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Prata R, López-Ruiz R, Petrarca MH, Teixeira Godoy H, Garrido Frenich A, Romero-González R. Targeted and non-targeted analysis of pesticides and aflatoxins in baby foods by liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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2
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Wang R, Qin Y, Liu X, Li Y, Lin Z, Nie R, Shi Y, Huang H. Electrochemical Biosensor Based on Well-Dispersed Boron Nitride Colloidal Nanoparticles and DNA Aptamers for Ultrasensitive Detection of Carbendazim. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:27405-27411. [PMID: 34693161 PMCID: PMC8529661 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A selective electrochemical biosensor was developed for detecting carbendazim (CBZ) based on well-dispersed colloidal boron nitride (BN) nanocrystals and gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). BN was synthesized by "solvent cutting" to modify a glassy carbon electrode (GCE), and Au NPs were then electrodeposited. A single-stranded oligonucleotide with methylene blue (MB) was modified to the electrode surface through gold-sulfur bonds. A double-stranded DNA was formed in the presence of an aptamer. The aptamer chain can specifically bind to the target CBZ. When the aptamer binds to CBZ, the electroactive substance MB labeled at one end of the complementary chain can effectively contact the electrode surface. Detection of CBZ is realized by simultaneously monitoring the MB signal enhancement. The CBZ concentration was determined in a wide linearity range from 0.1 ng mL-1 to 100 μg mL-1, with a low detection limit of 0.019 ng mL-1. This biosensor exhibited excellent selectivity and acceptable repeatability and was applied in cucumber, kiwifruit, and water samples with good recoveries, demonstrating that the strategy has remarkable potential and offers a good platform for CBZ detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory
of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College
of Urban and Environmental Science, Northwest
University, Xi’an 710127, China
- Key Laboratory
of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and
Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yuan Qin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory
of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College
of Urban and Environmental Science, Northwest
University, Xi’an 710127, China
- Key Laboratory
of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and
Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory
of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College
of Urban and Environmental Science, Northwest
University, Xi’an 710127, China
| | - Yangzi Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory
of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College
of Urban and Environmental Science, Northwest
University, Xi’an 710127, China
| | - Zhenfeng Lin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory
of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College
of Urban and Environmental Science, Northwest
University, Xi’an 710127, China
| | - Rong Nie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yifei Shi
- Shaanxi Environment Investigation and Assessment Center, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Huayu Huang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory
of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College
of Urban and Environmental Science, Northwest
University, Xi’an 710127, China
- Key Laboratory
of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and
Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
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Mielech A, Puścion-Jakubik A, Socha K. Assessment of the Risk of Contamination of Food for Infants and Toddlers. Nutrients 2021; 13:2358. [PMID: 34371868 PMCID: PMC8308760 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infants and toddlers are highly sensitive to contaminants in food. Chronic exposure can lead to developmental delays, disorders of the nervous, urinary and immune systems, and to cardiovascular disease. A literature review was conducted mainly in PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus databases, and took into consideration papers published from October 2020 to March 2021. We focused on contaminant content, intake estimates, and exposure to contaminants most commonly found in foods consumed by infants and children aged 0.5-3 years. In the review, we included 83 publications with full access. Contaminants that pose a high health risk are toxic elements, acrylamide, bisphenol, and pesticide residues. Minor pollutants include: dioxins, mycotoxins, nitrates and nitrites, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In order to reduce the negative health effects of food contamination, it seems reasonable to educate parents to limit foods that are potentially dangerous for infants and young children. An appropriate varied diet, selected cooking techniques, and proper food preparation can increase the likelihood that the foods children consume are safe for their health. It is necessary to monitor food contamination, adhere to high standards at every stage of production, and improve the quality of food for children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Puścion-Jakubik
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2D Street, 15-222 Białystok, Poland; (A.M.); (K.S.)
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Wang SY, Shi XC, Liu FQ, Laborda P. Chromatographic Methods for Detection and Quantification of Carbendazim in Food. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:11880-11894. [PMID: 33059442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Carbendazim (CBZ), which is a fungicide widely used for the management of plant diseases, has been detected in a number of food products. The negative effects of CBZ to human health have stimulated the reduction of the maximum residue limits (MRLs), and subsequently the development of reliable and sensitive detection methods. Here, we are reviewing for the first time all reported chromatographic methods for the detection and quantification of CBZ in food. Several techniques, including liquid chromatography (LC), thin layer chromatography (TLC), micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), were used for the separation and detection of CBZ, showing diverse characteristics and sensitivity. Some methods allowed the specific determination of CBZ, whereas other methods were successfully applied for the simultaneous quantification of a huge number of pesticides. Most reported methods showed limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) lower than the MRLs. Relevant efforts in the field have been directed toward the simplification and optimization of the extraction steps prior to the chromatographic separation to increase the recovery and reduce the matrix effects. In this Review, the matrices, extraction procedures, and separation and detection parameters are detailed and compared in order to provide new insights on the development of new reliable methods for the detection of CBZ in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Yan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Chi Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Quan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Pedro Laborda
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, People's Republic of China
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5
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Malode SJ, Keerthi PK, Shetti NP, Kulkarni RM. Electroanalysis of Carbendazim using MWCNT/Ca‐ZnO Modified Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shweta J. Malode
- Center for Electrochemical Science & Materials, Department of Chemistry, K.L.E. Institute of Technology, Hubballi-580030Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University Karnataka India
| | - Prabhu K. Keerthi
- Center for Electrochemical Science & Materials, Department of Chemistry, K.L.E. Institute of Technology, Hubballi-580030Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University Karnataka India
| | - Nagaraj P. Shetti
- Center for Electrochemical Science & Materials, Department of Chemistry, K.L.E. Institute of Technology, Hubballi-580030Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University Karnataka India
| | - Raviraj M. Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, K.L.S. Gogte Institute of Technology (Autonomous)Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University Belagavi- 590008 Karnataka India
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6
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Li Q, Dou X, Zhao X, Zhang L, Luo J, Xing X, Yang M. A gold/Fe3O4 nanocomposite for use in a surface plasmon resonance immunosensor for carbendazim. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:313. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3402-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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7
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González-Méndez R, Mayhew CA. Applications of Direct Injection Soft Chemical Ionisation-Mass Spectrometry for the Detection of Pre-blast Smokeless Powder Organic Additives. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:615-624. [PMID: 30761477 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-02130-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of smokeless powders is of interest from forensics and security perspectives. This article reports the detection of smokeless powder organic additives (in their pre-detonation condition), namely the stabiliser diphenylamine and its derivatives 2-nitrodiphenylamine and 4-nitrodiphenylamine, and the additives (used both as stabilisers and plasticisers) methyl centralite and ethyl centralite, by means of swab sampling followed by thermal desorption and direct injection soft chemical ionisation-mass spectrometry. Investigations on the product ions resulting from the reactions of the reagent ions H3O+ and O2+ with additives as a function of reduced electric field are reported. The method was comprehensively evaluated in terms of linearity, sensitivity and precision. For H3O+, the limits of detection (LoD) are in the range of 41-88 pg of additive, for which the accuracy varied between 1.5 and 3.2%, precision varied between 3.7 and 7.3% and linearity showed R2 ≥ 0.9991. For O2+, LoD are in the range of 72 to 1.4 ng, with an accuracy of between 2.8 and 4.9% and a precision between 4.5 and 8.6% and R2 ≥ 0.9914. The validated methodology was applied to the analysis of commercial pre-blast gun powders from different manufacturers. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón González-Méndez
- Molecular Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
- Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK.
| | - Chris A Mayhew
- Molecular Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Institut für Atemgasanalytik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850, Dornbirn, Austria
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8
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Sun T, Sun H, Zhao F. Dispersive solid-phase extraction for the determination of trace organochlorine pesticides in apple juices using reduced graphene oxide coated with ZnO nanocomposites as sorbent. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:3725-3733. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Anyang Normal University; Anyang P. R. China
| | - Hefeng Sun
- The Ping Mei Senior High School; Chifeng P. R. China
| | - Feng Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Anyang Normal University; Anyang P. R. China
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of New Opto-Electronic Functional Materials; Anyang P. R. China
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10
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Cui R, Xu D, Xie X, Yi Y, Quan Y, Zhou M, Gong J, Han Z, Zhang G. Phosphorus-doped helical carbon nanofibers as enhanced sensing platform for electrochemical detection of carbendazim. Food Chem 2017; 221:457-463. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.10.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Petrarca MH, Fernandes JO, Godoy HT, Cunha SC. Multiclass pesticide analysis in fruit-based baby food: A comparative study of sample preparation techniques previous to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2016; 212:528-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Xu XM, Yu XW, Lu M, Huang BF, Ren YP. Study of the matrix effects of tetrodotoxin and its content in cooked seafood by liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:3374-82. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-min Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Hangzhou China
| | - Xin-wei Yu
- Zhoushan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Zhoushan China
| | - Meiling Lu
- Agilent Technologies (China) Co; Ltd; Beijing China
| | - Bai-fen Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Hangzhou China
| | - Yi-ping Ren
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Hangzhou China
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13
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Sivaperumal P, Anand P, Riddhi L. Rapid determination of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables, using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2014; 168:356-65. [PMID: 25172721 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A multiresidue method, based on the sample preparation by solid-phase extraction cartridges and detection by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC/TOF-MS), was used for the analysis of 60 pesticides in vegetable and fruit samples. Quantitation by UHPLC/TOF-MS is accomplished by measuring the accurate mass of the protonated molecules [M+H](+). The mass accuracy typically obtained is routinely better than 2ppm. The rates of recovery for pesticides studied were satisfactory, ranging from 74% to 111% with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 13.2%, at concentrations below 10μgkg(-1). The method limit of quantification (MLOQ) for most compounds was below the MRLs established by the Food Safety Standard Authority of India and the European Union. The uncertainty was determined using repeatability, recovery and calibration curves data for each pesticide. The method illustrated is suitable for routine quantitative analyses of pesticides in food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sivaperumal
- Pesticide Toxicology Division, National Institute of Occupational Health, (Indian Council of Medical Research), Ahmedabad 380 016, India.
| | - P Anand
- Pesticide Toxicology Division, National Institute of Occupational Health, (Indian Council of Medical Research), Ahmedabad 380 016, India.
| | - L Riddhi
- Pesticide Toxicology Division, National Institute of Occupational Health, (Indian Council of Medical Research), Ahmedabad 380 016, India.
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Yang A, Abd El-Aty AM, Park JH, Goudah A, Rahman MM, Do JA, Choi OJ, Shim JH. Analysis of 10 systemic pesticide residues in various baby foods using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 28:735-41. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angel Yang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; Chonnam National University; 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu Gwangju 500-757 Republic of Korea
| | - A. M. Abd El-Aty
- Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; Chonnam National University; 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu Gwangju 500-757 Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Cairo University; 12211 Giza Egypt
| | - Jong-Hyouk Park
- Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; Chonnam National University; 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu Gwangju 500-757 Republic of Korea
| | - Ayman Goudah
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Cairo University; 12211 Giza Egypt
| | - Md. Musfiqur Rahman
- Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; Chonnam National University; 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu Gwangju 500-757 Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ah Do
- Food Chemical Residues Division; National Institution of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation; 187, Ohsong-eup Cheongwon-gun Chungcheongbuk-do 363-700 Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Ja Choi
- Department of Food and Cooking Science; Sunchon National University; 413 Jungangno Sunchon Jeollanam-do 540-742 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Han Shim
- Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; Chonnam National University; 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu Gwangju 500-757 Republic of Korea
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15
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Determination of diphenylamine residue in fruit samples using spectrofluorimetry and multivariate analysis. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2013.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization–tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of benzimidazole compounds in milk samples. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1313:119-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Gilbert-López B, García-Reyes JF, Molina-Díaz A. Determination of fungicide residues in baby food by liquid chromatography–ion trap tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2012; 135:780-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Pizzutti IR, de Kok A, Dickow Cardoso C, Reichert B, de Kroon M, Wind W, Weber Righi L, Caiel da Silva R. A multi-residue method for pesticides analysis in green coffee beans using gas chromatography–negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry in selective ion monitoring mode. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1251:16-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Yu S, Xu XM. Study of matrix-induced effects in multi-residue determination of pesticides by online gel permeation chromatography-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:963-977. [PMID: 22396034 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Multi-residue determination of pesticides in a complex matrix by online gel permeation chromatography-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GPC-GC/MS) is increasingly concerned for its high throughput, efficiency and accuracy. Study of matrix-induced suppression or enhancement of the instrument signals is important for the application of this technique. METHODS Matrix suppression and enhancement effects for 176 pesticides were studied by online GPC-GC/MS and post-extraction addition. Suppression effects induced by co-eluted compounds were examined in the matrices tea and human breast milk. The prepared matrix was studied to confirm the results by deliberate addition of phthalates or caffeine to the matrix of Chinese cabbage. RESULTS Both suppression and enhancement effects induced by co-eluted matrix were found. The different results may depend on the concentration of the matrix. Enhancement effects for carbamate and polar pesticides were found because of the blocking of active sites in the instrument by the large volume injection (LVI) technique combined with on-column and programmed temperature vaporization (PTV) mode. The results can explain the significant difference in instrument signals between isomers or native and isotope labels in some matrices. CONCLUSIONS Online GPC-GC/MS with combined PTV and on-column LVI mode is presumed to be applicable for the multi-residue method including the studied pesticides if calibrated by matrix-matched standards. However, further cleanup steps should be deloped to remove co-eluted matrix if remarkable suppression effects are found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
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20
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Application of HPLC–TOF-MS and HPLC–QTOF-MS/MS for Pesticide Residues Analysis in Fruit and Vegetable Matrices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53810-9.00007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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21
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Kaufmann A. The current role of high-resolution mass spectrometry in food analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 403:1233-49. [PMID: 22179491 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5629-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), which is used for residue analysis in food, has gained wider acceptance in the last few years. This development is due to the availability of more rugged, sensitive, and selective instrumentation. The benefits provided by HRMS over classical unit-mass-resolution tandem mass spectrometry are considerable. These benefits include the collection of full-scan spectra, which provides greater insight into the composition of a sample. Consequently, the analyst has the freedom to measure compounds without previous compound-specific tuning, the possibility of retrospective data analysis, and the capability of performing structural elucidations of unknown or suspected compounds. HRMS strongly competes with classical tandem mass spectrometry in the field of quantitative multiresidue methods (e.g., pesticides and veterinary drugs). It is one of the most promising tools when moving towards nontargeted approaches. Certain hardware and software issues still have to be addressed by the instrument manufacturers for it to dislodge tandem mass spectrometry from its position as the standard trace analysis tool.
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22
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Walorczyk S, Drożdżyński D, Gnusowski B. Multiresidue determination of 160 pesticides in wines employing mixed-mode dispersive-solid phase extraction and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2011; 85:1856-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Botitsi HV, Garbis SD, Economou A, Tsipi DF. Current mass spectrometry strategies for the analysis of pesticides and their metabolites in food and water matrices. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:907-939. [PMID: 24737632 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of pesticides and their metabolites in food and water matrices continues to be an active research area closely related to food safety and environmental issues. This review discusses the most widely applied mass spectrometric (MS) approaches to pesticide residues analysis over the last few years. The main techniques for sample preparation remain solvent extraction and solid-phase extraction. The QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, Safe) approach is being increasingly used for the development of multi-class pesticide residues methods in various sample matrices. MS detectors-triple quadrupole (QqQ), ion-trap (IT), quadrupole linear ion trap (QqLIT), time-of-flight (TOF), and quadrupole time-of-flight (QqTOF)-have been established as powerful analytical tools sharing a primary role in the detection/quantification and/or identification/confirmation of pesticides and their metabolites. Recent developments in analytical instrumentation have enabled coupling of ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and fast gas chromatography (GC) with MS detectors, and faster analysis for a greater number of pesticides. The newly developed "ambient-ionization" MS techniques (e.g., desorption electrospray ionization, DESI, and direct analysis in real time, DART) hyphenated with high-resolution MS platforms without liquid chromatography separation, and sometimes with minimum pre-treatment, have shown potential for pesticide residue screening. The recently introduced Orbitrap mass spectrometers can provide high resolving power and mass accuracy, to tackle complex analytical problems involved in pesticide residue analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen V Botitsi
- General Chemical State Laboratory, Pesticide Residues Laboratory, 16 An. Tsocha Street, Athens 115 21, Greece
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24
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Su MX, You LJ, Di B, Qu LJ, Hang TJ. A Validated LC Method for Determination of Trace Impurities in Technical Triadimefon. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-2131-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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Liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry following sorptive microextraction for the determination of fungicide residues in wine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:767-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5127-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Gebara AB, Ciscato CHP, Monteiro SH, Souza GS. Pesticide residues in some commodities: dietary risk for children. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2011; 86:506-510. [PMID: 21461739 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-011-0250-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify pesticides found in infants' and children's diets. Fruits and vegetables were collected from 2004 to 2007 and analyzed using a multiresidue method. The most frequently detected residues were procymidone, captan, chlorpyrifos and chlorothalonil. Twenty-eight percent of the samples contained pesticide residues. Strawberry, pear, apple, peach and tomato contained pesticide levels of concern. Twenty-one pesticides were found with the estimated total mean daily intake greater than the acceptable daily intake for four of the pesticides. Residues of carbaryl, diazinon and methidathion exceeded regulatory levels in (apple, strawberry, and orange).
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Gebara
- Reference Laboratory of Pesticide in Food, Biological Institute, Av. Conselheiro Rodrigues Alves, 1252, 04014-002 São Paulo, Brazil
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Kmellár B, Pareja L, Ferrer C, Fodor P, Fernández-Alba AR. Study of the effects of operational parameters on multiresidue pesticide analysis by LC–MS/MS. Talanta 2011; 84:262-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lehotay SJ. QuEChERS sample preparation approach for mass spectrometric analysis of pesticide residues in foods. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 747:65-91. [PMID: 21643905 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-136-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This chapter describes an easy, rapid, and low-cost sample preparation approach for the determination of pesticide residues in foods using gas and/or liquid chromatographic (GC and/or LC) analytical separation and mass spectrometric (MS) detection. The approach is known as QuEChERS, which stands for "quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe." Originally, QuEChERS was a particular "method" for pesticide residue analysis, but it is very flexible and has evolved into an "approach," which has been used in many methods, and not just for pesticide residues. Two of the QuEChERS versions using buffering have been validated in interlaboratory trials for dozens of pesticides in several food matrices, and both have successfully met performance criteria to achieve "official" status from international standard organizations (AOAC Official Method 2007.01 and CEN Standard Method EN 15662). The main aspects of the QuEChERS approach consists of extraction of a well-homogenized sample by shaking with solvent (typically acetonitrile) in a centrifuge tube, salt-out partitioning of water with salts including magnesium sulfate (MgSO(4)), and cleanup using "dispersive solid-phase extraction" (dSPE), in which common matrix components are retained by sorbent(s) and the analytes remain in the extract. For widest analytical scope, concurrent analysis is done for hundreds of pesticides using GC-MS(/MS) and LC-MS/MS. The aim of this chapter is to review the QuEChERS sample preparation methodology and provide a summary of up-to-date information with modification options depending on the application needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Lehotay
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA, USA.
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Dreassi E, Zanfini A, Zizzari AT, La Rosa C, Botta M, Corbini G. Lc/Esi/Ms/Ms determination of postharvest fungicide residues in citrus juices. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2010.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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30
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Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry in food safety. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4018-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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31
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Liu S, Zheng Z, Wei F, Ren Y, Gui W, Wu H, Zhu G. Simultaneous determination of seven neonicotinoid pesticide residues in food by ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:3271-3278. [PMID: 20187609 DOI: 10.1021/jf904045j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The present study developed an improved analytical method for simultaneous quantification of seven neonicotinoids in food by ultraperformance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) under the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The optimization of extraction, cleanup, UPLC separation and MS/MS parameters of analytes were especially focused on. The low limits of quantification (LOQs) of neonicotinoids ranged from 0.1 to 6 microg kg(-1). Meanwhile, reasonable recoveries (65-120%) of seven neonicotinoids for food including apple, cabbage, potato, rice, tea, milk, chicken, pork and egg were demonstrated in different spiked levels within their respective linear range (0.025-150 microg kg(-1)). The developed analytical method would be appropriate for the routine, high throughput, high sensitivity quantification of seven neonicotinoids using simple sample pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoying Liu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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32
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Lehotay SJ, Son KA, Kwon H, Koesukwiwat U, Fu W, Mastovska K, Hoh E, Leepipatpiboon N. Comparison of QuEChERS sample preparation methods for the analysis of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:2548-60. [PMID: 20144460 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 571] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the comparison of different versions of an easy, rapid and low-cost sample preparation approach for the determination of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables by concurrent use of gas and liquid chromatography (GC and LC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) for detection. The sample preparation approach is known as QuEChERS, which stands for "quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe". The three compared versions were based on the original unbuffered method, which was first published in 2003, and two interlaboratory validated versions: AOAC Official Method 2007.01, which uses acetate buffering, and European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Standard Method EN 15662, which calls for citrate buffering. LC-MS/MS and GC-MS analyses using each method were tested from 50 to 1000ng/g in apple-blueberry sauce, peas and limes spiked with 32 representative pesticides. As expected, the results were excellent (overall average of 98% recoveries with 10% RSD) using all 3 versions, except the unbuffered method gave somewhat lower recoveries for the few pH-dependent pesticides. The different methods worked equally well for all matrices tested with equivalent amounts of matrix co-extractives measured, matrix effects on quantification and chemical noise from matrix in the chromatographic backgrounds. The acetate-buffered version gave higher and more consistent recoveries for pymetrozine than the other versions in all 3 matrices and for thiabendazole in limes. None of the versions consistently worked well for chlorothalonil, folpet or tolylfluanid in peas, but the acetate-buffered method gave better results for screening of those pesticides. Also, due to the recent shortage in acetonitrile (MeCN), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) was evaluated as a substitute solvent in the acetate-buffered QuEChERS version, but it generally led to less clean extracts and lower recoveries of pymetrozine, thiabendazole, acephate, methamidophos, omethoate and dimethoate. In summary, the acetate-buffered version of QuEChERS using MeCN exhibited advantages compared to the other tested methods in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Lehotay
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Ln., Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA.
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33
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Identification/quantification of multiple pesticide residues in food plants by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1217:648-59. [PMID: 20022014 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the potential of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with the time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-TOF MS) to enable rapid and comprehensive analysis of 212 pesticide residues in QuEChERS extracts obtained from four plant matrices has been investigated. Method optimization is discussed in detail. In addition to molecular adducts, also fragment ions were provided for all target pesticides, thus obtaining at least three identification points required by European Decision 2002/657/EC was achieved. To get maximum information on analytes present in the extracts, each sample was examined within two injections, the first in a positive and the next one in a negative ionization mode. Under UHPLC conditions, both analyses were completed within 24min. For more than 96% of pesticides involved in this study, the limit of quantification was < or =10micro/kg. As a part of the work, strategy enabling screening of non-target pesticides and their metabolites is demonstrated on analysis of real-life samples.
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34
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García-Reyes JF, Gilbert-López B, Molina-Díaz A, Fernández-Alba AR. Determination of pesticide residues in fruit-based soft drinks. Anal Chem 2009; 80:8966-74. [PMID: 19551973 DOI: 10.1021/ac8012708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Here we report the first worldwide reconnaissance study of the presence and occurrence of pesticides in fruit-based soft drinks. While there are strict regulations and exhaustive controls for pesticides in fruits, vegetables, and drinking water, scarce attention has been paid to highly consumed derivate products, which may contain these commodities as ingredients. In the case of the fruit-based soft drinks industry, there are no clear regulations, relating to pesticides, which address them, even when there is significant consumption in vulnerable groups such as children. In this work, we have developed a screening method to search automatically for up to 100 pesticides in fruit-based soft drinks extracts based on the application of liquid chromatography-electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF MS). The sample extracts injected were obtained by a preliminary sample treatment step based on solid-phase extraction using hydrophilic-lipophilic balanced polymer-based reverse phase cartridges and methanol as eluting solvent. Subsequent identification, confirmation, and quantitation were carried out by LC-TOF MS analysis: the confirmation of the target species was based on retention time matching and accurate mass measurements of protonated molecules ([M + H]+) and fragment ions (obtaining accuracy errors typically lower than 2 ppm). With the proposed method, we measured over 100 fruit-based soft drink samples, purchased from 15 different countries from companies with brands distributed worldwide and found relatively large concentration levels of pesticides in most of the samples analyzed. The concentration levels detected were of the micrograms per liter level, low when considering the European maximum residue levels (MRLs) set for fruits but very high (i.e., 300 times) when considering the MRLs for drinking or bottled water. The detected pesticides (carbendazim, thiabendazole, imazalil and its main degradate, prochloraz and its main degradate, malathion, and iprodione) are mainly those applied to crops in the final stages of production (postharvest treatment), some of them contain chlorine atoms in their structures. Therefore, steps should be taken with the aim of removing any traces of pesticides in these products, in order to avoid this source of pesticide exposure on the consumer, particularly on vulnerable groups with higher exposure, such as children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F García-Reyes
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
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35
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Zhang K, Wong JW, Hayward DG, Sheladia P, Krynitsky AJ, Schenck FJ, Webster MG, Ammann JA, Ebeler SE. Multiresidue pesticide analysis of wines by dispersive solid-phase extraction and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:4019-4029. [PMID: 19371141 DOI: 10.1021/jf9000023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A multiresidue pesticide method is described for the determination of 72 pesticides in wines. Pesticides were extracted using acetonitrile saturated with magnesium sulfate and sodium chloride, followed by solid-phase dispersive cleanup using primary-secondary amine and graphitized carbon black sorbents. Analysis is performed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The limits of quantitation (LOQs) for most of the pesticides ranged from 0.3 to 3.3 μg/L with the exception of cyromazine, fenhexamid, and acibenzolar S-methyl (LOQ > 10 μg/L), and quantitation was determined from calibration curves of standards containing 5.0-2500 μg/L with r(2) > 0.99. Recovery studies were performed by fortifying wine samples with the pesticides to concentrations of 10, 100, and 1000 μg/L, resulting in recoveries of >80% for most of the pesticides. Lower (<70%) and higher (>120%) recoveries were most likely from complications of pesticide lability or volatility, matrix interference, or inefficient desorption from the solid-phase sorbents. The method was used to analyze 10 wines collected from a market basket survey, and 19 different pesticides, primarily fungicides, were present at concentrations ranging from <1.0 to 1000 μg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, HFS-706, US Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740-3835, USA
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36
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Przybylski C, Segard C. Method for routine screening of pesticides and metabolites in meat based baby-food using extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:1858-67. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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37
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Wang J, Leung D. Applications of ultra-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry on analysis of 138 pesticides in fruit- and vegetable-based infant foods. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:2162-2173. [PMID: 19216550 DOI: 10.1021/jf803419j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The applications of ultra-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC QqTOF) in the determination of 138 pesticides in fruit- and vegetable-based infant foods were investigated. Pesticides were extracted from infant foods using a procedure known as the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method. UPLC QqTOF MS full-scan with a relatively high sensitivity proved to be an ideal tool for screening of a large number of pesticides in a single analysis. UPLC QqTOF MS/MS provided product ion spectra that allowed for unequivocal confirmation of pesticides. Quantification was achieved using matrix-matched standard calibration curves with isotopically labeled standards or a chemical analogue as internal standards. The method performance parameters that included overall recovery, intermediate precision, and measurement uncertainty were evaluated according to a designed experiment, that is, the nested design. Generally, about 90% of the pesticides studied had recoveries between 81 and 110%, 90% had intermediate precision of <or=25%, and 85% had measurement uncertainty of <or=50%. Compared to LC-ESI-MS/MS, UPLC QqTOF MS showed a relatively poor repeatability and large measurement uncertainty for quantification. In general, UPLC QqTOF can be used for screening, quantifying, and confirming pesticides in infant foods at 10 microg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Calgary Laboratory, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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38
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Scherperel G, Reid GE, Waddell Smith R. Characterization of smokeless powders using nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry (nESI-MS). Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:2019-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2689-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Revised: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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39
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Alcudia-León MC, Lucena R, Cárdenas S, Valcárcel M. Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction for In-Sorbent Surface Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Detection. Anal Chem 2008; 81:1184-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ac801507n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. C. Alcudia-León
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus de Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - R. Lucena
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus de Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - S. Cárdenas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus de Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - M. Valcárcel
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus de Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
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40
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Fernández-Alba AR, García-Reyes JF. Large-scale multi-residue methods for pesticides and their degradation products in food by advanced LC-MS. Trends Analyt Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2008.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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Chapter 7 New Approaches in Mass Spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(08)00007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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42
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Gilbert-López B, García-Reyes JF, Mezcua M, Molina-Díaz A, Fernández-Alba AR. Determination of postharvest fungicides in fruit juices by solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:10548-10556. [PMID: 18052101 DOI: 10.1021/jf072272s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A multiresidue method using liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOFMS) has been developed for the quantitative analysis of five widely used postharvest fungicides (carbendazim, thiabendazole, imazalil, prochloraz, and iprodione) and two of their transformation products (imazalil and prochloraz metabolites) in fruit juices. LC-TOFMS in positive electrospray ionization mode was used to quantify and confirm trace levels of these fungicides in fruit juices. The proposed method consists of a sample treatment step based on solid-phase extraction using hydrophilic-lipophilic-balanced polymer-based reverse-phase SPE cartridges (Oasis HLB) and methanol as an eluting solvent. Fruit-juice extracts spiked at different fortification levels (10 and 20 microg L(-1)) yielded average recoveries in the range of 71-109% with RSD (%) below 15%. Subsequent identification, confirmation, and quantitation were carried out by LC-TOFMS analysis. The confirmation of the target species was based on accurate mass measurements of protonated molecules ([M+H]+) and fragment ions, obtaining routine accuracy errors lower than 2 ppm in most cases. The obtained limits of detection (LODs) of the proposed method were in the range of 0.08-0.45 microg L(-1). Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of 23 fruit juice samples collected from different European countries and the United States, showing the potential applicability of the method in routine analysis. Over 50% of the samples tested contained pesticide residues, but relatively low concentration levels were found.
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García-Reyes JF, Hernando MD, Molina-Díaz A, Fernández-Alba AR. Comprehensive screening of target, non-target and unknown pesticides in food by LC-TOF-MS. Trends Analyt Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2007.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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44
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García-Reyes JF, Hernando MD, Ferrer C, Molina-Díaz A, Fernández-Alba AR. Large scale pesticide multiresidue methods in food combining liquid chromatography--time-of-flight mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2007; 79:7308-23. [PMID: 17718536 DOI: 10.1021/ac070855v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOFMS) are powerful and complementary techniques that can independently cover the majority of the challenges related with pesticide residue food control. The sequential combination of both systems benefits from their complementary advantages and assists to increase the performance and to simplify routine large scale pesticide multiresidue methods. The proposed approach consists of three stages: (1) automated pesticide screening by LC-TOFMS; (2) identification by LC-TOFMS accurate mass measurements; and (3) confirmation and quantitation by LC-MS/MS. We have developed a fast comprehensive (identification/confirmation + quantitation) automated screening method for 100 target pesticides in crops. In the first stage, a set of data including m/z accurate mass windows (within 20 mDa width) and retention time is obtained (using a standard solution containing all the targeted pesticides) in order to build the automated screening procedure, which is created automatically by assigning retention time and the m/z mass window for each target pesticide. Samples are then analyzed, and the method enables the screening and preliminary identification of the species first by retention time and m/z mass window, followed by subsequent identification (only if positive results) by LC-TOFMS accurate mass measurements. After that, final confirmation of the positive findings using two MRM transitions and accurate quantitation is performed by LC-MS/MS using a hybrid triple quadrupole linear ion trap (QqLIT) mass spectrometer. In addition, the use of this QqLIT instrument also offers additional advantageous scanning modes (enhanced product ion and MS3 modes) for confirmatory purposes in compounds with poor fragmentation. Examples of applications to real samples show the potential of the proposed approach, including the detection of nonselected "a priori" compounds as a typical case of retrospective evaluation of banned or misused substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F García-Reyes
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
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