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Alyu F, Olgar Y, Degirmenci S, Turan B, Ozturk Y. Interrelated In Vitro Mechanisms of Sibutramine-Induced Cardiotoxicity. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2021; 21:322-335. [PMID: 33389602 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-020-09622-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of illicit pharmaceutical products containing sibutramine has been reported to cause cardiovascular toxicity problems. This study aimed to demonstrate the toxicity profile of sibutramine, and thereby provide important implications for the development of more effective strategies in both clinical approaches and drug design studies. Action potentials (APs) were determined from freshly isolated ventricular cardiomyocytes with whole-cell configuration of current clamp as online. The maximum amplitude of APs (MAPs), the resting membrane potential (RMP), and AP duration from the repolarization phases were calculated from original records. The voltage-dependent K+-channel currents (IK) were recorded in the presence of external Cd2+ and both inward and outward parts of the current were calculated, while their expression levels were determined with qPCR. The levels of intracellular free Ca2+ and H+ (pHi) as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured using either a ratiometric micro-spectrofluorometer or confocal microscope. The mechanical activity of isolated hearts was observed with Langendorff-perfusion system. Acute sibutramine applications (10-8-10-5 M) induced significant alterations in both MAPs and RMP as well as the repolarization phases of APs and IK in a concentration-dependent manner. Sibutramine (10 μM) induced Ca2+-release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum under either electrical or caffeine stimulation, whereas it depressed left ventricular developed pressure with a marked decrease in the end-diastolic pressure. pHi inhibition by sibutramine supports the observed negative alterations in contractility. Changes in mRNA levels of different IK subunits are consistent with the acute inhibition of the repolarizing IK, affecting AP parameters, and provoke the cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feyza Alyu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Yunus Emre Campus, 26470, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Olgar
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, 06230, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sinan Degirmenci
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, 06230, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Belma Turan
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, 06230, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Lokman Hekim University, 06230, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Ozturk
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Yunus Emre Campus, 26470, Eskisehir, Turkey.
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Han S, Jeon S, Hong T, Lee J, Bae SH, Park WS, Park GJ, Youn S, Jang DY, Kim KS, Yim DS. Exposure-response model for sibutramine and placebo: suggestion for application to long-term weight-control drug development. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:5185-94. [PMID: 26392753 PMCID: PMC4573071 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s85435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
No wholly successful weight-control drugs have been developed to date, despite the tremendous demand. We present an exposure–response model of sibutramine mesylate that can be applied during clinical development of other weight-control drugs. Additionally, we provide a model-based evaluation of sibutramine efficacy. Data from a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter study were used (N=120). Subjects in the treatment arm were initially given 8.37 mg sibutramine base daily, and those who lost <2 kg after 4 weeks’ treatment were escalated to 12.55 mg. The duration of treatment was 24 weeks. Drug concentration and body weight were measured predose and at 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 24 weeks after treatment initiation. Exposure and response to sibutramine, including the placebo effect, were modeled using NONMEM 7.2. An asymptotic model approaching the final body weight was chosen to describe the time course of weight loss. Extent of weight loss was described successfully using a sigmoidal exposure–response relationship of the drug with a constant placebo effect in each individual. The placebo effect was influenced by subjects’ sex and baseline body mass index. Maximal weight loss was predicted to occur around 1 year after treatment initiation. The difference in mean weight loss between the sibutramine (daily 12.55 mg) and placebo groups was predicted to be 4.5% in a simulation of 1 year of treatment, with considerable overlap of prediction intervals. Our exposure–response model, which included the placebo effect, is the first example of a quantitative model that can be used to predict the efficacy of weight-control drugs. Similar approaches can help decision-making during clinical development of novel weight-loss drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghoon Han
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea ; Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Seochogu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangil Jeon
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea ; Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Seochogu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taegon Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea ; Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Seochogu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongtae Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea ; Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Seochogu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hyeon Bae
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea ; Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Seochogu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan-su Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea ; Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Seochogu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gab-jin Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea ; Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Seochogu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunil Youn
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea ; Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Seochogu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo Yeon Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea ; Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Seochogu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Soo Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Seochogu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Seok Yim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea ; Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Seochogu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kim HJ, Lee JH, Park HJ, Cho SH, Cho S, Kim WS. Monitoring of 29 weight loss compounds in foods and dietary supplements by LC-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:777-83. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.888497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Vrzal R, Knoppová B, Bachleda P, Dvořák Z. Effects of oral anorexiant sibutramine on the expression of cytochromes P450s in human hepatocytes and cancer cell lines. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2013; 27:515-21. [PMID: 24038852 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sibutramine is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor that was used for weight-loss management in obese patients. Even though it was officially withdrawn from the market in 2010, it is still present in some tainted weight-loss pills (as reported by US Food and Drug Administration). Thus, it is still reasonable to study the effects of this compound. The aim of this work was to investigate the potential of sibutramine to induce CYP1A1/CY3A4 in human cancer cell lines and CYP1A1/2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, and CYP3A4 in human hepatocytes, a competent model of metabolically active cells. The levels of mRNA and protein of CYP1A1/1A2/3A4/2A6/2B6 were compared with the typical inducers, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and rifampicin (RIF) for CYP1A1/2 and for other CYPs, respectively. The mRNA and protein levels of all genes in either cancer cell lines or human hepatocytes were induced when treated with typical inducers but not with sibutramine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radim Vrzal
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Ponnuru VS, Challa BR, Nadendla R. Quantification of sibutramine and its two metabolites in human plasma by LC-ESI-MS/MS and its application in a bioequivalence study. J Pharm Anal 2012; 2:249-257. [PMID: 29403750 PMCID: PMC5760908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity can be considered as a chronic illness of epidemic proportion and its incidents have increased exponentially in recent years. The use of anti-obesity drugs such as sibutramine is somewhat helpful. There is a need to quantify such drugs in biological samples, which is generally quite difficult. In this report, we developed and validated a simple, sensitive and specific liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method for the quantification of sibutramine (SB) and its two metabolites N-des methyl sibutramine (DSB) and N-di desmethyl sibutramine (DDSB) in human plasma. Zorbax SB-C18 (4.6 mm×75 mm, 3.5 μm, 80 Å) analytical column and 5 mM ammonium formate:acetonitrile (10:90, v/v) mobile phase were used for chromatographic separation of SB, DSB and DDSB. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) in the positive mode was used to detect SB, DSB and DDSB at m/z 280.3/124.9, 266.3/125.3 and 252.2/124.9, respectively. Liquid–liquid extraction was used for the extraction of analytes and internal standard from human plasma. This method was validated over a linear concentration range of 10.0–10,000.0 pg/mL for SB, DSB and DDSB with correlation coefficients (r) of ≥0.9997. The drug and the two metabolites were stable in plasma samples. The validated method was successfully applied in a bioequivalence and pharmacokinetic study with human volunteers under fasting condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Suresh Ponnuru
- Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lam, Guntur 522034, Andhra pradesh, India.,Krishna University, Machilipatnam 521001, Andhra pradesh, India
| | - B R Challa
- Nirmala College of Pharmacy, Kadapa 516002, Andhra pradesh, India
| | - RamaRao Nadendla
- Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lam, Guntur 522034, Andhra pradesh, India
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Roh SH, Kang YP, Park S, Huh Y, Lee J, Park JH, Kim D, Kwon SW. Determination of tadalafil and N-desmethylsibutramine in health and dietary supplements using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Q-TOF MS). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 28:1475-82. [PMID: 21827227 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.601280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The adulteration of dietary supplements with drugs is potentially dangerous for human health. In this study, a method was used to test simultaneously for the presence of three synthetic PDE-5 inhibitors (sildenafil, vardenafil and tadalafil), and sibutramine and its two major metabolites (N-desmethylsibutramine and N-didesmethylsibutramine) using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Q-TOF MS) in dietary supplements. This approach with UPLC/Q-TOF MS uses the high accurate mass of six compounds for identification and has a short run time. The recovery was from 87% to 113%; precision was less than 12.8%. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were from 0.4 to 2.0 µg kg(-1) and from 1.3 to 6.0 µg kg(-1), respectively. This method allows easy and fast analysis and detection of diverse adulterants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Roh
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Bae JW, Choi CI, Jang CG, Lee SY. Simultaneous determination of sibutramine and its active metabolites in human plasma by LC-MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 25:1181-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Woo Bae
- School of Pharmacy; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon; 440-746; Korea
| | - Chang-Ik Choi
- School of Pharmacy; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon; 440-746; Korea
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- School of Pharmacy; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon; 440-746; Korea
| | - Seok-Yong Lee
- School of Pharmacy; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon; 440-746; Korea
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Bucaretchi F, de Capitani EM, Mello SM, Lanaro R, Barros RF, Fernandes LC, Costa JLDA, Hyslop S. Serotonin syndrome following sibutramine poisoning in a child, with sequential quantification of sibutramine and its primary and secondary amine metabolites in plasma. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2009; 47:598-601. [DOI: 10.1080/15563650903018603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hakala KS, Link M, Szotakova B, Skalova L, Kostiainen R, Ketola RA. Characterization of metabolites of sibutramine in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes by liquid chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 393:1327-36. [PMID: 19066859 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2540-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Revised: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry was used for the detection and structural characterization of metabolites of the anti-obesity drug sibutramine. Metabolites were profiled from incubations of sibutramine in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. In addition, enantioselectivity of sibutramine metabolism was investigated by carrying out separate incubations with (R)- and (S)-sibutramine. As a result, biotransformation profile for sibutramine with rat hepatocytes is proposed. Nineteen metabolites and several of their isomers formed via demethylation, hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, acetylation, attachment of CO(2), and glucuronidation were identified in MS(2) and MS(3) experiments, though the exact position of the functionality, mostly hydroxylation, could not always be determined from the mass spectrometric information. However, clear enantioselective formation was observed for two hydroxyl derivatives and two glucuronide conjugates, indicating that the hydroxyl/glucuronic acid moiety in those structures is close to the chiral center. Most of the metabolites found in this study are new metabolites of sibutramine, which were not previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati S Hakala
- Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
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Bae SK, Cao S, Seo KA, Kim H, Kim MJ, Shon JH, Liu KH, Zhou HH, Shin JG. Cytochrome P450 2B6 catalyzes the formation of pharmacologically active sibutramine (N-{1-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclobutyl]-3-methylbutyl}-N,N-dimethylamine) metabolites in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 36:1679-88. [PMID: 18474675 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.020727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified cytochrome P450 (P450) isozymes that are involved in the formation of two active sibutramine (N-{1-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-cyclobutyl]-3-methylbutyl}-N,N-dimethylamine) metabolites, M1 (N-{1-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclobutyl]-3-methylbutyl}-N-methylamine) and M2 (1-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclobutyl]-3-methylbutylamine), in humans using a combination chemical inhibition, correlation analyses in human liver microsomes (HLMs), and activity assays using recombinant P450s. Mechanism-based CYP2B6 inhibitors (i.e., clopidogrel, ticlopidine, and triethylenethiophoramide) significantly inhibited the formation of M1 from sibutramine and M2 from M1, respectively; in contrast, no effect was observed when using potent inhibitors of eight P450 isozymes (CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, and CYP3A). In addition, the formations of M1 from sibutramine (r = 0.694, p = 0.0029) and M2 from M1 (r = 0.834, p < 0.0001) were strongly correlated with CYP2B6-catalyzed bupropion hydroxylation in 16 different HLM panels. Furthermore, recombinant CYP2B6 catalyzed M1 and/or M2 formation at the highest rate among 10 P450s. Although recombinant CYP2C19, 3A4, and 3A5 also catalyzed, to a less extent, M1 formation at high substrate concentrations (>5 microM), those contributions might be minor considering usual concentrations of sibutramine and M1 in the clinical setting. The kinetics of M1 and/or M2 formation from sibutramine in HLMs were fitted by a two-enzyme model, and the mean apparent K(m) value (4.79 microM) for high-affinity component was similar to that observed in recombinant CYP2B6 (8.02 microM). In conclusion, CYP2B6 is the primary catalyst for the formation of sibutramine two active metabolites, which may suggest that pharmacogenetics and drug interactions of sibutramine in relation to CYP2B6 activity should be considered in the pharmacotherapy of sibutramine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Kyung Bae
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Trial Center, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, South Korea
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2007; 42:689-700. [PMID: 17474104 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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Sensitive and reproducible liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for quantification of sibutramine in human plasma. Forensic Toxicol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-007-0024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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