state as higher bioactivity of TSH is anticipated in hypothyroidism promoted by an increased hypothalamic TRH drive. In contrast, diminished negative thyroid hormone feedback will enhance posttranslational glycosylation of TSH subunits and increase sialylation of the carbohydrate side chains. Both exert a negative effect on TSH bioactivity, only compensated by the very high levels of the hormone as in the present case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Gauchez
- Laboratoire du Service de Médecine Nucléaire, Centre Hospitalier de Chambéry, 73000 Chambéry, France
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Lei M, Novotny MV, Mechref Y. Sequential enrichment of sulfated glycans by strong anion-exchange chromatography prior to mass spectrometric measurements. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2010; 21:348-357. [PMID: 20022260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2009.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Structural characterization of sulfated glycans through mass spectrometry (MS) has been often limited by their low abundance in biological materials and inefficient ionization in the positive-ion mode. Here, we describe a microscale method for sequentially enriching sulfated glycans according to their degree of sulfation. This method is based on modifying the binding ability of strong anion-exchange material through the use of different sodium acetate concentrations, thus enabling fairly selective binding and a subsequent elution of different glycans according to their degree of sulfation. Before this enrichment, the negative charge on the sialic acid, which is commonly associated with such glycans, was eliminated through permethylation that is used to enhance the positive-ion mode matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) signal for all glycans. This enrichment approach minimizes competitive ionization between sulfated and neutral glycans, as well as that between sulfated species with a different degree of sulfation. The described method was initially optimized using sulfated oligosaccharide standards, while its potential has been verified for the sulfated N-glycans originated from the bovine thyroid-stimulating hormone (bTSH), a glycoprotein possessing mono- and disulfated N-glycans. This enhancement of the MALDI-MS signal facilitates analysis of some otherwise undetected components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lei
- National Center of Glycomics and Glycoproteomics, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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12
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Lei M, Mechref Y, Novotny MV. Structural analysis of sulfated glycans by sequential double-permethylation using methyl iodide and deuteromethyl iodide. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2009; 20:1660-1671. [PMID: 19546010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
MALDI mass spectrometric characterization of sulfated glycans is often challenging due to their low ionization response in the positive ion mode. Here we demonstrate a new analytical approach, allowing the measurement of sulfated glycans by substituting the sulfate group with a deuteromethyl group. Sulfated glycan samples are initially permethylated before the methanolytic cleavage of their sulfate groups. Desulfated and permethylated glycans are then subjected to another permethylation step using deuteromethyl iodide to label the hydroxyl groups resulting from methanolysis. The number of attached sulfate groups is subsequently calculated from the mass-shift resulting from the chemical cleavage of these sulfate groups. The position of the sulfate substitution is then determined by collision-induced dissociation (CID) tandem mass spectrometry of permethylated and permethylated plus deuteromethylated samples. The described approach was initially optimized and validated using linear standard glycans, while its effectiveness has also been demonstrated here for the N-glycans derived from bovine thyroid-stimulating hormone (bTSH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lei
- National Center of Glycomics and Glycoproteomics and Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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13
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Damiani R, Oliveira JE, Vorauer-Uhl K, Peroni CN, Vianna EG, Bartolini P, Ribela MTC. Stable expression of a human-like sialylated recombinant thyrotropin in a Chinese hamster ovary cell line expressing α2,6-sialyltransferase. Protein Expr Purif 2009; 67:7-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2009.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Carvalho CM, Oliveira JE, Almeida BE, Ueda EKM, Torjesen PA, Bartolini P, Ribela MTCP. Efficient isolation of the subunits of recombinant and pituitary glycoprotein hormones. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:1431-8. [PMID: 19167716 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.12.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Revised: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 12/31/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Complete dissociation into subunits was attained by incubating Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-derived or native human thyrotropin, follitropin and lutropin overnight at 37 degrees C in acetic acid. The alpha-and beta-subunits of the pituitary glycoprotein hormones were rapidly and quantitatively isolated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). A dissociation efficiency of > 98% was obtained on the basis of mass determinations of the heterodimers and subunits carried out via mass spectrometry. CHO-derived or native subunits were isolated on a C4 column (80-90% total recovery) and characterized comparatively for purity, hydrophobicity, molecular mass and charge distribution by HPLC, mass spectrometry, sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. Thyrotropin was used as a model for showing that, after subunit reassociation, the in vivo bioactivity of the hormone was completely restored. The method described is mild, practical, flexible, and can be adapted to dissociate microgram amounts of native or recombinant glycoprotein hormones, allowing characterization of each subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Carvalho
- Biotechnology Department, IPEN-CNEN, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 2242, Cidade Universitária, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
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Influence of a Reduced CO2 Environment on the Secretion Yield, Potency and N-Glycan Structures of Recombinant Thyrotropin from CHO Cells. Mol Biotechnol 2008; 39:159-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-008-9047-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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André M, Morelle W, Planchon S, Milhiet PE, Rubinstein E, Mollicone R, Chamot-Rooke J, Le Naour F. Glycosylation status of the membrane protein CD9P-1. Proteomics 2007; 7:3880-95. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Abstract
We present a detailed protocol for the structural analysis of protein-linked glycans. In this approach, appropriate for glycomics studies, N-linked glycans are released using peptide N-glycosidase F and O-linked glycans are released by reductive alkaline beta-elimination. Using strategies based on mass spectrometry (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and nano-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (nano-ESI-MS-MS)), chemical derivatization, sequential exoglycosidase digestions and linkage analysis, the structures of the N- and/or O-glycans are defined. This approach can be used to study the glycosylation of isolated complex glycoproteins or of numerous glycoproteins encountered in a complex biological medium (cells, tissues and physiological fluids).
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Affiliation(s)
- Willy Morelle
- Unité Mixte de Recherche CNRS/USTL 8576, Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, IFR 147, Bâtiment C9, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France.
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Wuhrer M, Catalina MI, Deelder AM, Hokke CH. Glycoproteomics based on tandem mass spectrometry of glycopeptides. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 849:115-28. [PMID: 17049937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2006] [Revised: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 09/08/2006] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Next to the identification of proteins and the determination of their expression levels, the analysis of post-translational modifications (PTM) is becoming an increasingly important aspect in proteomics. Here, we review mass spectrometric (MS) techniques for the study of protein glycosylation at the glycopeptide level. Enrichment and separation techniques for glycoproteins and glycopeptides from complex (glyco-)protein mixtures and digests are summarized. Various tandem MS (MS/MS) techniques for the analysis of glycopeptides are described and compared with respect to the information they provide on peptide sequence, glycan attachment site and glycan structure. Approaches using electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) of glycopeptides are presented and the following fragmentation techniques in glycopeptide analysis are compared: collision-induced fragmentation on different types of instruments, metastable fragmentation after MALDI ionization, infrared multi-photon dissociation, electron-capture dissociation and electron-transfer dissociation. This review discusses the potential and limitations of tandem mass spectrometry of glycopeptides as a tool in structural glycoproteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Wuhrer
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Morelle W, Canis K, Chirat F, Faid V, Michalski JC. The use of mass spectrometry for the proteomic analysis of glycosylation. Proteomics 2006; 6:3993-4015. [PMID: 16786490 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Of all protein PTMs, glycosylation is by far the most common, and is a target for proteomic research. Glycosylation plays key roles in controlling various cellular processes and the modifications of the glycan structures in diseases highlight the clinical importance of this PTM. Glycosylation analysis remains a difficult task. MS, in combination with modern separation methodologies, is one of the most powerful and versatile techniques for the structural analysis of glycoconjugates. This review describes methodologies based on MS for detailed characterization of glycoconjugates in complex biological samples at the sensitivity required for proteomic work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willy Morelle
- Unité Mixte de Recherche CNRS/USTL 8576, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France.
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