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Loo RL, Chan Q, Nicholson JK, Holmes E. Balancing the Equation: A Natural History of Trimethylamine and Trimethylamine- N-oxide. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:560-589. [PMID: 35142516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Trimethylamine (TMA) and its N-oxide (TMAO) are ubiquitous in prokaryote and eukaryote organisms as well as in the environment, reflecting their fundamental importance in evolutionary biology, and their diverse biochemical functions. Both metabolites have multiple biological roles including cell-signaling. Much attention has focused on the significance of serum and urinary TMAO in cardiovascular disease risk, yet this is only one of the many facets of a deeper TMA-TMAO partnership that reflects the significance of these metabolites in multiple biological processes spanning animals, plants, bacteria, and fungi. We report on analytical methods for measuring TMA and TMAO and attempt to critically synthesize and map the global functions of TMA and TMAO in a systems biology framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruey Leng Loo
- Centre for Computational and Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 5 Robin Warren Drive, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia.,The Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 5 Robin Warren Drive, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Queenie Chan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy K Nicholson
- Centre for Computational and Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 5 Robin Warren Drive, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia.,The Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 5 Robin Warren Drive, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia.,Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, Level 1, Faculty Building, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Centre for Computational and Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 5 Robin Warren Drive, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia.,The Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 5 Robin Warren Drive, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia.,Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Nutrition and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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2
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Veyrat-Durebex C, Benz-de-Bretagne I, Clavier V, Bruno C, Andres CR, Antar C, Hennart B, Maillot F, Nadal-Desbarats L, Blasco H. Quality consideration for the validation of urine TMA and TMAO measurement by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in Fish Odor Syndrome. Anal Biochem 2021; 630:114330. [PMID: 34364856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Trimethylaminuria, also known as Fish Odor Syndrome (FOS), is a condition characterized by the presence of high concentrations of trimethylamine (TMA) in urine, sweat and expired air of affected patients. Diagnosis of this benign but unpleasant disease is mainly based on clinical presentation and assessment of TMA and its metabolite, TMAO (trimethylamine-N-oxide), concentrations in urine of patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS We here described the validation of an analytical method for measurement of TMA and TMAO in urine using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) according to the specifications of the ISO 15189 norm. We used a fast validation protocol, based exactitude profile method, enabling to determine accuracy, intra and inter-day precision from a limited number of samples. RESULTS The linearity was established from 2.5 to 100 mg/L for TMA measurement and from 10 to 1000 mg/L for TMAO measurement, with good analytical performances i.e. accuracy, intra and inter-day precision. We also report a case diagnose for FOS from this method. CONCLUSIONS This method validation ensures the robustness of NMR in routine use for diagnosis of trimethylaminuria, as part of the reference center for inherited metabolic diseases at the Tours hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Veyrat-Durebex
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France; Unité INSERM U 1253, Université de Tours, Tours, France.
| | - Isabelle Benz-de-Bretagne
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France; Unité INSERM U 1253, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Victoria Clavier
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Clément Bruno
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France; Unité INSERM U 1253, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Christian R Andres
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France; Unité INSERM U 1253, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Catherine Antar
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France; Unité INSERM U 1253, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | | | | | | | - Hélène Blasco
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France; Unité INSERM U 1253, Université de Tours, Tours, France.
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3
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Bouchemal N, Ouss L, Brassier A, Barbier V, Gobin S, Hubert L, de Lonlay P, Le Moyec L. Diagnosis and phenotypic assessment of trimethylaminuria, and its treatment with riboflavin: 1H NMR spectroscopy and genetic testing. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2019; 14:222. [PMID: 31533761 PMCID: PMC6751875 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-019-1174-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trimethylaminuria (TMAU) is a metabolic disorder characterized by the excessive excretion of the malodorous compound trimethylamine (TMA). The diagnosis of TMAU is challenging because this disorder is situated at the boundary between biochemistry and psychiatry. Here, we used nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to assess TMAU in 13 patients. We also sequenced the FMO3 gene in 11 of these patients. Treatment with vitamin B2 was prescribed. Results Two patients (aged 3 and 9 years at the initial consultation) had a particularly unpleasant body odor, as assessed by their parents and the attending physicians. The presence of high urine TMA levels confirmed the presence of a metabolic disorder. The two (unrelated) children carried compound heterozygous variants in the FMO3 gene. In both cases, vitamin B2 administration decreased TMA excretion and reduced body odor. The 11 adults complained of an unpleasant body odor, but the physicians did not confirm this. In all adult patients, the urine TMA level was within the normal range reported for control (non-affected) subjects, although two of the patients displayed an abnormally high proportion of oxidized TMA. Seven of the 9 tested adult patients had a hypomorphic variant of the FMO3 gene; the variant was found in the homozygous state, in the heterozygous state or combined with another hypomorphic variant. All 11 adults presented a particular psychological or psychiatric phenotype, with a subjective perception of unpleasant odor. Conclusions The results present the clinical and biochemical data of patients complaining of unpleasant body odor. Contrary to adult patients, the two children exhibited all criteria of recessively inherited trimethylaminuria, suspected by parents in infancy. B2 vitamin treatment dramatically improved the unpleasant body odor and the ratio of TMA/Cr vs TMAO/Cr in the urine in the children. Other patients presented a particular psychological or psychiatric phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Bouchemal
- CSPBAT, UMR 7244, CNRS, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny, France.
| | - Lisa Ouss
- Reference Centre for Metabolic Diseases, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Imagine Institute, Université Paris-Descartes, APHP, Paris, France.,Service de Pédopsychiatrie, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Anaïs Brassier
- Reference Centre for Metabolic Diseases, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Imagine Institute, Université Paris-Descartes, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Barbier
- Reference Centre for Metabolic Diseases, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Imagine Institute, Université Paris-Descartes, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Gobin
- Unité de Génétique moléculaire, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Hubert
- Reference Centre for Metabolic Diseases, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Imagine Institute, Université Paris-Descartes, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Pascale de Lonlay
- Reference Centre for Metabolic Diseases, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Imagine Institute, Université Paris-Descartes, APHP, Paris, France
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4
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van der Laan T, Kloots T, Beekman M, Kindt A, Dubbelman AC, Harms A, van Duijn CM, Slagboom PE, Hankemeier T. Fast LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis and influence of sampling conditions for gut metabolites in plasma and serum. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12370. [PMID: 31451722 PMCID: PMC6710273 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48876-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past few years, the gut microbiome has been shown to play an important role in various disorders including in particular cardiovascular diseases. Especially the metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), which is produced by gut microbial metabolism, has repeatedly been associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular events. Here we report a fast liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method that can analyze the five most important gut metabolites with regards to TMAO in three minutes. Fast liquid chromatography is unconventionally used in this method as an on-line cleanup step to remove the most important ion suppressors leaving the gut metabolites in a cleaned flow through fraction, also known as negative chromatography. We compared different blood matrix types to recommend best sampling practices and found citrated plasma samples demonstrated lower concentrations for all analytes and choline concentrations were significantly higher in serum samples. We demonstrated the applicability of our method by investigating the effect of a standardized liquid meal (SLM) after overnight fasting of 25 healthy individuals on the gut metabolite levels. The SLM did not significantly change the levels of gut metabolites in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom van der Laan
- Analytical Biosciences and Metabolomics, Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Kloots
- Analytical Biosciences and Metabolomics, Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, 2333 CC, The Netherlands
- BioMedical Metabolomics Facility Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Marian Beekman
- Section of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Alida Kindt
- Analytical Biosciences and Metabolomics, Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Charlotte Dubbelman
- Analytical Biosciences and Metabolomics, Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Amy Harms
- Analytical Biosciences and Metabolomics, Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, 2333 CC, The Netherlands
- BioMedical Metabolomics Facility Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- Section of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Analytical Biosciences and Metabolomics, Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, 2333 CC, The Netherlands.
- BioMedical Metabolomics Facility Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, 2333 CC, The Netherlands.
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5
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Annunziata G, Maisto M, Schisano C, Ciampaglia R, Narciso V, Hassan STS, Tenore GC, Novellino E. Effect of Grape Pomace Polyphenols With or Without Pectin on TMAO Serum Levels Assessed by LC/MS-Based Assay: A Preliminary Clinical Study on Overweight/Obese Subjects. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:575. [PMID: 31164827 PMCID: PMC6536651 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is recognized as a biomarker of increased cardiovascular risk. So far, the evaluation of TMAO serum levels in the clinical practice is limited due to the lack of developing new facile methods with reduced limitations. However, few approaches were achieved to determine TMAO in serum by using mass spectrometry-based technique, some limitations were reported including the use of internal standards. Therefore, in this work, a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) based-assay was developed to evaluate the effect of grape pomace extract (Taurisolo®, group A) or Taurisolo®+pectin (group B) on TMAO serum levels in a cohort of overweight/obese subjects. The serum levels of TMAO have been assessed before and after treatment, through LC/MS analysis. After 8-week treatment, in both intervention groups TMAO serum levels significantly decreased (-78.58% p = 0.006 and -76.76% p = 0.001, group A and group B, respectively). Moreover, we performed several analyses aimed to validate the LC/MS method we used. The method has high precision (% C.V = from 12.12 to 3.92% and from 8.25 to 1.07% for intraday and interday, respectively) and accuracy (% bias = from -5.52 to 0.5% and from -1.42 to 3.08% for intraday and interday, respectively). TMAO recoveries from serum ranged from 99 to 97%; LOD: 2 ng/ml and LOQ: 6 ng/ml. In conclusion, we demonstrated the efficacy of a novel nutraceutical formulation in reducing TMAO serum levels in high cardiovascular risk-subjects, and proposed a useful, versatile and rapid LC/MS method for identification and quantization of TMAO, without the use of marked/isotopic internal standards. It, thus, may represent a novel and practical method with applications in clinical practice and nutraceutical research. Clinical Trial Registration: This study is listed on the ISRCTN registry with ID ISRCTN10794277 (doi: 10.1186/ISRCTN10794277).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Maisto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Connie Schisano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Viviana Narciso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sherif T S Hassan
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Gian Carlo Tenore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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6
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Wang Y, Hua L, Jiang J, Xie Y, Hou K, Li Q, Wu C, Li H. High-pressure photon ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with dynamic purge-injection for rapid analysis of volatile metabolites in urine. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1008:74-81. [PMID: 29420946 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Small molecule metabolites are widely used as biomarkers in the research field of metabolomics for disease diagnosis and exposure assessment. As a readily available biofluid containing plenty of volatile organic metabolites (VOMs), urine is ideal for non-invasive metabolomic analysis; however, there is still lack of rapid analysis method for VOMs in urine. Here we report a kind of rapid method for urine analysis by employing high-pressure photon ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPPI-TOFMS) combined with dynamic purge-injection. Various types of metabolites, such as ketones, alcohols, acids, sulfides, pyrroles and amines were detected directly by simple acidification or alkalization of urines. It is noteworthy that nitrogen-containing compounds, especially polar amines, could be ultrasensitively measured without any derivatization. The analytical capability of the direct HPPI-MS technique was demonstrated by analyzing five valuable metabolites, i.e., toluene, 2,5-dimethylpyrrole, trimethlyamine, styrene, and p-xylene, which exhibited relatively low limits of detection, wide linear range and satisfactory repeatability. Being highly sensitive and humidity-friendly, the whole analytical procedure is easily operated in less than 6 min. Interestingly, a new biomarker 2,5-dimethylpyrrole was exclusively found in the smoker's urine sample besides toluene. The work presents a novel tool for rapid nontarget disease biomarkers screening or target monitoring of specific compounds through the investigation of volatile metabolites in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Hua
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jichun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Keyong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyun Li
- Department of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Jilin 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Veeravalli S, Karu K, Phillips IR, Shephard EA. A highly sensitive liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry method for quantification of TMA, TMAO and creatinine in mouse urine. MethodsX 2017; 4:310-319. [PMID: 29062719 PMCID: PMC5643081 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Our method describes the quantification in mouse urine of trimethylamine (TMA), trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and creatinine. The method combines derivatization of TMA, with ethyl bromoacetate, and LC chromatographic separation on an ACE C18 column. The effluent was continuously electrosprayed into the linear ion trap mass spectrometer (LTQ), which operated in selective ion monitoring (SIM) modes set for targeted analytes and their internal standards (IS). All validation parameters were within acceptable ranges of analytical method validation guidelines. Intra- and inter-day assay precision and accuracy coefficients of variation were <3.1%, and recoveries for TMA and TMAO were 97–104%. The method developed uses a two-step procedure. Firstly, TMA and TMAO are analyzed without a purification step using a 5-min gradient cap-LC- SIMs analysis, then creatinine is analyzed using the same experimental conditions. The method is robust, highly sensitive, reproducible and has the high-throughput capability of detecting TMA, TMAO and creatinine at on-column concentrations as low as 28 pg/mL, 115 pg/mL and 1 ng/mL, respectively. The method is suitable for analysis of TMA, TMAO and creatinine in both male and female mouse urine. The key benefits of the method are: The small sample volume of urine required, which overcomes the difficulties of collecting sufficient volumes of urine at defined times. No sample pre-treatment is necessary. The quantification of TMA, TMAO and creatinine using the same cap-LC-MS method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Veeravalli
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kersti Karu
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ian R Phillips
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK.,School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth A Shephard
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK
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8
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Abstract
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a biologically active molecule and is a putative promoter of chronic diseases including atherosclerosis in humans. Host intestinal bacteria produce its precursor trimethylamine (TMA) from carnitine, choline, or choline-containing compounds. Most of the TMA produced is passively absorbed into portal circulation, and hepatic flavin-dependent monooxygenases (FMOs) efficiently oxidize TMA to TMAO. Both observational and experimental studies suggest a strong positive correlation between increased plasma TMAO concentrations and adverse cardiovascular events, such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and death. However, a clear mechanistic link between TMAO and such diseases is not yet validated. Therefore, it is debated whether increased TMAO concentrations are the cause or result of these diseases. Here, we have tried to review the current understanding of the properties and physiological functions of TMAO, its dietary sources, and its effects on human metabolism. Studies that describe the potential role of TMAO in the etiology of cardiovascular and other diseases are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven H Zeisel
- Nutrition Research Institute and Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081;
| | - Manya Warrier
- Nutrition Research Institute and Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081;
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9
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The complex metabolism of trimethylamine in humans: endogenous and exogenous sources. Expert Rev Mol Med 2016; 18:e8. [PMID: 27126549 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2016.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Trimethylamine (TMA) is a tertiary amine with a characteristic fishy odour. It is synthesised from dietary constituents, including choline, L-carnitine, betaine and lecithin by the action of microbial enzymes during both healthy and diseased conditions in humans. Trimethylaminuria (TMAU) is a disease typified by its association with the characteristic fishy odour because of decreased TMA metabolism and excessive TMA excretion. Besides TMAU, a number of other diseases are associated with abnormal levels of TMA, including renal disorders, cancer, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders. Aside from its role in pathobiology, TMA is a precursor of trimethylamine-N-oxide that has been associated with an increased risk of athero-thrombogenesis. Additionally, TMA is a major air pollutant originating from vehicular exhaust, food waste and animal husbandry industry. The adverse effects of TMA need to be monitored given its ubiquitous presence in air and easy absorption through human skin. In this review, we highlight multifaceted attributes of TMA with an emphasis on its physiological, pathological and environmental impacts. We propose a clinical surveillance of human TMA levels that can fully assess its role as a potential marker of microbial dysbiosis-based diseases.
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10
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A multiplexed targeted assay for high-throughput quantitative analysis of serum methylamines by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 597:12-20. [PMID: 27036856 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Methylamines are biologically-active metabolites present in serum and urine samples, which play complex roles in metabolic diseases. Methylamines can be detected by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), but specific methods remain to be developed for their routine assay in human serum in clinical settings. Here we developed and validated a novel reliable "methylamine panel" method for simultaneous quantitative analysis of trimethylamine (TMA), its major detoxification metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), and precursors choline, betaine and l-carnitine in human serum using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) coupled to High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS). Metabolite separation was carried out on a HILIC stationary phase. For all metabolites, the assay was linear in the range of 0.25-12.5 μmol/L and enabled to reach limit of detection of about 0.10 μmol/L. Relative standard deviations were below 16% for the three levels of concentrations. We demonstrated the strong reliability and robustness of the method, which was applied to serum samples from healthy individuals to establish the range of concentrations of the metabolites and their correlation relationships and detect gender differences. Our data provide original information for implementing in a clinical environment a MS-based diagnostic method with potential for targeted metabolic screening of patients at risk of cardiometabolic diseases.
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11
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Detection of volatile malodorous compounds in breath: current analytical techniques and implications in human disease. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:357-76. [PMID: 24471956 DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For the last few decades intense scientific research has been placed on the relationship between trace substances found in exhaled breath such as volatile organic compounds (VOC) and a wide range of local or systemic diseases. Although currently there is no general consensus, results imply that VOC have a different profile depending on the organ or disease that generates them. The association between a specific pathology and exhaled breath odor is particularly evident in patients with medical conditions such as liver, renal or oral diseases. In other cases the unpleasant odors can be associated with the whole body and have a genetic underlying cause. The present review describes the current advances in identifying and quantifying VOC used as biomarkers for a number of systemic diseases. A special focus will be placed on volatiles that characterize unpleasant breath 'fingerprints' such as fetor hepaticus; uremic fetor; fetor ex ore or trimethylaminuria.
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12
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Cho YT, Su H, Huang TL, Chen HC, Wu WJ, Wu PC, Wu DC, Shiea J. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time-of-flight mass spectrometry for clinical diagnosis. Clin Chim Acta 2013; 415:266-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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13
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Li XS, Wu JH, Xu LD, Zhao Q, Luo YB, Yuan BF, Feng YQ. A magnetite/oxidized carbon nanotube composite used as an adsorbent and a matrix of MALDI-TOF-MS for the determination of benzo[a]pyrene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:9816-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc13166d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Hsu WY, Lin WD, Hwu WL, Lai CC, Tsai FJ. Screening Assay of Very Long Chain Fatty Acids in Human Plasma with Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube-Based Surface-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2010; 82:6814-20. [PMID: 20704371 DOI: 10.1021/ac100772j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yi Hsu
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, and Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-De Lin
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, and Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wuh-Liang Hwu
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, and Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chen Lai
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, and Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fuu-Jen Tsai
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, and Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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15
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Lee SK, Kim DH, Jin CB, Yoo HH. Determination of Urinary Trimethylamine and Trimethylamine N-oxide by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Using Mixed-Mode Stationary Phases. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2010.31.02.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Johnson DW. A flow injection electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric method for the simultaneous measurement of trimethylamine and trimethylamine N-oxide in urine. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2008; 43:495-499. [PMID: 17975851 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Key metabolites for the diagnosis of the genetic disorder trimethylaminuria are trimethylamine (TMA) and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO). A rapid, automatable flow injection ESI-MS/MS method for their measurement in urine has been developed. The TMA was derivatized with ethyl bromoacetate to form ethyl betaine bromide. The 2 min ESI-MS/MS analysis employed four multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) ion pairs for derivatized TMA (146.1, 118.1), derivatized (2)H(9)-TMA (155.1, 127.1), TMAO (76.1, 58.1) and (2)H(9)-TMAO (85.1, 66.1). In control urine samples (n = 27) referred for suspected metabolic problems TMA was 0.11-1.19 mmol/mol creatinine, TMAO was 13.5-181 mmol/mol creatinine and the TMA/TMAO ratio was 0.0025-0.055. In five patients with diagnosed trimethylaminuria, TMA was 5.3-230 mmol/mol creatinine, TMAO was 0.36-607 mmol/mol creatinine and the TMA/TMAO ratio was 0.20-134.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Johnson
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide, South Australia 5006, Australia.
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17
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Mugo SM, Bottaro CS. Rapid analysis of alpha-dicarbonyl compounds by laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry using 9-(3,4-diaminophenyl)acridine (DAA) as a reactive matrix. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:1087-1093. [PMID: 18335466 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive and selective method has been developed for the analysis of alpha-dicarbonyls using a readily ionizable compound, 9-(3,4-diaminophenyl)acridine (DAA), as a reactive matrix (derivatizing agent and ionization efficiency enhancer), by reactive matrix laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (RM-LDI-TOF MS). The reaction between the DAA and alpha-dicarbonyls resulted exclusively in formation of vacuum-stable dicarbonyl-quinoxaline acridine derivatives that were found to possess excellent ionization efficiency in positive ion mode, without the need to use an additional matrix. The alpha-dicarbonyls used as test compounds included methylglyoxal, dimethylglyoxal, and diphenylglyoxal. Both one-pot and rapid on-plate chemical modification approaches were employed with no extraction or purification necessary. The approach is particularly suitable for high-throughput analysis. The method was found to be selective and specific, with alpha-dicarbonyls unequivocally identified, even in complex matrices, e.g. beer. The figures of merit: relative standard deviation (RSD) 6.9-17%, (n = 4); limit of detection (LOD) < or =0.3 ng mL(-1) for the three standards tested using the one-pot derivatization method; and a good linear calibration curve using an internal standard derivatized in situ (R(2) > or = 0.979), demonstrate the applicability of the technique and its utility in improving the sensitivity and precision of the LDI analysis of small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Mugo
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, Canada
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