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Wan R, Kong X, Yang Y, Tao S, Chen Y, Teichmann AT, Wieland FH. Role of human 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isoforms (AKR1C1-AKR1C3) in the extrahepatic metabolism of the steroidal aromatase inactivator Formestane. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 198:105527. [PMID: 31733346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The clinical use of the steroidal aromatase inhibitor Formestane (4-hydroxandrostenedione, 4-OHA) in the treatment of advanced ER+ breast cancer has been discontinued, and therefore, interest in this remarkable drug has vanished. As a C-19 sterol, 4-OHA can undergo extensive intracellular metabolism depending on the expression of specific enzymes in the corresponding cells. We used the metabolites 4β-hydroxyandrosterone, 4β-hydroxyepiandrosterone and its 17β-reduced derivative as standards for the proof of catalytic activity present in the cell culture medium and expressed by the isolated enzymes. All of the aldo-keto reductases AKR1C1, AKR1C2, AKR1C3 and AKR1C4 catalysed the reduction of the 3-keto-group and the Δ4,5 double bond of 4-OHA at the same time. Molecular docking experiments using microscale thermophoresis and the examination of the kinetic behaviour of the isolated enzymes with the substrate 4-OHA proved that AKR1C3 had the highest affinity for the substrate, whereas AKR1C1 was the most efficient enzyme. Both enzymes (AKR1C1and AKR1C3) are highly expressed in adipose tissue and lungs, exhibiting 3β-HSD activity. The possibility that 4-OHA generates biologically active derivatives such as the androgen 4-hydroxytestosterone or some 17β-hydroxy derivatives of the 5α-reduced metabolites may reawaken interest in Formestane, provided that a suitable method of administration can be developed, avoiding oral or intramuscular depot-injection administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runlan Wan
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Gynaecology and Breast Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medical Electrophysiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Xi Kong
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Gynaecology and Breast Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Youzhe Yang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Gynaecology and Breast Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Siwen Tao
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Youyou Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Alexander Tobias Teichmann
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Gynaecology and Breast Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Frank Heinrich Wieland
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Gynaecology and Breast Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
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de la Torre X, Martinez Brito D, Colamonici C, Parr MK, Botrè F. Metabolism of formestane in humans: Identification of urinary biomarkers for antidoping analysis. Steroids 2019; 146:34-42. [PMID: 30904502 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Formestane (4-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione, 4OH-AED) is an aromatase inhibitor prohibited in sports. In recent years, it has been demonstrated that it can also originate endogenously by the hydroxylation in C4 position of androstenedione. Thus, the use of isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) is mandatory according to the World Antidoping Agency (WADA) to discriminate endogenous from synthetic origin. In a previous work and after oral administrations of formestane (4OH-AED), the ratio between the main formestane metabolite (4α-hydroxyepiandrosterone; 4OH-EA) and formestane parent compound could help to identify the endogenous origin, avoiding unnecessary and costly IRMS confirmations. In the present work, we investigated whether the same criteria could also be applied after transdermal applications. Six volunteers were transdermally treated once with formestane. Urine samples were collected for 120 h postadministration and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS and GC-MS/MS). Formestane and its major metabolites were monitored. The kinetic profile of formestane and its main metabolites was found different between oral and transdermal application. A shift on the excretion of the metabolites compared to formestane itself that can be observed after the oral administration, is absent after the transdermal one. This makes that a simple criteria cannot be applied to differentiate the endogenous from the synthetic origin based on metabolic ratios. The ratio between 4-hydroxyepiandrosterone and 4-hydroxyandrosterone (4OH-A) can be used to differentiate the route of administration. Ratios higher than one (4OH-EA/4OH-A > 1) are diagnostic of an oral administration. This allows to correctly interpret the 4OH-EA/4OH-AED ratio as proposed in our previous investigation. The results of this work demonstrate that the use of appropriate biomarkers (metabolic ratios) helps to reach correct conclusions without using complex and costly instrumentation approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- X de la Torre
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy.
| | | | - C Colamonici
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - M K Parr
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - F Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 291, 00161 Roma, Italy
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Cyclodextrin based polymer sorbents for micro-solid phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in determination of endogenous steroids. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1543:23-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Piper T, Putz M, Schänzer W, Pop V, McLeod MD, Uduwela DR, Stevenson BJ, Thevis M. Epiandrosterone sulfate prolongs the detectability of testosterone, 4-androstenedione, and dihydrotestosterone misuse by means of carbon isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1695-1703. [PMID: 28836353 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In the course of investigations into the metabolism of testosterone (T) by means of deuterated T and hydrogen isotope ratio mass spectrometry, a pronounced influence of the oral administration of T on sulfoconjugated steroid metabolites was observed. Especially in case of epiandrosterone sulfate (EPIA_S), the contribution of exogenous T to the urinary metabolite was traceable up to 8 days after a single oral dose of 40 mg of T. These findings initiated follow-up studies on the capability of EPIA_S to extend the detection of T and T analogue misuse by carbon isotope ratio (CIR) mass spectrometry in sports drug testing. Excretion study urine samples obtained after transdermal application of T and after oral administration of 4-androstenedione, dihydrotestosterone, and EPIA were investigated regarding urinary concentrations and CIR. With each administered steroid, EPIA_S was significantly depleted and prolonged the detectability when compared to routinely used steroidal target compounds by a factor of 2 to 5. In order to simplify the sample preparation procedure for sulfoconjugated compounds, enzymatic cleavage by Pseudomonas aeruginosa arylsulfatase was tested and implemented into CIR measurements for the first time. Further simplification was achieved by employing multidimensional gas chromatography to ensure the required peak purity for CIR determinations, instead of sample purification strategies using liquid chromatographic fractionation. Taking into account these results that demonstrate the unique and broad applicability of EPIA_S for the detection of illicit administrations of T or T-related steroids, careful consideration of how this steroid can be implemented into routine doping control analysis appears warranted. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Piper
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marlen Putz
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Valentin Pop
- Romanian Doping Control Laboratory, National Anti-Doping Agency, Bvd. Basarabia, nr. 37-39, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Malcolm D McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Dimanthi R Uduwela
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Bradley J Stevenson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Mario Thevis
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
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Casilli A, Piper T, de Oliveira FA, Padilha MC, Pereira HM, Thevis M, de Aquino Neto FR. Optimization of an online heart-cutting multidimensional gas chromatography clean-up step for isotopic ratio mass spectrometry and simultaneous quadrupole mass spectrometry measurements of endogenous anabolic steroid in urine. Drug Test Anal 2016; 8:1204-1211. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Casilli
- Brazilian Laboratory Doping Control; LBCD-LADETEC/IQ-UFRJ; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Thomas Piper
- German Sport University Cologne; Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; Köln Germany
| | | | - Monica Costa Padilha
- Brazilian Laboratory Doping Control; LBCD-LADETEC/IQ-UFRJ; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | | | - Mario Thevis
- German Sport University Cologne; Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; Köln Germany
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Baume N, Jan N, Emery C, Mandanis B, Schweizer C, Giraud S, Leuenberger N, Marclay F, Nicoli R, Perrenoud L, Robinson N, Dvorak J, Saugy M. Antidoping programme and biological monitoring before and during the 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil. Br J Sports Med 2016; 49:614-22. [PMID: 25878079 PMCID: PMC4413745 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-094762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background The FIFA has implemented an important antidoping programme for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Aim To perform the analyses before and during the World Cup with biological monitoring of blood and urine samples. Methods All qualified players from the 32 teams participating in the World Cup were tested out-of-competition. During the World Cup, 2–8 players per match were tested. Over 1000 samples were collected in total and analysed in the WADA accredited Laboratory of Lausanne. Results The quality of the analyses was at the required level as described in the WADA technical documents. The urinary steroid profiles of the players were stable and consistent with previously published papers on football players. During the competition, amphetamine was detected in a sample collected on a player who had a therapeutic use exemption for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The blood passport data showed no significant difference in haemoglobin values between out-of-competition and postmatch samples. Conclusions Logistical issues linked to biological samples collection, and the overseas shipment during the World Cup did not impair the quality of the analyses, especially when used as the biological passport of football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Baume
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva & Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Jan
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva & Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Emery
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva & Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Béatrice Mandanis
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva & Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Carine Schweizer
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva & Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Giraud
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva & Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Leuenberger
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva & Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - François Marclay
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva & Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Raul Nicoli
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva & Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Perrenoud
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva & Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Neil Robinson
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva & Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Jiri Dvorak
- FIFA, Zürich, Switzerland FIFA Medical Assessment and Research Centre (F-MARC) and Schulthess Clinic, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martial Saugy
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva & Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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Cawley AT, Blakey K, Waller CC, McLeod MD, Boyd S, Heather A, McGrath KC, Handelsman DJ, Willis AC. Detection and metabolic investigations of a novel designer steroid: 3-chloro-17α-methyl-5α-androstan-17β-ol. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:621-32. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam T. Cawley
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory; Racing NSW; Randwick NSW Australia
| | - Karen Blakey
- Forensic and Scientific Services, Health Support Queensland; Department of Health, Queensland Government; Archerfield QLD Australia
| | - Christopher C. Waller
- Research School of Chemistry; Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Malcolm D. McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry; Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Sue Boyd
- Magnetic Resonance Facility, School of Natural Sciences; Griffith University; Nathan QLD Australia
| | - Alison Heather
- Faculty of Science; University of Technology; Sydney NSW Australia
- Currently with the Department of Physiology; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | | | | | - Anthony C. Willis
- Research School of Chemistry; Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
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de la Torre X, Colamonici C, Curcio D, Jardines D, Molaioni F, Parr MK, Botrè F. Detection of formestane abuse by mass spectrometric techniques. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:1133-40. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier de la Torre
- Laboratorio Antidoping; Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana; Largo Giulio Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
| | - Cristiana Colamonici
- Laboratorio Antidoping; Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana; Largo Giulio Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
| | - Davide Curcio
- Laboratorio Antidoping; Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana; Largo Giulio Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
| | - Daniel Jardines
- Laboratorio Antidoping; Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana; Largo Giulio Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
| | - Francesco Molaioni
- Laboratorio Antidoping; Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana; Largo Giulio Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy; Freie Univeristät Berlin; Königin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4 14195 Berlin Germany
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne (DSHS); Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping; Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana; Largo Giulio Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale; ‘Sapienza’ Università di Roma; Viale Regina Elena 324 00161 Rome Italy
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Polet M, Van Renterghem P, Van Gansbeke W, Van Eenoo P. Studies on the minor metabolite 6a-hydroxy-androstenedione for doping control purposes and its contribution to the steroid profile. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:978-84. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Polet
- Ghent University; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory; Technologiepark 30 B B-9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Pieter Van Renterghem
- Ghent University; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory; Technologiepark 30 B B-9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Wim Van Gansbeke
- Ghent University; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory; Technologiepark 30 B B-9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Ghent University; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory; Technologiepark 30 B B-9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
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10
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Polet M, Van Renterghem P, Van Gansbeke W, Van Eenoo P. Profiling of urinary formestane and confirmation by isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Steroids 2013; 78:1103-9. [PMID: 23933120 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Formestane (F, androst-4-en-4-ol-3,17-dione) is an irreversible aromatase inhibitor with the ability to suppress the estrogen production from anabolic steroids. Consequently, F is mentioned on the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) prohibited list and because studies have shown that F is produced endogenously in small amounts, a threshold for urinary excreted F of 150 ng/mL was introduced. Lower concentrations could be due to endogenous production and need further investigation to prove the exact origin through determination of the carbon isotope ratio. However, because the current screening methods are a lot more sensitive, F is detected in practically every urine sample. A strict implementation of this WADA rule would imply that almost every urine sample needs additional investigation to verify an exogenous or endogenous origin. The main aim of this study was to propose and introduce a lower concentration limit of 25 ng/mL beneath which the detected F is considered as being endogenous and no further investigation is needed. The data presented in this paper suggests that this threshold provides a good balance between a sufficiently large detection window and not having to perform isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) analyses on negative urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Polet
- Ghent University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
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GC-MS–Based Quantitative Signatures of Cytochrome P450–Mediated Steroid Oxidation Induced by Rifampicin. Ther Drug Monit 2013; 35:473-84. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e318286ee02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Leung GNW, Kwok WH, Wan TSM, Lam KKH, Schiff PJ. Metabolic studies of formestane in horses. Drug Test Anal 2013; 5:412-9. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary N. W. Leung
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse; Sha Tin; N.T.; Hong Kong, China
| | - W. H. Kwok
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse; Sha Tin; N.T.; Hong Kong, China
| | - Terence S. M. Wan
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse; Sha Tin; N.T.; Hong Kong, China
| | - Kenneth K. H. Lam
- Veterinary Regulation & International Liaison; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; ShaTin Racecourse; Sha Tin; N.T.; Hong Kong, China
| | - Peter J. Schiff
- Veterinary Regulation & International Liaison; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; ShaTin Racecourse; Sha Tin; N.T.; Hong Kong, China
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Piper T, Thomas A, Thevis M, Saugy M. Investigations on hydrogen isotope ratios of endogenous urinary steroids: reference-population-based thresholds and proof-of-concept. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:717-27. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Piper
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analysis; University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University Lausanne; Ch. des Croisettes 22; CH-1066; Epalinges; Switzerland
| | - Andreas Thomas
- German Sport University Cologne; Center for Preventive Doping Research; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6; 50933; Köln; Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- German Sport University Cologne; Center for Preventive Doping Research; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6; 50933; Köln; Germany
| | - Martial Saugy
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analysis; University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University Lausanne; Ch. des Croisettes 22; CH-1066; Epalinges; Switzerland
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14
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Cawley AT, George AV. Complementary stable carbon isotope ratio and amount of substance measurements in sports anti-doping. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:897-911. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrian V. George
- School of Chemistry; University of Sydney; Sydney; NSW; 2006; Australia
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15
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Pujos E, Cren-Olivé C, Goetinck P, Flament-Waton MM, Grenier-Loustalot MF. Optimization of the Extraction and Analysis of Natural Androgen Steroids and Their Metabolites in Urine by GC/MS and GC/FID. ANAL LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2011.644735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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De Brabanter N, Van Gansbeke W, Geldof L, Van Eenoo P. An improved gas chromatography screening method for doping substances using triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, with an emphasis on quality assurance. Biomed Chromatogr 2012; 26:1416-35. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nik De Brabanter
- Doping Control Laboratory; Ghent University; Technologiepark 30; B-9052; Zwijnaarde; Belgium
| | - Wim Van Gansbeke
- Doping Control Laboratory; Ghent University; Technologiepark 30; B-9052; Zwijnaarde; Belgium
| | - Lore Geldof
- Doping Control Laboratory; Ghent University; Technologiepark 30; B-9052; Zwijnaarde; Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Doping Control Laboratory; Ghent University; Technologiepark 30; B-9052; Zwijnaarde; Belgium
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Piper T, Fusshöller G, Emery C, Schänzer W, Saugy M. Investigations on carbon isotope ratios and concentrations of urinary formestane. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:942-50. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Caroline Emery
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analysis; Epalinges; Switzerland
| | | | - Martial Saugy
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analysis; Epalinges; Switzerland
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18
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Anizan S, Bichon E, Di Nardo D, Monteau F, Cesbron N, Antignac JP, Le Bizec B. Screening of 4-androstenedione misuse in cattle by LC–MS/MS profiling of glucuronide and sulfate steroids in urine. Talanta 2011; 86:186-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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19
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Current status of hyphenated mass spectrometry in studies of the metabolism of drugs of abuse, including doping agents. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:195-208. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5331-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Recent developments in the use of isotope ratio mass spectrometry in sports drug testing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:433-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4886-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Van Renterghem P, Van Eenoo P, Delbeke FT. Population based evaluation of a multi-parametric steroid profiling on administered endogenous steroids in single low dose. Steroids 2010; 75:1047-57. [PMID: 20688095 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2010.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Steroid profiling provides valuable information to detect doping with endogenous steroids. Apart from the traditionally monitored steroids, minor metabolites can play an important role to increase the specificity and efficiency of current detection methods. The applicability of several minor steroid metabolites was tested on administration studies with low doses of oral testosterone (T), T gel, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) gel and oral dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). The collected data for all monitored parameters were evaluated with the respective population based reference ranges. Besides the traditional markers T/E, T and DHT, minor metabolites 4-OH-Adion and 6α-OH-Adion were found as most sensitive metabolites to detect oral T administration. The most sensitive metabolites for the detection of DHEA were identified as 16α-OH-DHEA and 7β-OH-DHEA but longest detection up to three days (after oral administration of 50 mg) was obtained with non-specific 5β-steroids and its ratios. Steroids applied as a gel had longer effects on the metabolism but were generally not detectable with universal decision criteria. It can be concluded that population based reference ranges show limited overall performance in detecting misuse of small doses of natural androgens. Although some minor metabolites provide additional information for the oral testosterone and DHEA formulations, the topical administered steroids could not be detected for all volunteers using universal reference limits. Application of other population based threshold limits did not lead to longer detection times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Van Renterghem
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), UGent, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
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Van Renterghem P, Van Eenoo P, Sottas PE, Saugy M, Delbeke F. Subject-based steroid profiling and the determination of novel biomarkers for DHT and DHEA misuse in sports. Drug Test Anal 2010; 2:582-8. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Liu Y, Uboh CE, Soma LR, Li X, Guan F, You Y, Rudy JA, Chen JW. Detection and confirmation of 60 anabolic and androgenic steroids in equine plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with instant library searching. Drug Test Anal 2010; 3:54-67. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Abstract
CONTEXT Doping with anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) both in sports (especially power sports) and among specific subsets of the population is rampant. With increasing availability of designer androgens, significant efforts are needed by antidoping authorities to develop sensitive methods to detect their use. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION The PubMed and Google Scholar search engines were used to identify publications addressing various forms of doping, methods employed in their detection, and adverse effects associated with their use. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS The list of drugs prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has grown in the last decade. The newer entries into this list include gonadotropins, estrogen antagonists, aromatase inhibitors, androgen precursors, and selective androgen receptor modulators. The use of mass spectrometry has revolutionized the detection of various compounds; however, challenges remain in identifying newer designer androgens because their chemical signature is unknown. Development of high throughput bioassays may be an answer to this problem. It appears that the use of AAS continues to be associated with premature mortality (especially cardiovascular) in addition to suppressed spermatogenesis, gynecomastia, and virilization. CONCLUSION The attention that androgen abuse has received lately should be used as an opportunity to educate both athletes and the general population regarding their adverse effects. The development of sensitive detection techniques may help discourage (at least to some extent) the abuse of these compounds. Investigations are needed to identify ways to hasten the recovery of the gonadal axis in AAS users and to determine the mechanism of cardiac damage by these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehzad Basaria
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
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Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2010; 2:149-61. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Parr MK, Flenker U, Schänzer W. Sports-related issues and biochemistry of natural and synthetic anabolic substances. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2010; 39:45-57, viii. [PMID: 20122449 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Testosterone is the principal male sex hormone. As with all natural steroids, it is biosynthesized from cholesterol. Phase I metabolism employs some very specific enzymes and pathways. Phase II metabolism and excretion follow more general patterns. The effects of testosterone are twofold: anabolic and androgenic. Because of its anabolic effects, testosterone is frequently abused in sports. Because of its endogenous nature, testosterone doping is difficult to detect. The standard procedure is based on the evaluation of the urinary steroid profile. Conspicuous samples then are submitted to compound-specific (13)C/(12)C analysis. Synthetic and endogenous steroids differ in this measure. Numerous xenobiotic compounds have been derived from testosterone. The modifications typically aim at a reduction of the androgenic properties while maintaining the anabolic potential. Most of these compounds have been withdrawn from the legal market. However, they are found to be illicitly added to otherwise inefficient nutritional supplements. These products represent a major problem to doping control. Recently, clinical trials with selective androgen receptor modulators have been started.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K Parr
- Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne (DSHS), Cologne, Germany
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Brooker L, Parr MK, Cawley A, Flenker U, Howe C, Kazlauskas R, Schänzer W, George A. Development of criteria for the detection of adrenosterone administration by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry for doping control. Drug Test Anal 2009; 1:587-95. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Current Awareness in Drug Testing and Analysis. Drug Test Anal 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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