1
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An antibody-free, ultrafiltration-based assay for the detection of growth hormone-releasing hormones in urine at low pg/mL concentrations using nanoLC-HRMS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 214:114726. [PMID: 35298973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This work presents an ultrafiltration-based, validated method for the screening and confirmation of prohibited growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analogues (sermorelin/CJC-1293, sermorelin metabolite, CJC-1295 and tesamorelin) in urine by nanoLC-HRMS/MS. Sample preparation avoids the use of laborious antibody-based extraction approaches and consists solely of preconcentration by ultrafiltration. Even in the absence of immuno-affinity purification steps, high sensitivity was still ensured as limits of detection between 5 and 25 pg/mL and limits of identification between 25 and 50 pg/mL were established. The robustness of the miniaturized chromatographic setup was evaluated through the injection of 200 + preconcentrated urinary extracts. In a comparison with immuno-affinity purification, enhanced recoveries (59 - 115%) and similar sensitivity were achieved, yet at lower operational costs. Stability experiments showed the importance of the proper handling of urine samples to avoid degradation of these peptide hormones, especially for sermorelin and its metabolite which were found to rapidly degrade at temperatures > 4 °C and pH values < 7 in accordance with earlier studies. Without the need for specific antibodies, this method may be expanded to cover emerging peptide drugs (≥ ~3 kDa), as well as their metabolites in the future to facilitate coverage for this class of prohibited substances.
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Merkley ED, Burnum-Johnson KE, Anderson LN, Jenson SC, Wahl KL. Uniformly 15N-Labeled Recombinant Ricin A-Chain as an Internal Retention Time Standard for Increased Confidence in Forensic Identification of Ricin by Untargeted Nanoflow Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:13372-13376. [PMID: 31596564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ricin, a toxic protein from the castor plant, is of forensic and biosecurity interest because of its high toxicity and common occurrence in crimes and attempted crimes. Qualitative methods to detect ricin are therefore needed. Untargeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) proteomics methods are well suited because of their high specificity. Specificity in LC-MS/MS comes from both the LC and MS components. However, modern untargeted proteomics methods often use nanoflow LC, which has less reproducible retention times than standard-flow LC, making it challenging to use retention time as a point of identification in a forensic assay. We address this challenge by using retention times relative to a standard, namely, the uniformly 15N-labeled ricin A-chain produced recombinantly in a bacterial expression system. This material, added as an internal standard prior to trypsin digestion, produces a stable-isotope-labeled standard for every ricin tryptic peptide in the sample. We show that the MS signals for 15N and natural isotopic abundance ricin peptides are distinct, with mass shifts that correspond to the numbers of nitrogen atoms in each peptide or fragment. We also show that, as expected, labeled and unlabeled peptides coelute, with relative retention time differences of less than 0.2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Merkley
- Chemical and Biological Signature Sciences Group , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Kristin E Burnum-Johnson
- Integrative Omics Group , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Lindsey N Anderson
- Biological Systems Science Group , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Sarah C Jenson
- Chemical and Biological Signature Sciences Group , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Karen L Wahl
- Integrative Omics Group , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
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3
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Applications and challenges of forensic proteomics. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 297:350-363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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4
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Janvier S, De Spiegeleer B, Vanhee C, Deconinck E. Falsification of biotechnology drugs: current dangers and/or future disasters? J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 161:175-191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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5
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Nader E, Grau M, Fort R, Collins B, Cannas G, Gauthier A, Walpurgis K, Martin C, Bloch W, Poutrel S, Hot A, Renoux C, Thevis M, Joly P, Romana M, Guillot N, Connes P. Hydroxyurea therapy modulates sickle cell anemia red blood cell physiology: Impact on RBC deformability, oxidative stress, nitrite levels and nitric oxide synthase signalling pathway. Nitric Oxide 2018; 81:28-35. [PMID: 30342855 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyurea (HU) has been suggested to act as a nitric oxide (NO) donor in sickle cell anemia (SCA). However, little is known about the HU NO-related effects on red blood cell (RBC) physiology and NO signalling pathway. Thirty-four patients with SCA (22 under HU treatment (HU+) and 12 without (HU-)) and 17 healthy subjects (AA) were included. RBC nitrite content, deformability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured. RBC NO-synthase (RBC-NOS) signalling pathway was assessed by the measurement of RBC-NOS serine1177 and RBC-AKT serine473 phosphorylation. We also investigated the in vitro effects of Sodium Nitroprusside (SNP), a NO donor, on the same parameters in SCA RBC. RBC nitrite content was higher in HU+ than in HU- and AA. RBC deformability was decreased in SCA patients compared to AA but the decrease was more pronounced in HU-. RBC ROS level was increased in SCA compared to AA but the level was higher in HU- than in HU+. RBC-NOS serine1177 and RBC-AKT serine473 phosphorylation were decreased in HU+ compared to HU- and AA. SCA RBC treated with SNP showed increased deformability, reduced ROS content and a decrease in AKT and RBC-NOS phosphorylation. Our study suggests that HU, through its effects on foetal hemoglobin and possibly on NO delivery, would modulate RBC NO signalling pathway, RBC rheology and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Nader
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM) EA7424, Team « Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell », Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (Labex GR-Ex), PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Marijke Grau
- Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln, Germany
| | - Romain Fort
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM) EA7424, Team « Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell », Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (Labex GR-Ex), PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France; Département de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Bianca Collins
- Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln, Germany
| | - Giovanna Cannas
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM) EA7424, Team « Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell », Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (Labex GR-Ex), PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France; Département de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Alexandra Gauthier
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM) EA7424, Team « Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell », Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (Labex GR-Ex), PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France; Institut d'Hématologie et d'Oncologie Pédiatrique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Katja Walpurgis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Cyril Martin
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM) EA7424, Team « Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell », Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (Labex GR-Ex), PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln, Germany
| | - Solène Poutrel
- Département de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Arnaud Hot
- Département de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Céline Renoux
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM) EA7424, Team « Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell », Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (Labex GR-Ex), PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France; Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, UF de biochimie des pathologies érythrocytaires, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philippe Joly
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM) EA7424, Team « Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell », Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (Labex GR-Ex), PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France; Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, UF de biochimie des pathologies érythrocytaires, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Marc Romana
- Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (Labex GR-Ex), PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France; UMR Inserm 1134, Hôpital Ricou, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe
| | - Nicolas Guillot
- Laboratoire Carmen Inserm 1060, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Philippe Connes
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM) EA7424, Team « Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell », Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (Labex GR-Ex), PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
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6
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Determination of doping peptides via solid-phase microelution and accurate-mass quadrupole time-of-flight LC–MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1065-1066:134-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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7
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Worbs S, Skiba M, Söderström M, Rapinoja ML, Zeleny R, Russmann H, Schimmel H, Vanninen P, Fredriksson SÅ, Dorner BG. Characterization of Ricin and R. communis Agglutinin Reference Materials. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:4906-34. [PMID: 26703723 PMCID: PMC4690106 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7124856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ricinus communis intoxications have been known for centuries and were attributed to the toxic protein ricin. Due to its toxicity, availability, ease of preparation, and the lack of medical countermeasures, ricin attracted interest as a potential biological warfare agent. While different technologies for ricin analysis have been established, hardly any universally agreed-upon "gold standards" are available. Expert laboratories currently use differently purified in-house materials, making any comparison of accuracy and sensitivity of different methods nearly impossible. Technically challenging is the discrimination of ricin from R. communis agglutinin (RCA120), a less toxic but highly homologous protein also contained in R. communis. Here, we established both highly pure ricin and RCA120 reference materials which were extensively characterized by gel electrophoresis, liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI MS/MS), and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight approaches as well as immunological and functional techniques. Purity reached >97% for ricin and >99% for RCA120. Different isoforms of ricin and RCA120 were identified unambiguously and distinguished by LC-ESI MS/MS. In terms of function, a real-time cytotoxicity assay showed that ricin is approximately 300-fold more toxic than RCA120. The highly pure ricin and RCA120 reference materials were used to conduct an international proficiency test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Worbs
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Martin Skiba
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Martin Söderström
- VERIFIN (Finnish Institute for Verification of the ChemicalWeapons Convention), Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, Helsinki 05600, Finland.
| | - Marja-Leena Rapinoja
- VERIFIN (Finnish Institute for Verification of the ChemicalWeapons Convention), Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, Helsinki 05600, Finland.
| | - Reinhard Zeleny
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium.
| | - Heiko Russmann
- Bundeswehr Research Institute for Protective Technologies and NBC Protection, Humboldtstr. 100, 29633 Munster, Germany.
| | - Heinz Schimmel
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium.
| | - Paula Vanninen
- VERIFIN (Finnish Institute for Verification of the ChemicalWeapons Convention), Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, Helsinki 05600, Finland.
| | - Sten-Åke Fredriksson
- FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Cementvagen 20, 901 82 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Brigitte G Dorner
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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8
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Timms M, Steel R, Vine J. Identification of recombinant human EPO variants in greyhound plasma and urine by ELISA, LC-MS/MS and western blotting: a comparative study. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:164-76. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Timms
- Biological Research Unit; Racing Analytical Services Ltd; 400 Epsom Road Flemington Victoria 3031 Australia
| | - Rohan Steel
- Biological Research Unit; Racing Analytical Services Ltd; 400 Epsom Road Flemington Victoria 3031 Australia
| | - John Vine
- Biological Research Unit; Racing Analytical Services Ltd; 400 Epsom Road Flemington Victoria 3031 Australia
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9
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Determination of Synacthen® in dried blood spots for doping control analysis using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:4709-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8674-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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10
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Vogel M, Blobel M, Thomas A, Walpurgis K, Schänzer W, Reichel C, Thevis M. Isolation, Enrichment, and Analysis of Erythropoietins in Anti-Doping Analysis by Receptor-Coated Magnetic Beads and Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 86:12014-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5024765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Vogel
- Center
for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Mike Blobel
- Center
for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Center
for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Katja Walpurgis
- Center
for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center
for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Reichel
- Doping
Control Laboratory, AIT Seibersdorf Laboratories, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center
for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
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11
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Thevis M, Thomas A, Schänzer W. Detecting peptidic drugs, drug candidates and analogs in sports doping: current status and future directions. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 11:663-73. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2014.965159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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12
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Thomas A, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Determination of human insulin and its analogues in human blood using liquid chromatography coupled to ion mobility mass spectrometry (LC-IM-MS). Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:1125-32. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Thomas
- Center for Preventive Doping Research and Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research and Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research and Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
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13
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Abstract
Insulin analogues represent a major and growing class of biotherapeutics, and their quantitation is an important focus of commercial and public effort across a number of different fields. As LC-MS has developed, it has become an increasingly practicable and desirable alternative to ligand-binding-based approaches for quantitation of this class of compounds. The sensitivity challenge of measuring trace levels of this large peptide molecule in a protein-containing matrix is considerable; however, different approaches to detection, extraction and separation are described to overcome this challenge, including immunoaffinity capture, SPE and low-flow HPLC. Considerations such as bioanalytical assay acceptance criteria and antidrug antibody effects during drug development are included, alongside descriptions of recent sports doping and clinical applications. Factors affecting the correlation and agreement of MS with biological ligand-binding methods are discussed, with ways to anticipate and appreciate differences between the values derived from each technique. The 'future perspective' section discusses the likely trend towards MS-based analysis for these compounds and the impact of HRMS. A high degree of scientific creativity, combined with science-defined regulatory approaches that define suitable validation criteria, will be needed to meet the demanding requirements for high-throughput analysis of insulin by LC-MS.
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14
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Thomas A, Walpurgis K, Krug O, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Determination of prohibited, small peptides in urine for sports drug testing by means of nano-liquid chromatography/benchtop quadrupole orbitrap tandem-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1259:251-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Thomas A, Schänzer W, Delahaut P, Thevis M. Immunoaffinity purification of peptide hormones prior to liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry in doping controls. Methods 2012; 56:230-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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16
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Ji C, Tschantz WR, Pfeifer ND, Ullah M, Sadagopan N. Development of a multiplex UPLC-MRM MS method for quantification of human membrane transport proteins OATP1B1, OATP1B3 and OATP2B1 in in vitro systems and tissues. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 717:67-76. [PMID: 22304817 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OATP1B1, OATP1B3 and OATP2B1 are important members of the organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATP) family and are implicated in the hepatic disposition of endobiotics and xenobiotics. Quantitating the expression levels of human OATP1B1, OATP1B3 and OATP2B1 in in vitro systems and tissue samples could significantly improve attempts to scale up in vitro data and result in more effective in vitro-in vivo correlation of transporter-mediated effects on drug disposition, such as hepatic clearance. In the present study, a quantification method was developed, characterized, and implemented for simultaneous determination of human OATP1B1, OATP1B3 and OATP2B1 in HEK cells transfected with OATP-expressing plasmid vectors (SLCO1B1, SLCO1B3, and SLCO2B1, respectively), human hepatocytes, human brain capillary endothelial cells, and humanized mouse liver tissue using UPLC-MRM MS. Purified membrane protein standards prepared and characterized as previously reported (Protein Expr. Purif. 2008, 57, 163-71) were first used as standards for absolute quantification of the expression levels of the three human OATP membrane proteins. The specificity of the optimized MRM transitions were characterized by analyzing the tryptic digests of the membrane protein fraction of wild type HEK cells and control mouse liver tissue using the herein reported UPLC-MRM MS method. The linearity of the calibration curve spanned from 0.2 μg mL(-1) (0.040 μg mg(-1)) to 20 μg mL(-1) (4.0 μg mg(-1)), with accuracy (% RE) within 15% at all concentrations examined for all three OATPs of interest in this study. The intra- and inter-day assay accuracy (% RE) and coefficient of variations (% CV) of triplicates are all within 15% for all levels of quality control samples prepared by mixing the membrane fraction of control mouse liver tissue with the required amount of purified human OATP1B1, OATP1B3 and OATP2B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjie Ji
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Andover/Cambridge Laboratories, Andover, MA 01810, USA.
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17
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Scarth JP, Seibert C, Brown PR, Teale P, Beamon GJ, Pearce CM, Sams RA. UPLC-MS/MS Method for the Identification of Recombinant Human Erythropoietin Analogues in Horse Plasma and Urine. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-2119-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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18
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Okano M, Sato M, Ikekita A, Kageyama S. Determination of growth hormone secretagogue pralmorelin (GHRP-2) and its metabolite in human urine by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:2046-2056. [PMID: 20552695 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
GHRP-2 (pralmorelin, D-Ala-D-(beta-naphthyl)-Ala-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH(2)), which belongs to a class of growth hormone secretagogue (GHS), is intravenously used to diagnose growth hormone (GH) deficiency. Because it may be misused in expectation of a growth-promoting effect by athletes, the illicit use of GHS by athletes has been prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Therefore, the mass spectrometric identification of urinary GHRP-2 and its metabolite D-Ala-D-(beta-naphthyl)-Ala-Ala-OH (AA-3) was studied using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry for doping control purposes. The method consists of solid-phase extraction using stable-isotope-labeled GHRP-2 as an internal standard and subsequent ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, and the two target peptides were determined at urinary concentrations of 0.5-10 ng/mL. The recoveries ranged from 84 to 101%, and the assay precisions were calculated as 1.6-3.8% (intra-day) and 1.9-4.3% (inter-day). Intravenous administration of GHRP-2 in ten male volunteers was studied to demonstrate the applicability of the method. In all ten cases, unchanged GHRP-2 and its specific metabolite AA-3 were detected in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Okano
- Anti-Doping Center, Mitsubishi Chemical Medience Corporation, Tokyo, Japan.
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19
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Thomas A, Kohler M, Mester J, Geyer H, Schänzer W, Petrou M, Thevis M. Identification of the growth-hormone-releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2) in a nutritional supplement. Drug Test Anal 2010; 2:144-8. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Thomas A, Kohler M, Schänzer W, Kamber M, Delahaut P, Thevis M. Determination of Synacthen in urine for sports drug testing by means of nano-ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:2669-2674. [PMID: 19630025 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Doping control analysis of performance-enhancing peptides in urine represents a challenging requirement in modern sports drug testing. Low dosing, effective metabolism and short half-life lead to target concentrations in the low fmol/mL range in urine. Synthetic adrenocorticotropic hormone (1-24, Syn-ACTH-en) shares all these characteristics and improved analytical performance is required for its sufficient determination by means of liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The desired effects for cheating sportsmen are mainly due to enhanced release of corticosteroids as well as androgenic steroids into the circulation after systemic administration of the drug. Immunoaffinity purification with coated magnetic beads and subsequent liquid chromatography with nano-ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (high resolution/high mass accuracy) of Synacthen from urinary specimens is described in the present study. The general proof of principle was obtained by analysis of excretion study urine samples and validation was performed with focus on the limit of detection (3 pg/mL), linearity, precision (<20%), recovery ( approximately 30%), robustness, specificity and stability. For all experiments, the ACTH fragment 1-17 was used as the internal standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Thomas
- Center for Preventive Doping Research and Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
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21
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Thomas A, Schänzer W, Delahaut P, Thevis M. Sensitive and fast identification of urinary human, synthetic and animal insulin by means of nano-UPLC coupled with high-resolution/high-accuracy mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2009; 1:219-27. [PMID: 20355199 DOI: 10.1002/dta.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry/Centre for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Germany.
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22
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Thomas A, Kohler M, Walpurgis K, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Proteolysis and autolysis of proteases and the detection of degradation products in doping control. Drug Test Anal 2009; 1:81-6. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Kohler M, Thomas A, Geyer H, Horta L, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Detection of the protease Bacillolysin in doping-control urine samples. Drug Test Anal 2009; 1:143-5. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Abstract
Due to its versatile nature and its corresponding anabolic and anticatabolic properties, insulin has been prohibited in sports since 1999. Numerous studies concerning its impact on glycogen formation, protein biosynthesis, and inhibition of protein breakdown have illustrated its importance for healthy humans and diabetics as well as elite athletes. Various reports described the misuse of insulin to improve performance and muscle strength, and synthetic analogs were the subject of several studies describing the beneficial effects of biotechnologically modified insulins. Rapid- or long-acting insulins were developed to enhance the injection-to-onset profile as well as the controllability of administered insulin, where the slightest alterations in primary amino acid sequences allowed the inhibition of noncovalent aggregation of insulin monomers (rapid-acting analogs) or promoted microprecipitation of insulin variants upon subcutaneous application (long-acting analogs). Information on the metabolic fate and renal elimination of insulins has been rather limited, and detection assays for doping control purposes were primarily established using the intact compounds as target analytes in plasma and urine specimens. However, recent studies revealed the presence of urinary metabolites that have been implemented in confirmation methods of sports drug testing procedures. So far, no screening tool is available providing fast and reliable information on possible insulin misuse; only sophisticated procedures including immunoaffinity purification followed by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry have enabled the unambiguous detection of synthetic insulins in doping control blood or urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
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25
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Trevorrow P. Launch Editorial. Drug Test Anal 2009; 1:1-3. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Bailly-Chouriberry L, Pinel G, Garcia P, Popot MA, Le Bizec B, Bonnaire Y. Identification of Recombinant Equine Growth Hormone in Horse Plasma by LC−MS/MS: A Confirmatory Analysis in Doping Control. Anal Chem 2008; 80:8340-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac801234f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Bailly-Chouriberry
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (LCH), 15 Rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières le Buisson, France, and Laboratoire d’Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), École Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes (ENVN), Route de Gachet BP 50707, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - Gaud Pinel
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (LCH), 15 Rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières le Buisson, France, and Laboratoire d’Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), École Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes (ENVN), Route de Gachet BP 50707, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - Patrice Garcia
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (LCH), 15 Rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières le Buisson, France, and Laboratoire d’Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), École Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes (ENVN), Route de Gachet BP 50707, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Popot
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (LCH), 15 Rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières le Buisson, France, and Laboratoire d’Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), École Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes (ENVN), Route de Gachet BP 50707, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - Bruno Le Bizec
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (LCH), 15 Rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières le Buisson, France, and Laboratoire d’Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), École Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes (ENVN), Route de Gachet BP 50707, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - Yves Bonnaire
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (LCH), 15 Rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières le Buisson, France, and Laboratoire d’Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), École Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes (ENVN), Route de Gachet BP 50707, 44307 Nantes, France
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27
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Thomas A, Geyer H, Kamber M, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Mass spectrometric determination of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in human urine for doping control purposes by means of LC-ESI-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2008; 43:908-915. [PMID: 18563864 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The decapeptide gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is endogenously produced in the hypothalamus and secreted into the microcirculation between hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Here, the bioactive hormone is responsible for the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) into the systemic circulation. Because an intermittent application of exogenous GnRH in young males increases the testosterone plasma level by stimulation of the Leydig cells, the potential misuse of the administered substance offers a reasonable relevancy for doping controls and is prohibited in accordance to the list of banned substances of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). The presented method provides a mass spectrometric approach to determine the nondegraded hormone in regular doping control samples by utilizing a sample preparation procedure with solid phase extraction, immunoaffinity purification and a subsequent separation by liquid chromatography with ESI-MS/MS detection. For liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry two alternative instrumental equipments were tested: the first consisted of an Agilent 1100 liquid chromatograph coupled to an Applied Biosystem Q Trap 4000 mass spectrometer, the second equipment was assembled by a Waters Aquity nano-UPLC coupled to a Thermo LTQ Orbitrap high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometer. In urine specimens provided from healthy volunteers GnRH was not detected in accordance to the recent literature, but in postadministration samples urinary concentrations between 20 to 100 pg/ml of the intact peptide were determined. The method offered good validation results considering the parameter specificity, linearity (5-300 pg/ml), limit of detection (LOD, approx. 5 pg/ml), precision (inter/intraday, < 20%) and accuracy (105%) using Des-pGlu(1)-GnRH as internal standard to control each sample preparation step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Thomas
- Center for Preventive Doping Research and Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Carl-Diem-Weg 6, 50993 Cologne, Germany.
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28
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Determination of IGF-I in horse plasma by LC electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 390:1843-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1889-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Revised: 01/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Bredehöft M, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Quantification of human insulin-like growth factor-1 and qualitative detection of its analogues in plasma using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:477-485. [PMID: 18236437 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Human insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a peptide hormone that acts as a mediator of most of the somatotropic effects of growth hormone (GH). Therefore, it is supposed to be a biomarker indicating GH abuse in sports as well as diseases associated with a change in IGF-1 plasma concentration. It can be applied locally by injection to increase total protein and DNA content in tissues such as skeletal muscle--a highly desirable effect in various sports disciplines. In order to improve its growth-promoting properties, the primary structure of IGF-1 has been modified, yielding analogues such as des(1-3)IGF-1 and LONGR3IGF-1, which show a considerably reduced affinity to the respective binding proteins in plasma and, thus, an increased bioavailability at target tissues. Due to their capability to enhance performance, IGF-1 and its analogues belong to the prohibited list of the World Anti-Doping Agency. Hence, it was necessary to develop a reliable assay for the quantification of human IGF-1 as well as the detection of its derivatives. Immunoaffinity isolation and purification from 60 microL of plasma followed by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry enabled the unequivocal determination of all target analytes. Diagnostic product ions were characterised utilising an Orbitrap mass spectrometer with high resolution/high accuracy properties and employed for triple quadrupole MS/MS analysis. The described assay provided lower limits of detection (LLODs) between 20 and 50 ng/mL, recovery rates between 34-43% and a precision <15% at the LLOD as well as higher concentration levels. In order to prove the applicability of the developed assay, human plasma samples were analysed and the results were compared with the values obtained from a commercially available immunoradiometric assay (IRMA). Four of six samples resulted in concentration ratios with good correlation between both assays, whereas the absolute concentrations were lower for the presented procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bredehöft
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Carl-Diem-Weg 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
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Thevis M, Thomas A, Schänzer W. Mass spectrometric determination of insulins and their degradation products in sports drug testing. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2008; 27:35-50. [PMID: 18000882 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Insulins' anabolic and anti-catabolic properties have supposedly led to its misuse in sport. Hence, doping control assays were developed to allow the unequivocal identification of synthetic insulin analogs and metabolic products derived from human insulin and its artificial counterparts in urine and plasma specimens. Analyses were based on immunoaffinity purification and subsequent characterization of target analytes by top-down sequencing-based approaches, which were conducted with hybrid tandem mass spectrometers that consisted of either quadrupole-linear ion trap or linear ion trap-orbitrap analyzers. Diagnostic product ions and analytical strategies are presented and discussed in light of the need to unambiguously identify misused drugs in urine and plasma specimens for doping control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Carl-Diem Weg 6, Cologne, Germany.
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31
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Kuuranne T, Thomas A, Leinonen A, Delahaut P, Bosseloir A, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Insulins in equine urine: qualitative analysis by immunoaffinity purification and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for doping control purposes in horse-racing. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:355-362. [PMID: 18181226 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Insulin is a peptide hormone consisting of two peptide chains (A- and B-chain) that are cross-linked by two disulfide bonds. To obtain improved pharmacokinetic onset of action profiles of insulin treatment in diabetic patients, recombinant long-, intermediate-, and rapid-acting insulin analogs are produced, in which the C-terminal end of the B-chain plays an especially important role.A review of the veterinary literature reveals the low prevalence of equine type I diabetes mellitus, which indicates that the therapeutic use of insulin in racing horses is unlikely. Although there is no unequivocal evidence of an overall performance-enhancing effect of insulin, in human sports the misuse of insulin preparations is reported among elite athletes. The desired effects of insulin include the increase of muscular glycogen prior to sports event or during the recovery phase, in addition to a chalonic action, which increases the muscle size by inhibiting protein breakdown. In the present study urinary insulin was detected in equine samples and differences between equine insulin, human insulin, as well as rapidly acting recombinant insulin variants were examined. The method was based on sample purification by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC), and subsequent analysis by microbore liquid chromatography (LC) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) using top-down sequencing for the determination of various insulins. Product ion scan experiments of intact proteins and B-chains enabled the differentiation between endogenously produced equine insulin, its DesB30 metabolite, human insulin and recombinant insulin analogs, and the assay allowed the assignment of individual product ions, especially those originating from modified C-termini of B-chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiia Kuuranne
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sports University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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32
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Thevis M, Schänzer W. Current role of LC–MS(/MS) in doping control. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:1351-8. [PMID: 17265083 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Revised: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-(tandem) mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has revolutionized the detection assays used in doping control analysis over the last decade. New methods have enabled the determination of drugs that were formerly difficult to detect or undetectable at preceding sample concentrations, and complex and/or time-consuming procedures based on alternative chromatographic-mass spectrometric or immunochemical principles have been replaced by faster, more comprehensive and robust assays. A critical overview of the contributions of LC-MS(/MS) to sports drug testing is provided, including recent developments regarding low and high molecular weight drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Carl-Diem-Weg 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
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