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Yang N, Wang G, Hou E, Guo L, Xiong L, Song X. Triple isotopes (δD, δ 18O, δ 17O) characteristic of river water and groundwater in an arid watershed from Qaidam Basin, Northwestern China: implications for hydrological cycle. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:172229. [PMID: 38582115 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Combining traditional stable isotopes (δD and δ18O) and triple oxygen isotope (δ17O) is conducive to tracing hydrological cycle processes. The application of triple oxygen isotopes primarily focuses on precipitation, which is lacking in river water and groundwater. In this study, the spatial variations of δD, δ18O, δ17O, d-excess and 17O-excess of river water and groundwater in the Golmud River basin as well as the correlation between them were investigated to elucidate water origin and assess the evaporation influence on water bodies during flood season. Spatial changes in δD, δ18O and δ17O of river water exhibit a decrease-increase-stability pattern contrary to that observed for d-excess, 17O-excess has no distinct trend but is higher at both the source and downstream regions. The results show that river water and groundwater originate from precipitation in the mountainous area, and the meltwater in the source region also contribute to the river water with high d-excess and 17O-excess during flood season. The combination of d-excess and 17O-excess reveal that river water is also affected by evaporation and mixing of river water in tributaries. It was found that the river water is recharged in the mountains, undergoes evaporation in the upstream region and leaks into groundwater in the midstream region, which is recharged by the groundwater and evaporated again in the downstream region. This study could provide a more comprehensive understanding of the potential and value of triple oxygen isotopes in the hydrological cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuan Yang
- College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China.
| | - Guangcai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology and MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China; School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Enke Hou
- College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Liang Guo
- College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Luoyao Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology and MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China; School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xinming Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology and MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China; School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
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Steele ZT, Caceres K, Jameson AD, Griego M, Rogers EJ, Whiteman JP. A protocol for distilling animal body water from biological samples and measuring oxygen and hydrogen stable isotopes via cavity ring-down spectroscopy. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2024; 60:229-250. [PMID: 38472130 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2024.2323201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The application of stable isotope analysis (SIA) to the fields of ecology and animal biology has rapidly expanded over the past three decades, particularly with regards to water analysis. SIA now provides the opportunity to monitor migration patterns, examine food webs, and assess habitat changes in current and past study systems. While carbon and nitrogen SIA of biological samples have become common, analyses of oxygen or hydrogen are used more sparingly despite their promising utility for tracing water sources and animal metabolism. Common ecological applications of oxygen or hydrogen SIA require injecting enriched isotope tracers. As such, methods for processing and analyzing biological samples are tailored for enriched tracer techniques, which require lower precision than other techniques given the large signal-to-noise ratio of the data. However, instrumentation advancements are creating new opportunities to expand the applications of high-throughput oxygen and hydrogen SIA. To support these applications, we update methods to distill and measure water derived from biological samples with consistent precision equal to, or better than, ± 0.1 ‰ for δ17O, ± 0.3 ‰ for δ18O, ± 1 ‰ for δ2H, ± 2 ‰ for d-excess, and ± 15 per meg for Δ17O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Steele
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Karen Caceres
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Austin D Jameson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Michael Griego
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Rogers
- Organismic & Evolutionary Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - John P Whiteman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
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3
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Dulinski M, Rozanski K, Pierchala A, Gorczyca Z. Isotope effects accompanying δ 2 H, δ 18 O and δ 17 O analyses of aqueous saline solutions using cavity ring-down laser spectroscopy. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2024; 38:e9680. [PMID: 38212654 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE The presence of substantial amounts of dissolved salts creates serious difficulties in isotope analyses of water samples using conventional isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Although nowadays laser-based instruments are increasingly used for this purpose, a comprehensive assessment of isotope effects associated with direct analyses of aqueous saline solutions using this technology is lacking. METHODS Here we report the results of laboratory experiments aimed at quantifying isotope effects associated with direct, δ2 H, δ18 O and δ17 O analyses of single-salt solutions and double-salt mixtures prepared with a water of known isotopic composition. Three single-salt solutions (NaCl, CaCl2 and MgSO4 ) and two double-salt mixtures (NaCl + CaCl2 and NaCl + MgSO4 ) were prepared and investigated for a wide range of molalities. The triple-isotope composition of the prepared solutions was analysed with the aid of a Picarro L2140-i Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy analyser. RESULTS The NaCl and CaCl2 solutions revealed small negative salt effects, independent of molality and comparable with measurement uncertainty. The MgCl2 solution showed the highest salt effects, reaching saturated solution ca. +2.7‰ (2 H), -3.5‰ (18 O) and -1.7‰ (17 O). Salt effects for the double-salt mixtures generally mirrored the effects observed for the single-salt solutions. The observed salt effects are discussed in the context of processes occurring during the injection of the salt solutions into the vaporizer unit of the CRDS analyser. CONCLUSIONS The presented study has demonstrated feasibility of direct, triple-isotope analyses of aqueous salt solutions using a Picarro L2140-i CRDS analyser for a broad range of salinities up to saturated conditions. Large uncertainties of 17 O-excess determinations for solutions forming hydrated salts preclude the use of this parameter for interpretation purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Dulinski
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Rozanski
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Pierchala
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Gorczyca
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Krakow, Krakow, Poland
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El-Shenawy MI, Herwartz D, Staubwasser M. A passive method for sampling water in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum for stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope analyses. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2024; 38:e9646. [PMID: 38124170 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in water molecules are powerful tools to constrain the dynamics of water cycling within the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC). However, the recovery of water from the SPAC requires logistical arrangements and implementation of different time- and cost-consuming techniques in either the field or the laboratory. METHODS We developed a passive method to sample water from the three compartments of the SPAC by using a hygroscopic salt of a high water absorbance capacity (CaCl2 ). This method allows either H2 O(V) -H2 O(L) isotope equilibration in the case of infinite water reservoir (atmospheric water vapor (WV)) or quantitative absorption of water from a finite water reservoir (e.g. soil and plants). The water absorbed by CaCl2 was distilled first and subsequently processed for hydrogen and triple oxygen isotope mass spectrometry analyses. The distillation step can be bypassed when employing isotope analytical techniques that are based on equilibration. RESULTS Our experiments show that anhydrous CaCl2 absorbs WV of 210 ± 6% and 130 ± 6% of its dry weight from an infinite WV reservoir at relative humidity of 60% and 30%, respectively. Chemical and isotope equilibrations between WV and absorbed water were attained within 3 days at room temperature, enabling the back-calculation of the isotope composition of atmospheric WV. Preliminary experiments to extract water from plant and sand (i.e. finite WV reservoir) demonstrate a quasi-complete recovery of water in these matrices without significant isotope fractionation. The reproducibility of our method is better than 1.6‰, 0.32‰, 0.17‰ and 6‰ per meg for δ2 H, δ18 O, δ17 O and 17 O-excess. CONCLUSIONS The CaCl2 -H2 O absorption (passive) method requires very limited logistics in the field facilitating spatial and temporal water vapor/water sampling from atmosphere and soil at low resolution (i.e. average of 3-5 days). Moreover, it allows high sample throughput for the extraction of plant water in the laboratory. The reproducibility of this method is similar to the analytical uncertainty in mass spectrometry analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed I El-Shenawy
- Institute for Geology and Mineralogy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Geology, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Daniel Herwartz
- Institute for Geology and Mineralogy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Staubwasser
- Institute for Geology and Mineralogy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Tian Y, Fleitmann D, Zhang Q, Sha L, Wassenburg JA, Axelsson J, Zhang H, Li X, Hu J, Li H, Zhao L, Cai Y, Ning Y, Cheng H. Holocene climate change in southern Oman deciphered by speleothem records and climate model simulations. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4718. [PMID: 37543627 PMCID: PMC10404270 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40454-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Qunf Cave oxygen isotope (δ18Oc) record from southern Oman is one of the most significant of few Holocene Indian summer monsoon cave records. However, the interpretation of the Qunf δ18Oc remains in dispute. Here we provide a multi-proxy record from Qunf Cave and climate model simulations to reconstruct the Holocene local and regional hydroclimate changes. The results indicate that besides the Indian summer monsoon, the North African summer monsoon also contributes water vapor to southern Oman during the early to middle Holocene. In principle, Qunf δ18Oc values reflect integrated oxygen-isotope fractionations over a broad moisture transport swath from moisture sources to the cave site, rather than local precipitation amount alone, and thus the Qunf δ18Oc record characterizes primary changes in the Afro-Asian monsoon regime across the Holocene. In contrast, local climate proxies appear to suggest an overall slightly increased or unchanged wetness over the Holocene at the cave site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tian
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Dominik Fleitmann
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, 4054, Switzerland
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Department of Physical Geography and the Bolin Centre for Climate Change, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Lijuan Sha
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jasper A Wassenburg
- Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Josefine Axelsson
- Department of Physical Geography and the Bolin Centre for Climate Change, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Haiwei Zhang
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Xianglei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jun Hu
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Hanying Li
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yanjun Cai
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Youfeng Ning
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Hai Cheng
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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Aron PG, Li S, Brooks JR, Welker JM, Levin NE. Seasonal Variations in Triple Oxygen Isotope Ratios of Precipitation in the Western and Central United States. PALEOCEANOGRAPHY AND PALEOCLIMATOLOGY 2023; 38:10.1029/2022pa004458. [PMID: 37990699 PMCID: PMC10659079 DOI: 10.1029/2022pa004458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Triple oxygen isotope ratios Δ ' 17 O offer new opportunities to improve reconstructions of past climate by quantifying evaporation, relative humidity, and diagenesis in geologic archives. However, the utility of Δ ' 17 O in paleoclimate applications is hampered by a limited understanding of how precipitation Δ ' 7 O values vary across time and space. To improve applications of Δ ' 17 O , we present δ 18 O , d-excess, and Δ ' 17 O data from 26 precipitation sites in the western and central United States and three streams from the Willamette River Basin in western Oregon. In this data set, we find that precipitation Δ ' 17 O tracks evaporation but appears insensitive to many controls that govern variation in δ 18 O , including Rayleigh distillation, elevation, latitude, longitude, and local precipitation amount. Seasonality has a large effect on Δ ' 17 O variation in the data set and we observe higher seasonally amount-weighted average precipitation Δ ' 17 O values in the winter (40 ± 15 per meg [± standard deviation]) than in the summer (18 ± 18 per meg). This seasonal precipitation Δ ' 17 O variability likely arises from a combination of sub-cloud evaporation, atmospheric mixing, moisture recycling, sublimation, and/or relative humidity, but the data set is not well suited to quantitatively assess isotopic variability associated with each of these processes. The seasonal Δ ' 17 O pattern, which is absent in d-excess and opposite in sign from δ 18 O , appears in other data sets globally; it showcases the influence of seasonality on Δ ' 17 O values of precipitation and highlights the need for further systematic studies to understand variation in Δ ' 17 O values of precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. G. Aron
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Now at Hazen and Sawyer, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S. Li
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, Institute of Geochemistry, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - J. R. Brooks
- Pacific Ecological Systems Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - J. M. Welker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska, Anchorage, AK, USA
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- University of the Arctic (UArctic), Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - N. E. Levin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Voigt C, Vallet-Coulomb C, Piel C, Alexandre A. 17 O-excess and d-excess of atmospheric water vapor measured by cavity ring-down spectrometry: Evidence of a matrix effect and implication for the calibration procedure. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9227. [PMID: 34845759 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Producing robust high-frequency time series of raw atmospheric water vapor isotope data using laser spectrometry requires accurate calibration. In particular, the chemical composition of the analyzed sample gas can cause isotope bias. This study assesses the matrix effect on calibrated δ17 O, δ18 O, δ2 H, 17 O-excess, and d-excess values of atmospheric water vapor. METHODS A Picarro L2140-i cavity ring-down spectrometer with an autosampler and a vaporizer is used to analyze δ17 O, δ18 O, δ2 H, 17 O-excess, and d-excess of two water standards. Isotope data obtained using synthetic air and dry ambient air as carrier gas at water mixing ratios ranging from 2000 to 30 000 ppmv are compared. Based on the results, atmospheric water vapor measurements are calibrated. The expected precision is estimated by Monte Carlo simulation. RESULTS The dry air source strongly impacts raw isotope values of the two water standards but has no effect on the mixing ratio dependency functions. When synthetic air is used, δ17 O, δ18 O, and 17 O-excess of calibrated atmospheric water vapor are overestimated by 0.6‰, 0.7‰, and 217 per meg, respectively, whereas δ2 H and d-excess are underestimated by 1.5‰ and 7.3‰. Optimum precisions for the calibrated δ17 O, δ18 O, δ2 H, 17 O-excess, and d-excess values and 12 min integration time are 0.02‰, 0.03‰, 0.4‰, 14 per meg, and 0.4‰, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Regarding the obtained results, recommendations for the calibration of atmospheric water vapor isotope measurements are presented. The necessity to use dry ambient air as dry air source when running the standards for calibration is pointed out as a prerequisite for accurate atmospheric water vapor 17 O-excess and d-excess measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Voigt
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | | | - Clément Piel
- ECOTRON Européen de Montpellier, UAR 3248, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Campus de Baillarguet, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Anne Alexandre
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France
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Pierchala A, Rozanski K, Dulinski M, Gorczyca Z. Triple-isotope mass balance of mid-latitude, groundwater controlled lake. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 814:151935. [PMID: 34843794 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pierchala
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Kazimierz Rozanski
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marek Dulinski
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Gorczyca
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
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9
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Tian C, Du K, Wang L, Zhang X, Li F, Jiao W, Beysens D, Kaseke KF, Medici MG. Stable isotope variations of dew under three different climates. Sci Data 2022; 9:50. [PMID: 35165314 PMCID: PMC8844405 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01151-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As a supplementary or the only water source in dry regions, dew plays a critical role in the survival of organisms. The new hydrological tracer 17O-excess, with almost sole dependence on relative humidity, provides a new way to distinguish the evaporation processes and reconstruct the paleoclimate. Up to now, there is no published daily dew isotope record on δ2H, δ18O, δ17O, d-excess, and 17O-excess. Here, we collected daily dew between July 2014 and April 2018 from three distinct climatic regions (i.e., Gobabeb in the central Namib Desert with desert climate, Nice in France with Mediterranean climate, and Indianapolis in the central United States with humid continental climate). The δ2H, δ18O, and δ17O of dew were simultaneously analyzed using a Triple Water Vapor Isotope Analyzer based on Off-Axis Integrated Cavity Output Spectroscopy technique, and then d-excess and 17O-excess were calculated. This report presents daily dew isotope dataset under three climatic regions. It is useful for researchers to use it as a reference when studying global dew dynamics and dew formation mechanisms. Measurement(s) | stable isotope variation • dew | Technology Type(s) | water vapour isotope analysis | Factor Type(s) | climate • temporal interval | Sample Characteristic - Environment | desert climate • Mediterranean climate • humid continental climate | Sample Characteristic - Location | Namib Desert • Nice • Indianapolis |
Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.19070114
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Millar C, Janzen K, Nehemy MF, Koehler G, Hervé-Fernández P, McDonnell JJ. Organic contamination detection for isotopic analysis of water by laser spectroscopy. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9118. [PMID: 33939862 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratios (δ2 H, δ17 O, and δ18 O values) are commonly used tracers of water. These ratios can be measured by isotope ratio infrared spectroscopy (IRIS). However, IRIS approaches are prone to errors induced by organic compounds present in plant, soil, and natural water samples. A novel approach using 17 O-excess values has shown promise for flagging spectrally contaminated plant samples during IRIS analysis. A systematic assessment of this flagging system is needed to prove it useful. METHODS Errors induced by methanol and ethanol water mixtures on measured IRIS and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) results were evaluated. For IRIS analyses both liquid- and vapour-mode (via direct vapour equilibration) methods are used. The δ2 H, δ17 O, and δ18 O values were measured and compared with known reference values to determine the errors induced by methanol and ethanol contamination. In addition, the 17 O-excess contamination detection approach was tested. This is a post-processing detection tool for both liquid and vapour IRIS triple-isotope analyses, utilizing calculated 17 O-excess values to flag contaminated samples. RESULTS Organic contamination induced significant errors in IRIS results, not seen in IRMS results. Methanol caused larger errors than ethanol. Results from vapour-IRIS analyses had larger errors than those from liquid-IRIS analyses. The 17 O-excess approach identified methanol driven error in liquid- and vapour-mode IRIS samples at levels where isotope results became unacceptably erroneous. For ethanol contaminated samples, a mix of erroneous and correct flagging occurred with the 17 O-excess method. Our results indicate that methanol is the more problematic contaminant for data corruption. The 17 O-excess method was therefore useful for data quality control. CONCLUSIONS Organic contamination caused significant errors in IRIS stable isotope results. These errors were larger during vapour analyses than during liquid IRIS analyses, and larger for methanol than ethanol contamination. The 17 O-excess method is highly sensitive for detecting narrowband (methanol) contamination error in vapour and liquid analysis modes in IRIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody Millar
- Global Institute for Water Security, School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Kim Janzen
- Global Institute for Water Security, School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Magali F Nehemy
- Global Institute for Water Security, School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Geoff Koehler
- NHRC Stable Isotope Laboratory, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Pedro Hervé-Fernández
- Global Institute for Water Security, School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
- Instituto de la Patagonia, Departamento de Hidrobiología, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Liberales, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Jeffrey J McDonnell
- Global Institute for Water Security, School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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11
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Nyamgerel Y, Han Y, Kim M, Koh D, Lee J. Review on Applications of 17O in Hydrological Cycle. Molecules 2021; 26:4468. [PMID: 34361621 PMCID: PMC8347044 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The triple oxygen isotopes (16O, 17O, and 18O) are very useful in hydrological and climatological studies because of their sensitivity to environmental conditions. This review presents an overview of the published literature on the potential applications of 17O in hydrological studies. Dual-inlet isotope ratio mass spectrometry and laser absorption spectroscopy have been used to measure 17O, which provides information on atmospheric conditions at the moisture source and isotopic fractionations during transport and deposition processes. The variations of δ17O from the developed global meteoric water line, with a slope of 0.528, indicate the importance of regional or local effects on the 17O distribution. In polar regions, factors such as the supersaturation effect, intrusion of stratospheric vapor, post-depositional processes (local moisture recycling through sublimation), regional circulation patterns, sea ice concentration and local meteorological conditions determine the distribution of 17O-excess. Numerous studies have used these isotopes to detect the changes in the moisture source, mixing of different water vapor, evaporative loss in dry regions, re-evaporation of rain drops during warm precipitation and convective storms in low and mid-latitude waters. Owing to the large variation of the spatial scale of hydrological processes with their extent (i.e., whether the processes are local or regional), more studies based on isotopic composition of surface and subsurface water, convective precipitation, and water vapor, are required. In particular, in situ measurements are important for accurate simulations of atmospheric hydrological cycles by isotope-enabled general circulation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalalt Nyamgerel
- Department of Science Education (Earth Sciences), Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (Y.N.); (M.K.)
| | | | - Minji Kim
- Department of Science Education (Earth Sciences), Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (Y.N.); (M.K.)
| | - Dongchan Koh
- Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon 34132, Korea;
| | - Jeonghoon Lee
- Department of Science Education (Earth Sciences), Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (Y.N.); (M.K.)
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12
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Brady MP, Hodell DA. Continuous and simultaneous measurement of triple-oxygen and hydrogen isotopes of liquid and vapor during evaporation experiments. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9078. [PMID: 33660313 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Oxygen and hydrogen isotopes are important tools for studying the modern and past hydrological cycle. Previous evaporation experiments used episodic measurement of liquid and/or vapor or did not measure all isotopologues of water. Here, we describe an evaporation experimental system that allows all isotopologues of liquid and water vapor to be measured simultaneously and near-continuously at high precision using cavity ring-down laser spectroscopy (CRDS). METHODS Evaporating liquid is periodically sampled from a closed recirculating loop by a syringe pump that delivers a constant supply of water to the vaporizer, achieving a water vapor concentration of 20,000 ppmV H2 O (±132, 1σ). Vapor is sampled directly from the evaporation chamber. Isotope ratios are measured simultaneously with a Picarro L2140-i CRDS instrument. RESULTS For liquid measurements, Allan variance analysis indicates an optimum data collection window of 34 min for oxygen isotopes and 27 min for hydrogen isotopes. During these periods, the mean standard error is ±0.0081‰ for δ17 O values, ±0.0081‰ for δ18 O values, and ±0.019‰ for δ2 H values. For the derived parameters 17 O-excess and d-excess, the standard error of the mean is 5.8 per meg and 0.07‰, respectively. For the vapor phase a 12.5 min data window for all isotopologues results in a mean standard error of ±0.012‰ for δ17 O values, ±0.011‰ for δ18 O values, and ±0.023‰ for δ2 H values. For the derived parameters, the standard error of the mean is 9.2 per meg for 17 O-excess and 0.099‰ for d-excess. These measurements result in consistently narrow 95% confidence limits for the slopes of ln(δ17 O + 1) vs ln(δ18 O + 1) and ln(δ2 H + 1) vs ln(δ18 O + 1). CONCLUSIONS The experimental method permits measurement of fractionation of triple-oxygen and hydrogen isotopes of evaporating water under varying controlled conditions at high precision. Application of this method will be useful for testing theoretical models of evaporation and conducting experiments to simulate evaporation and isotopic equilibration in natural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Brady
- Godwin Laboratory for Paleoclimate Research, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - David A Hodell
- Godwin Laboratory for Paleoclimate Research, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, UK
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13
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Tian C, Wang L, Jiao W, Li F, Tian F, Zhao S. Triple isotope variations of monthly tap water in China. Sci Data 2020; 7:336. [PMID: 33046708 PMCID: PMC7550354 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-00685-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Tap water isotopic compositions could potentially record information on local climate and water management practices. A new water isotope tracer 17O-excess became available in recent years providing additional information of the various hydrological processes. Detailed data records of tap water 17O-excess have not been reported. In this report, monthly tap water samples (n = 652) were collected from December 2014 to November 2015 from 92 collection sites across China. The isotopic composition (δ2H, δ18O, and δ17O) of tap water was analyzed by a Triple Water Vapor Isotope Analyzer (T-WVIA) based on Off-Axis Integrated Cavity Output Spectroscopy (OA-ICOS) technique and two second-order isotopic variables (d-excess and 17O-excess) were calculated. The geographic location information of the 92 collection sites including latitude, longitude, and elevation were also provided in this dataset. This report presents national-scale tap water isotope dataset at monthly time scale. Researchers and water resource managers who focus on the tap water issues could use them to probe the water source and water management strategies at large spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Lixin Wang
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Wenzhe Jiao
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Fadong Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fuqiang Tian
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Sihan Zhao
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
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14
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Exceptionally high biosphere productivity at the beginning of Marine Isotopic Stage 11. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2112. [PMID: 32355168 PMCID: PMC7192893 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15739-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant changes in atmospheric CO2 over glacial-interglacial cycles have mainly been attributed to the Southern Ocean through physical and biological processes. However, little is known about the contribution of global biosphere productivity, associated with important CO2 fluxes. Here we present the first high resolution record of Δ17O of O2 in the Antarctic EPICA Dome C ice core over Termination V and Marine Isotopic Stage (MIS) 11 and reconstruct the global oxygen biosphere productivity over the last 445 ka. Our data show that compared to the younger terminations, biosphere productivity at the end of Termination V is 10 to 30 % higher. Comparisons with local palaeo observations suggest that strong terrestrial productivity in a context of low eccentricity might explain this pattern. We propose that higher biosphere productivity could have maintained low atmospheric CO2 at the beginning of MIS 11, thus highlighting its control on the global climate during Termination V. Biosphere productivity is an important component of the CO2 cycle, but how it has varied over past glacial-interglacial cycles is not well known. Here, the authors present new data that shows that global biosphere productivity was 10 to 30% higher during Termination V compared to younger deglaciations.
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15
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Hellmann R, Harvey AH. First-Principles Diffusivity Ratios for Kinetic Isotope Fractionation of Water in Air. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2020; 47:10.1029/2020gl089999. [PMID: 33654332 PMCID: PMC7919735 DOI: 10.1029/2020gl089999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Kinetic isotope fractionation between water vapor and liquid water or ice depends on the ratio of the diffusivities of the isotopic species in air, but there is disagreement as to the values of these ratios and limited information about their temperature dependence. We use state-of-the-art intermolecular potential-energy surfaces for the water-nitrogen and water-oxygen pairs, along with the kinetic theory of molecular gases, to calculate from first principles the diffusivities of water isotopologues in air. The method has sufficient precision to produce accurate diffusivity ratios. For the HDO/H2O ratio, we find that the often used hard-sphere kinetic theory is significantly in error, and confirm the 1978 experimental result of Merlivat. For the ratios involving 17O and 18O, the simple kinetic theory is relatively close to our more rigorous results. We provide diffusivity ratios from 190 K to 500 K, greatly expanding the range of temperatures for which these ratios are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hellmann
- Institut für Thermodynamik, Helmut-Schmidt-Universität / Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Holstenhofweg 85, 22043 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Allan H. Harvey
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, U.S.A
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16
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Nehemy MF, Millar C, Janzen K, Gaj M, Pratt DL, Laroque CP, McDonnell JJ. 17 O-excess as a detector for co-extracted organics in vapor analyses of plant isotope signatures. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:1301-1310. [PMID: 31017711 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The stable isotope compositions of hydrogen and oxygen in water (δ2 H and δ18 O values) have been widely used to investigate plant water sources, but traditional isotopic measurements of plant waters are expensive and labor intensive. Recent work with direct vapor equilibration (DVE) on laser spectroscopy has shown potential to side step limitations imposed by traditional methods. Here, we evaluate DVE analysis of plants with a focus on spectral contamination introduced by organic compounds. We present 17 O-excess as a way of quantifying organic compound interference in DVE. METHODS We performed isotopic analysis using the δ2 H, δ18 O and δ17 O values of water on an Off-Axis Integrated Cavity Output Spectroscopy (IWA-45EP OA-ICOS) instrument in vapor mode. We used a set of methanol (MeOH) and ethanol (EtOH) solutions to assess errors in isotope measurements. We evaluated how organic compounds affect the 17 O-excess. DVE was used to measure the isotopic signatures in natural plant material from Pinus banksiana, Picea mariana, and Larix laricina, and soil from boreal forest for comparison with solutions. RESULTS The 17 O-excess was sensitive to the presence of organic compounds in water. 17 O-excess changed proportionally to the concentration of MeOH per volume of water, resulting in positive values, while EtOH solutions resulted in smaller changes in the 17 O-excess. Soil samples did not show any spectral contamination. Plant samples were spectrally contaminated on the narrow-band and were enriched in 1 H and 16 O compared with source water. L. laricina was the only species that did not show any evidence of spectral contamination. Xylem samples that were spectrally contaminated had positive 17 O-excess values. CONCLUSIONS 17 O-excess can be a useful tool to identify spectral contamination and improve DVE plant and soil analysis in the laboratory and in situ. The 17 O-excess flagged the presence of MeOH and EtOH. Adding measurement of δ17 O values to traditional measurement of δ2 H and δ18 O values may shed new light on plant water analysis for source mixing dynamics using DVE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali F Nehemy
- Global Institute for Water Security, School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Cody Millar
- Global Institute for Water Security, School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Kim Janzen
- Global Institute for Water Security, School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Marcel Gaj
- Global Institute for Water Security, School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Dyan L Pratt
- Global Institute for Water Security, School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Colin P Laroque
- Global Institute for Water Security, School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
- Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Jeffrey J McDonnell
- Global Institute for Water Security, School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
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17
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Stable isotope variations of daily precipitation from 2014-2018 in the central United States. Sci Data 2019; 6:190018. [PMID: 30778258 PMCID: PMC6380221 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2019.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen (δ2H, δ18O and δ17O) serve as powerful tracers in hydrological investigations. To our knowledge, daily precipitation isotope record especially 17O-excess is rare in the mid-latitudes. To fill such knowledge gap, daily precipitation samples (n=446) were collected from June 2014 to May 2018 in Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. A Triple Water Vapor Isotope Analyzer (T-WVIA) based on Off-Axis Integrated Cavity Output Spectroscopy (OA-ICOS) technique was used to concurrently measure precipitation isotopic variations (δ2H, δ18O and δ17O). Meanwhile, 17O-excess and d-excess as second-order isotopic variables were calculated to provide additional information on precipitation formation and transport mechanisms. This study presents a four-year daily precipitation isotope dataset for mid-latitudes, and makes it available to researchers around the world who may use it as a reference for site comparisons and for assessing global hydrological models.
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18
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Yeung LY, Hayles JA, Hu H, Ash JL, Sun T. Scale distortion from pressure baselines as a source of inaccuracy in triple-isotope measurements. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:1811-1821. [PMID: 30076639 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Isotope ratio measurements have become extremely precise in recent years, with many approaching parts-per-million (ppm) levels of precision. However, seemingly innocuous errors in signal baselines, which exist only when gas enters the instrument, might lead to significant errors. These "pressure-baseline" (PBL) offsets may have a variety of origins, such as incoherent scattering of the analyte, isobaric interferences, or electron ablation from the walls of the flight tube. They are probably present in all but ultra-high-resolution instruments, but their importance for high-precision measurements has not been investigated. METHODS We derive the governing equations for the PBL effect. We compare the oxygen triple-isotope composition of gases on three different mass spectrometers before and after applying a correction for PBLs to determine their effects. We also compare the composition of atmospheric O2 with that of several standard minerals (San-Carlos Olivine and UWG-2) on two high-precision mass spectrometers and compare those results with the differences reported in the literature. RESULTS We find that PBLs lead to stretching or compression of isotopic variations. The scale distortion is non-mass-dependent, affecting the accuracy of triple-isotope covariations. The governing equations suggest that linear stretching corrections using traditional isotopic delta values (e.g., δ18 O) are rigorous for PBL-induced errors in pure gases. When the reference and sample gases are not comparable in composition or purity, however, a different correction scheme may be required. These non-mass-dependent errors are systematic and may have influenced previous measurements of triple-isotope covariations in natural materials. CONCLUSIONS Accurate measurements of isotopic variations are essential to biogeochemistry and for testing theoretical models of isotope effects. PBLs are probably ubiquitous, contributing to the interlaboratory disagreements in triple-isotope compositions of materials differing greatly in δ18 O values. Moreover, they may lead to inaccurate determination of triple-isotope compositions and fractionation factors, which has implications for isotopic studies in hydrology and biogeochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Y Yeung
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Justin A Hayles
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Huanting Hu
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Jeanine L Ash
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
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19
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Evans NP, Bauska TK, Gázquez-Sánchez F, Brenner M, Curtis JH, Hodell DA. Quantification of drought during the collapse of the classic Maya civilization. Science 2018; 361:498-501. [PMID: 30072537 DOI: 10.1126/science.aas9871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The demise of Lowland Classic Maya civilization during the Terminal Classic Period (~800 to 1000 CE) is a well-cited example of how past climate may have affected ancient societies. Attempts to estimate the magnitude of hydrologic change, however, have met with equivocal success because of the qualitative and indirect nature of available climate proxy data. We reconstructed the past isotopic composition (δ18O, δD, 17O-excess, and d-excess) of water in Lake Chichancanab, Mexico, using a technique that involves isotopic analysis of the structurally bound water in sedimentary gypsum, which was deposited under drought conditions. The triple oxygen and hydrogen isotope data provide a direct measure of past changes in lake hydrology. We modeled the data and conclude that annual precipitation decreased between 41 and 54% (with intervals of up to 70% rainfall reduction during peak drought conditions) and that relative humidity declined by 2 to 7% compared to present-day conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Evans
- Godwin Laboratory for Palaeoclimate Research, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK.
| | - Thomas K Bauska
- Godwin Laboratory for Palaeoclimate Research, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - Fernando Gázquez-Sánchez
- Godwin Laboratory for Palaeoclimate Research, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - Mark Brenner
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jason H Curtis
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - David A Hodell
- Godwin Laboratory for Palaeoclimate Research, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK
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20
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Tian C, Wang L, Kaseke KF, Bird BW. Stable isotope compositions (δ 2H, δ 18O and δ 17O) of rainfall and snowfall in the central United States. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6712. [PMID: 29712983 PMCID: PMC5928101 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25102-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen (δ2H, δ18O and δ17O) can be used as natural tracers to improve our understanding of hydrological and meteorological processes. Studies of precipitation isotopes, especially 17O-excess observations, are extremely limited in the mid-latitudes. To fill this knowledge gap, we measured δ2H, δ18O and δ17O of event-based precipitation samples collected from Indianapolis, Indiana, USA over two years and investigated the influence of meteorological factors on precipitation isotope variations. The results showed that the daily temperature played a major role in controlling the isotope variations. Precipitation experienced kinetic fractionation associated with evaporation at the moisture source in the spring and summer and for rainfall, while snowfall, as well as precipitation in the fall and winter, were mainly affected by equilibrium fractionation. The 17O-excess of both rainfall and snowfall were not affected by local meteorological factors over the whole study period. At the seasonal scale, it was the case only for the spring. Therefore, 17O-excess of rainfall, snowfall and the spring precipitation could be considered as tracers of evaporative conditions at the moisture source. This study provides a unique precipitation isotope dataset for mid-latitudes and provides a more mechanistic understanding of precipitation formation mechanisms in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tian
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Lixin Wang
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Kudzai Farai Kaseke
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Broxton W Bird
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
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21
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The evolution of 17O-excess in surface water of the arid environment during recharge and evaporation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4972. [PMID: 29563523 PMCID: PMC5862851 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23151-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This study demonstrates the potential of triple O-isotopes to quantify evaporation with recharge on a salt lake from the Atacama Desert, Chile. An evaporative gradient was found in shallow ponds along a subsurface flow-path from a groundwater source. Total dissolved solids (TDS) increased by 177 g/l along with an increase in δ18O by 16.2‰ and in δD by 65‰. 17O-excess decreased by 79 per meg, d-excess by 55‰. Relative humidity (h), evaporation over inflow (E/I), the isotopic composition of vapor (*RV) and of inflowing water (*RWI) determine the isotope distribution in 17O-excess over δ18O along a well-defined evaporation curve as the classic Craig-Gordon model predicts. A complementary on-site simple (pan) evaporation experiment over a change in TDS, δ18O, and 17O-excess by 392 g/l, 25.0‰, and −130 per meg, respectively, was used to determine the effects of sluggish brine evaporation and of wind turbulence. These effects translate to uncertainty in E/I rather than h. The local composition of *RV relative to *RWI pre-determines the general ability to resolve changes in h. The triple O-isotope system is useful for quantitative hydrological balancing of lakes and for paleo-humidity reconstruction, particularly if complemented by D/H analysis.
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22
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Liang MC, Mahata S, Laskar AH, Thiemens MH, Newman S. Oxygen isotope anomaly in tropospheric CO 2 and implications for CO 2 residence time in the atmosphere and gross primary productivity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13180. [PMID: 29030617 PMCID: PMC5640618 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12774-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The abundance variations of near surface atmospheric CO2 isotopologues (primarily 16O12C16O, 16O13C16O, 17O12C16O, and 18O12C16O) represent an integrated signal from anthropogenic/biogeochemical processes, including fossil fuel burning, biospheric photosynthesis and respiration, hydrospheric isotope exchange with water, and stratospheric photochemistry. Oxygen isotopes, in particular, are affected by the carbon and water cycles. Being a useful tracer that directly probes governing processes in CO2 biogeochemical cycles, Δ17O (=ln(1 + δ17O) - 0.516 × ln(1 + δ18O)) provides an alternative constraint on the strengths of the associated cycles involving CO2. Here, we analyze Δ17O data from four places (Taipei, Taiwan; South China Sea; La Jolla, United States; Jerusalem, Israel) in the northern hemisphere (with a total of 455 measurements) and find a rather narrow range (0.326 ± 0.005‰). A conservative estimate places a lower limit of 345 ± 70 PgC year-1 on the cycling flux between the terrestrial biosphere and atmosphere and infers a residence time of CO2 of 1.9 ± 0.3 years (upper limit) in the atmosphere. A Monte Carlo simulation that takes various plant uptake scenarios into account yields a terrestrial gross primary productivity of 120 ± 30 PgC year-1 and soil invasion of 110 ± 30 PgC year-1, providing a quantitative assessment utilizing the oxygen isotope anomaly for quantifying CO2 cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Chang Liang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Sasadhar Mahata
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Amzad H Laskar
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mark H Thiemens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Sally Newman
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA
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23
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Galewsky J, Steen-Larsen HC, Field RD, Worden J, Risi C, Schneider M. Stable isotopes in atmospheric water vapor and applications to the hydrologic cycle. REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS (WASHINGTON, D.C. : 1985) 2016; 54:809-865. [PMID: 32661517 PMCID: PMC7357203 DOI: 10.1002/2015rg000512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The measurement and simulation of water vapor isotopic composition has matured rapidly over the last decade, with long-term datasets and comprehensive modeling capabilities now available. Theories for water vapor isotopic composition have been developed by extending the theories that have been used for the isotopic composition of precipitation to include a more nuanced understanding of evaporation, large-scale mixing, deep convection, and kinetic fractionation. The technologies for in-situ and remote sensing measurements of water vapor isotopic composition have developed especially rapidly over the last decade, with discrete water vapor sampling methods, based on mass spectroscopy, giving way to laser spectroscopic methods and satellite- and ground-based infrared absorption techniques. The simulation of water vapor isotopic composition has evolved from General Circulation Model (GCM) methods for simulating precipitation isotopic composition to sophisticated isotope-enabled microphysics schemes using higher-order moments for water- and ice-size distributions. The incorporation of isotopes into GCMs has enabled more detailed diagnostics of the water cycle and has led to improvements in its simulation. The combination of improved measurement and modeling of water vapor isotopic composition opens the door to new advances in our understanding of the atmospheric water cycle, in processes ranging from the marine boundary layer, through deep convection and tropospheric mixing, and into the water cycle of the stratosphere. Finally, studies of the processes governing modern water vapor isotopic composition provide an improved framework for the interpretation of paleoclimate proxy records of the hydrological cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Galewsky
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | | | - Robert D Field
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - John Worden
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Camille Risi
- Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Matthias Schneider
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-ASF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
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Mahata S, Bhattacharya SK, Liang MC. An improved method of high-precision determination of Δ(17)O of CO2 by catalyzed exchange with O2 using hot platinum. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:119-131. [PMID: 26661978 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE CO2 and O2 can exchange their oxygen isotopes rapidly in the presence of hot (~670 °C) platinum and this has led to a method for determining the δ(17)O value of a CO2 sample. We have improved the method to achieve a precision of 0.008 ‰ (1-σ standard deviation) in the determination of δ(17)O values. Such high precision is essential to identify the stratospheric component in tropospheric CO2 and use it for global carbon flux studies. The crucial issue in the accurate determination of the δ(17)O value is estimation of a correction factor, which depends on the amount ratio CO2/O2. An attempt was also made to investigate the mechanism of exchange with their controlling parameters. METHODS The oxygen isotopes of a CO2 sample gas are exchanged with those of an appropriate amount of tank O2 in the presence of hot platinum. The pre-exchange CO2 and O2 gas samples as well as the post-exchange O2 sample are analyzed by isotope ratio mass spectrometry. A mixing model was developed involving the δ(18)O value of the CO2 and δ(17)O and δ(18)O values of pre- and post-exchange O2 to obtain the δ(17)O value of the CO2 sample. A correction to the measured value was determined to obtain the actual value with high accuracy and precision. RESULTS To obtain a precision better than 0.01 ‰ requires the amount ratio CO2/O2 to be controlled to better than ~15 %. We also find that the oxygen isotopes are nearly homogeneously distributed between the O2 and the CO2 molecules. In addition, determination of the (16) O(13)C(18)O/(16)O(12)C(16)O isotopologue ratio in the CO2 shows that the abundance of (16)O(13)C(18)O is close to that expected for random partitioning of the isotopes among the CO2 isotopologues. CONCLUSIONS The isotopic scrambling between O2 and CO2 that occurs on hot platinum allows one to accurately determine the δ(17)O values of CO2 through isotopic analysis of O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasadhar Mahata
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - S K Bhattacharya
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Chang Liang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Gázquez F, Mather I, Rolfe J, Evans NP, Herwartz D, Staubwasser M, Hodell DA. Simultaneous analysis of (17) O/(16) O, (18) O/(16) O and (2) H/(1) H of gypsum hydration water by cavity ring-down laser spectroscopy. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:1997-2006. [PMID: 26443399 PMCID: PMC5132057 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The recent development of cavity ring-down laser spectroscopy (CRDS) instruments capable of measuring (17) O-excess in water has created new opportunities for studying the hydrologic cycle. Here we apply this new method to studying the triple oxygen ((17) O/(16) O, (18) O/(16) O) and hydrogen ((2) H/(1) H) isotope ratios of gypsum hydration water (GHW), which can provide information about the conditions under which the mineral formed and subsequent post-depositional interaction with other fluids. METHODS We developed a semi-automated procedure for extracting GHW by slowly heating the sample to 400°C in vacuo and cryogenically trapping the evolved water. The isotopic composition (δ(17) O, δ(18) O and δ(2) H values) of the GHW is subsequently measured by CRDS. The extraction apparatus allows the dehydration of five samples and one standard simultaneously, thereby increasing the long-term precision and sample throughput compared with previous methods. The apparatus is also useful for distilling brines prior to isotopic analysis. A direct comparison is made between results of (17) O-excess in GHW obtained by CRDS and fluorination followed by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) of O2 . RESULTS The long-term analytical precision of our method of extraction and isotopic analysis of GHW by CRDS is ±0.07‰ for δ(17) O values, ±0.13‰ for δ(18) O values and ±0.49‰ for δ(2) H values (all ±1SD), and ±1.1‰ and ±8 per meg for the deuterium-excess and (17) O-excess, respectively. Accurate measurement of the (17) O-excess values of GHW, of both synthetic and natural samples, requires the use of a micro-combustion module (MCM). This accessory removes contaminants (VOCs, H2 S, etc.) from the water vapour stream that interfere with the wavelengths used for spectroscopic measurement of water isotopologues. CRDS/MCM and IRMS methods yield similar isotopic results for the analysis of both synthetic and natural gypsum samples within analytical error of the two methods. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that precise and simultaneous isotopic measurements of δ(17) O, δ(18) O and δ(2) H values, and the derived deuterium-excess and (17) O-excess, can be obtained from GHW and brines using a new extraction apparatus and subsequent measurement by CRDS. This method provides new opportunities for the application of water isotope tracers in hydrologic and paleoclimatologic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Gázquez
- Godwin Laboratory for Palaeoclimate Research, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - Ian Mather
- Godwin Laboratory for Palaeoclimate Research, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - James Rolfe
- Godwin Laboratory for Palaeoclimate Research, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - Nicholas P Evans
- Godwin Laboratory for Palaeoclimate Research, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - Daniel Herwartz
- Institute für Geology und Mineralogy, Universität zu Köln, Greinstrasse 4-6, 50939, Köln, Germany
| | - Michael Staubwasser
- Institute für Geology und Mineralogy, Universität zu Köln, Greinstrasse 4-6, 50939, Köln, Germany
| | - David A Hodell
- Godwin Laboratory for Palaeoclimate Research, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, UK
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Song X, Loucos KE, Simonin KA, Farquhar GD, Barbour MM. Measurements of transpiration isotopologues and leaf water to assess enrichment models in cotton. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:637-646. [PMID: 25643590 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The two-pool and Péclet effect models represent two theories describing mechanistic controls underlying leaf water oxygen isotope composition at the whole-leaf level (δ(18) OL ). To test these models, we used a laser spectrometer coupled to a gas-exchange cuvette to make online measurements of δ(18) O of transpiration (δ(18) Otrans ) and transpiration rate (E) in 61 cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) leaves. δ(18) Otrans measurements permitted direct calculation of δ(18) O at the sites of evaporation (δ(18) Oe ) which, combined with values of δ(18) OL from the same leaves, allowed unbiased estimation of the proportional deviation of enrichment of δ(18) OL from that of δ(18) Oe (f) under both steady-state (SS) and non-steady-state (NSS) conditions. Among all leaves measured, f expressed relative to both δ(18) O of transpired water (ftrans ) and source water (fsw ) remained relatively constant with a mean ± SD of 0.11 ± 0.05 and 0.13 ± 0.05, respectively, regardless of variation in E spanning 0.8-9.1 mmol m(-2) s(-1) . Neither ftrans nor fsw exhibited a significant difference between the SS and NSS leaves at the P < 0.05 level. Our results suggest that the simpler two-pool model is adequate for predicting cotton leaf water enrichment at the whole-leaf level. We discuss the implications of adopting a two-pool concept for isotopic applications in ecological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Song
- Centre for Carbon, Water and Food, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Sydney, 380 Werombi Rd, NSW, 2570, Australia
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27
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Larcher L, Hara-Nishimura I, Sternberg L. Effects of stomatal density and leaf water content on the ¹⁸O enrichment of leaf water. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:141-151. [PMID: 25408145 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Leaf water isotopic composition is imprinted in several biomarkers of interest and it is imperative that we understand the isotopic enrichment of leaf water. Here, we test the effect of stomatal density and leaf water content on the oxygen isotopic composition of leaf water in transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing different stomatal densities, and several other species showing a range of stomatal density. We grew Arabidopsis plants hydroponically and collected other species in the field. Stomatal density and leaf water content were determined for each plant. We measured transpiration and extracted leaf water for isotopic determination. Using these measurements and the current leaf water isotope model, we calculated several of the parameters related to leaf water isotopic enrichment. High stomatal density promoted leaf water isotope enrichment. No conclusion, however, can be drawn regarding the effect of leaf water content on leaf water isotope enrichment. Factors such as transpiration might mask the effect of stomatal density on leaf water isotopic enrichment. We propose a method by which stomatal density can be incorporated in the current Peclet model of leaf water isotope enrichment. These findings have important applications in the use of plant-based metabolic proxies in paleoclimate studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Larcher
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ikuko Hara-Nishimura
- Graduate School of Science, Department of Botany, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Leonel Sternberg
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL, 33124, USA
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Simonin KA, Roddy AB, Link P, Apodaca R, Tu KP, Hu J, Dawson TE, Barbour MM. Isotopic composition of transpiration and rates of change in leaf water isotopologue storage in response to environmental variables. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:2190-206. [PMID: 23647101 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
During daylight hours, the isotope composition of leaf water generally approximates steady-state leaf water isotope enrichment model predictions. However, until very recently there was little direct confirmation that isotopic steady-state (ISS) transpiration in fact exists. Using isotope ratio infrared spectroscopy (IRIS) and leaf gas exchange systems we evaluated the isotope composition of transpiration and the rate of change in leaf water isotopologue storage (isostorage) when leaves were exposed to variable environments. In doing so, we developed a method for controlling the absolute humidity entering the gas exchange cuvette for a wide range of concentrations without changing the isotope composition of water vapour. The measurement system allowed estimation of (18)O enrichment both at the evaporation site and for bulk leaf water, in the steady state and the non-steady state. We show that non-steady-state effects dominate the transpiration isoflux even when leaves are at physiological steady state. Our results suggest that a variable environment likely prevents ISS transpiration from being achieved and that this effect may be exacerbated by lengthy leaf water turnover times due to high leaf water contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Simonin
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2570, Australia
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29
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Simultaneous measurement of δ2H, δ17O, and δ18O in H2O using a commercial cavity ringdown spectrometer. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 804:176-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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30
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Berman ESF, Levin NE, Landais A, Li S, Owano T. Measurement of δ18O, δ17O, and 17O-excess in water by off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy and isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2013; 85:10392-8. [PMID: 24032448 DOI: 10.1021/ac402366t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Stable isotopes of water have long been used to improve understanding of the hydrological cycle, catchment hydrology, and polar climate. Recently, there has been increasing interest in measurement and use of the less-abundant (17)O isotope in addition to (2)H and (18)O. Off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy (OA-ICOS) is demonstrated for accurate and precise measurements δ(18)O, δ(17)O, and (17)O-excess in liquid water. OA-ICOS involves no sample conversion and has a small footprint, allowing measurements to be made by researchers collecting the samples. Repeated (514) high-throughput measurements of the international isotopic reference water standard Greenland Ice Sheet Precipitation (GISP) demonstrate the precision and accuracy of OA-ICOS: δ(18)OVSMOW-SLAP = -24.74 ± 0.07‰ (1σ) and δ(17)OVSMOW-SLAP = -13.12 ± 0.05‰ (1σ). For comparison, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) value for δ(18)OVSMOW-SLAP is -24.76 ± 0.09‰ (1σ) and an average of previously reported values for δ(17)OVSMOW-SLAP is -13.12 ± 0.06‰ (1σ). Multiple (26) high-precision measurements of GISP provide a (17)O-excessVSMOW-SLAP of 23 ± 10 per meg (1σ); an average of previously reported values for (17)O-excessVSMOW-SLAP is 22 ± 11 per meg (1σ). For all these OA-ICOS measurements, precision can be further enhanced by additional averaging. OA-ICOS measurements were compared with two independent isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) laboratories and shown to have comparable accuracy and precision as the current fluorination-IRMS techniques in δ(18)O, δ(17)O, and (17)O-excess. The ability to measure accurately δ(18)O, δ(17)O, and (17)O-excess in liquid water inexpensively and without sample conversion is expected to increase vastly the application of δ(17)O and (17)O-excess measurements for scientific understanding of the water cycle, atmospheric convection, and climate modeling among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena S F Berman
- Los Gatos Research, 67 East Evelyn Avenue, Suite 3, Mountain View, California 94043, United States
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31
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Oxygen isotope anomaly observed in water vapor from Alert, Canada and the implication for the stratosphere. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:15608-13. [PMID: 24009339 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1313014110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify the possible anomalous oxygen isotope signature in stratospheric water predicted by model studies, 25 water vapor samples were collected in 2003-2005 at Alert station, Canada (82°30'N), where there is downward transport of stratospheric air to the polar troposphere, and were analyzed for δ(17)O and δ(18)O relative to Chicago local precipitation (CLP). The latter was chosen as a reference because the relatively large evaporative moisture source should erase any possible oxygen isotope anomaly from the stratosphere. A mass-dependent fractionation coefficient for meteoric waters, λMDF(H2O) = 0.529 ± 0.003 [2σ standard error (SE)], was determined from 27 CLP samples collected in 2003-2005. An oxygen isotopic anomaly of Δ(17)O = 76 ± 16 ppm (2σ SE) was found in water vapor samples from Alert relative to CLP. We propose that the positive oxygen isotope anomalies observed at Alert originated from stratospheric ozone, were transferred to water in the stratosphere, and subsequently mixed with tropospheric water at high latitudes as the stratospheric air descended into the troposphere. On the basis of this ground signal, the average Δ(17)O in stratospheric water vapor predicted by a steady-state box model is ∼40‰. Seven ice core samples (1930-1991) from Dasuopu glacier (Himalayas, China) and Standard Light Antarctic Precipitation did not show an obvious oxygen isotope anomaly, and Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water exhibited a negative Δ(17)O relative to CLP. Six Alert snow samples collected in March 2011 and measured at Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Gif sur Yvette, France, had (17)Oexcess of 45 ± 5 ppm (2σ SE) relative to Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water.
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32
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Schoenemann SW, Schauer AJ, Steig EJ. Measurement of SLAP2 and GISP δ17O and proposed VSMOW-SLAP normalization for δ17O and 17O(excess). RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:582-590. [PMID: 23413217 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The absence of an agreed-upon δ(17)O value for the primary reference water SLAP leads to significant discrepancies in the reported values of δ(17)O and the parameter (17)O(excess). The accuracy of δ(17)O and (17)O(excess) values is significantly improved if the measurements are normalized using a two-point calibration, following the convention for δ(2)H and δ(18)O values. METHODS New measurements of the δ(17)O values of SLAP2 and GISP are presented and compared with published data. Water samples were fluorinated with CoF(3). Helium carried the O(2) product to a 5A (4.2 to 4.4 Å) molecular sieve trap submerged in liquid nitrogen. The O(2) sample was introduced into a dual-inlet ThermoFinnigan MAT 253 isotope ratio mass spectrometer for measurement of m/z 32, 33, and 34. The δ(18)O and δ(17) values were calculated after 90 comparisons with an O(2) reference gas. RESULTS We propose that the accepted δ(17)O value of SLAP be defined in terms of δ(18) O = -55.5 ‰ and (17)O(excess) = 0, yielding a δ(17)O value of approximately -29.6986 ‰ [corrected]. Using this definition for SLAP and the recommended normalization procedure, the δ(17)O value of GISP is -13.16 ± 0.05 ‰ and the (17)O(excess) value of GISP is 22 ± 11 per meg. Correcting previous published values of GISP δ(17)O to both VSMOW and SLAP improves the inter-laboratory precision by about 10 per meg. CONCLUSIONS The data generated here and compiled from previous studies provide a substantial volume of evidence to evaluate the various normalization techniques currently used for triple oxygen isotope measurements. We recommend that reported δ(17) O and (17)O(excess) values be normalized to the VSMOW-SLAP scale, using a definition of SLAP such that its (17)O(excess) is exactly zero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spruce W Schoenemann
- Isolab, Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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33
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Tanaka R, Nakamura E. Determination of 17O-excess of terrestrial silicate/oxide minerals with respect to Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW). RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:285-297. [PMID: 23239376 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Oxygen triple isotope compositions give key information for understanding physical processes during isotopic fractionation between the geo-, hydro-, bio-, and atmosphere. For detailed discussion of these topics, it is necessary to determine precise (17)O-excess values of terrestrial silicate/oxide minerals with respect to Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW). METHODS Water was fluorinated in an electrically heated Ni-metal tube into which water and BrF(5) were loaded for the quantitative extraction of oxygen. Silicate/oxide minerals were fluorinated by heating with a CO(2) laser in an atmosphere of BrF(5). The extracted oxygen was purified and isotope ratios of the oxygen triple isotope compositions were determined using a Finnigan MAT253 isotope ratio mass spectrometer. RESULTS The oxygen triple isotope compositions of meteoric water and terrestrial silicate/oxide minerals fall on statistically distinguishable fractionation lines, defined as [ln(δ(17)O + 1) = λln(δ(18) O + 1) + Δ], where λ and Δ correspond to the slope and intercept, respectively. The fractionation line for meteoric water has λ = 0.5285 ± 0.0005 and Δ = 0.03 ± 0.02‰ and for terrestrial silicate/oxide minerals has λ = 0.5270 ± 0.0005 and Δ = -0.070 ± 0.005‰, at the 95% confidence limit. CONCLUSIONS All the analyzed terrestrial silicate/oxide minerals including internationally accepted reference materials (NBS-28, UWG-2, and San Carlos olivine) have a negative (17)O-excess with respect to VSMOW. We propose that it is necessary to specify if the determined δ(17)O values of terrestrial and extraterrestrial samples are expressed as the difference from VSMOW or the terrestrial silicate mineral-corrected value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoji Tanaka
- The Pheasant Memorial Laboratory for Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry, Institute for Study of the Earth's Interior, Okayama University, Misasa, Tottori 682-0193, Japan.
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34
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Hou S, Wang Y, Pang H. Climatology of stable isotopes in Antarctic snow and ice: Current status and prospects. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-012-5543-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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35
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Farquhar GD, Cernusak LA. Ternary effects on the gas exchange of isotopologues of carbon dioxide. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:1221-31. [PMID: 22292425 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02484.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The ternary effects of transpiration rate on the rate of assimilation of carbon dioxide through stomata, and on the calculation of the intercellular concentration of carbon dioxide, are now included in standard gas exchange studies. However, the equations for carbon isotope discrimination and for the exchange of oxygen isotopologues of carbon dioxide ignore ternary effects. Here we introduce equations to take them into account. The ternary effect is greatest when the leaf-to-air vapour mole fraction difference is greatest, and its impact is greatest on parameters derived by difference, such as the mesophyll resistance to CO(2) assimilation, r(m) . We show that the mesophyll resistance to CO(2) assimilation has been underestimated in the past. The impact is also large when there is a large difference in isotopic composition between the CO(2) inside the leaf and that in the air. We show that this partially reconciles estimates of the oxygen isotopic composition of CO(2) in the chloroplast and mitochondria in the light and in the dark, with values close to equilibrium with the estimated oxygen isotopic composition of water at the sites of evaporation within the leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham D Farquhar
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
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36
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Barkan E, Luz B. The relationships among the three stable isotopes of oxygen in air, seawater and marine photosynthesis. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:2367-2369. [PMID: 21766374 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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37
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Sun T, Bao H. Non-mass-dependent (17) O anomalies generated by a superimposed thermal gradient on a rarefied O(2) gas in a closed system. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:20-24. [PMID: 21154650 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cryogenic or heating methods have been widely used in experiments involving gas purification or isolation and in studying phase changes among solids, liquids, or gases for more than a century. Thermal gradients are often present in these routine processes. While stable isotopes of an element are known to fractionate under a thermal gradient, the largely diffusion-driven fractionation is assumed to be entirely mass-dependent. We report here, however, that distinct non-mass-dependent oxygen isotope fractionation can be generated when subjecting rarefied O(2) gas in a closed system to a simple thermal gradient. The Δ(17) O value, a measure of the (17) O anomaly, can be up to -0.51‰ (standard deviation (s.d.) 1σ = 0.03) in one of the temperature compartments. The magnitude of the (17) O anomalies decreased with increasing initial gas pressures. The authenticity of this phenomenon is substantiated by a series of blank tests and isotope mass-balance calculations. The observed anomalies are not the result of H(2) O contamination in samples or in isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Our finding calls attention to the importance of thermal gradient-induced isotope fractionation and to its implications in laboratory procedures, stable isotope geochemistry, and the physical chemistry of rarefied gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-4101, USA
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38
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Risi C, Landais A, Bony S, Jouzel J, Masson-Delmotte V, Vimeux F. Understanding the17O excess glacial-interglacial variations in Vostok precipitation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Iannone RQ, Romanini D, Cattani O, Meijer HAJ, Kerstel ERT. Water isotope ratio (δ2H andδ18O) measurements in atmospheric moisture using an optical feedback cavity enhanced absorption laser spectrometer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Kaiser J, Röckmann T. Correction of mass spectrometric isotope ratio measurements for isobaric isotopologues of O2, CO, CO2, N2O and SO2. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:3997-4008. [PMID: 19016255 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Gas isotope ratio mass spectrometers usually measure ion current ratios of molecules, not atoms. Often several isotopologues contribute to an ion current at a particular mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). Therefore, corrections have to be applied to derive the desired isotope ratios. These corrections are usually formulated in terms of isotope ratios (R), but this does not reflect the practice of measuring the ion current ratios of the sample relative to those of a reference material. Correspondingly, the relative ion current ratio differences (expressed as delta values) are first converted into isotopologue ratios, then into isotope ratios and finally back into elemental delta values. Here, we present a reformulation of this data reduction procedure entirely in terms of delta values and the 'absolute' isotope ratios of the reference material. This also shows that not the absolute isotope ratios of the reference material themselves, but only product and ratio combinations of them, are required for the data reduction. These combinations can be and, for carbon and oxygen have been, measured by conventional isotope ratio mass spectrometers. The frequently implied use of absolute isotope ratios measured by specially calibrated instruments is actually unnecessary. Following related work on CO2, we here derive data reduction equations for the species O2, CO, N2O and SO2. We also suggest experiments to measure the required absolute ratio combinations for N2O, SO2 and O2. As a prelude, we summarise historic and recent measurements of absolute isotope ratios in international isotope reference materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kaiser
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
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Pfahl S, Wernli H. Air parcel trajectory analysis of stable isotopes in water vapor in the eastern Mediterranean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd009839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Uemura R, Matsui Y, Yoshimura K, Motoyama H, Yoshida N. Evidence of deuterium excess in water vapor as an indicator of ocean surface conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Horita J, Rozanski K, Cohen S. Isotope effects in the evaporation of water: a status report of the Craig-Gordon model. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2008; 44:23-49. [PMID: 18320426 DOI: 10.1080/10256010801887174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The Craig-Gordon model (C-G model) [H. Craig, L.I. Gordon. Deuterium and oxygen 18 variations in the ocean and the marine atmosphere. In Stable Isotopes in Oceanographic Studies and Paleotemperatures, E. Tongiorgi (Ed.), pp. 9-130, Laboratorio di Geologia Nucleare, Pisa (1965).] has been synonymous with the isotope effects associated with the evaporation of water from surface waters, soils, and vegetations, which in turn constitutes a critical component of the global water cycle. On the occasion of the four decades of its successful applications to isotope geochemistry and hydrology, an attempt is made to: (a) examine its physical background within the framework of modern evaporation models, (b) evaluate our current knowledge of the environmental parameters of the C-G model, and (c) comment on a general strategy for the use of these parameters in field applications. Despite its simplistic representation of evaporation processes at the water-air interface, the C-G model appears to be adequate to provide the isotopic composition of the evaporation flux. This is largely due to its nature for representing isotopic compositions (a ratio of two fluxes of different isotopic water molecules) under the same environmental conditions. Among many environmental parameters that are included in the C-G model, accurate description and calculations are still problematic of the kinetic isotope effects that occur in a diffusion-dominated thin layer of air next to the water-air interface. In field applications, it is of importance to accurately evaluate several environmental parameters, particularly the relative humidity and isotopic compositions of the 'free-atmosphere', for a system under investigation over a given time-scale of interest (e.g., hourly to daily to seasonally). With a growing interest in the studies of water cycles of different spatial and temporal scales, including paleoclimate and water resource studies, the importance and utility of the C-G model is also likely to grow in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juske Horita
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6110, USA.
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