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Facilitating chemical and biochemical experiments with electronic microcontrollers and single-board computers. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:925-990. [PMID: 31996842 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0272-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Since the advent of modern science, researchers have had to rely on their technical skills or the support of specialized workshops to construct analytical instruments. The notion of the 'fourth industrial revolution' promotes construction of customized systems by individuals using widely available, inexpensive electronic modules. This protocol shows how chemists and biochemists can utilize a broad range of microcontroller boards (MCBs) and single-board computers (SBCs) to improve experimental designs and address scientific questions. We provide seven example procedures for laboratory routines that can be expedited by implementing this technology: (i) injection of microliter-volume liquid plugs into microscale capillaries for low-volume assays; (ii) transfer of liquid extract to a mass spectrometer; (iii) liquid-gas extraction of volatile organic compounds (called 'fizzy extraction'), followed by mass spectrometric detection; (iv) monitoring of experimental conditions over the Internet cloud in real time; (v) transfer of analytes to a mass spectrometer via a liquid microjunction interface, data acquisition, and data deposition into the Internet cloud; (vi) feedback control of a biochemical reaction; and (vii) optimization of sample flow rate in direct-infusion mass spectrometry. The protocol constitutes a primer for chemists and biochemists who would like to take advantage of MCBs and SBCs in daily experimentation. It is assumed that the readers have not attended any courses related to electronics or programming. Using the instructions provided in this protocol and the cited material, readers should be able to assemble simple systems to facilitate various procedures performed in chemical and biochemical laboratories in 1-2 d.
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2
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Mao F, Yu K, He J, Zhou Q, Zhang G, Wang W, Li N, Zhang H, Jiang J. Real-time monitoring of electroreduction and labelling of disulfide-bonded peptides and proteins by mass spectrometry. Analyst 2019; 144:6898-6904. [PMID: 31638109 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01420a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The accurate determination of disulfide bonds for protein identification is in high demand. In this study, a simple electrochemical-mass spectrometry (EC-MS) method that possesses advantages of real-time information, simultaneous disulfide bond electroreduction and tagging was developed. In this EC-MS, an ITO glass corner functions as a counter electrode and spray system, and allows the direct sampling of the droplet-scale reacting solution in real-time. The application of this method was successfully demonstrated by electrochemical reduction of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) with one disulfide bond as well as insulin with multiple disulfide bonds. The preferred electroreduction of intermolecular-bonded disulfides for insulin has been observed and the intramolecular bond was not favored. Moreover, simultaneously tagging the formed thiol residues from electroreduction of GSSG using electrogenerated intermediates such as dopamine orthoquinone (DQ) and benzoquinone (Q) was performed. A proof-of-concept was also demonstrated with a large molecule, β-lactoglobulin A. The relationship between signal strength and operating parameters was also studied. This method successfully detected the reduction reaction of the disulfide bond in the polypeptide and protein. The detection limit (S/N ≥ 3) is 0.398 μg mL-1. These results suggest that this EC-MS platform can count cysteine moieties in proteins using a single drop of sample and in real-time and is promising for protein identification experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjiao Mao
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209, P.R. China.
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Pei J, Hsu CC, Zhang R, Wang Y, Yu K, Huang G. Unexpected Reduction of Iminoquinone and Quinone Derivatives in Positive Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry and Possible Mechanism Exploration. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:2454-2461. [PMID: 28786093 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1770-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Unexpected reduction of iminoquinone (IQ) and quinone derivatives was first reported during positive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Upon increasing spray voltage, the intensities of IQ and quinone derivatives decreased drastically, accompanying the increase of the intensities of the reduction products, amodiaquine (AQ) and phenol derivatives. To gain more insight into the mechanism of such reduction, we explored the experimental factors that are influential to corona discharge (CD). The results show that experimental parameters that favor severe CD, including metal spray emitter, using water as spray solvent, sheath gas with low dielectric strength (e.g., nitrogen), and shorter spray tip-to-mass spectrometer inlet distance, facilitated the reduction of IQ and quinone derivatives, implying that the reduction should be closely related to CD in the gas phase. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiying Pei
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Chih Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ruijie Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinghui Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Kefu Yu
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangming Huang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China.
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Yuill EM, Baker LA. Electrochemical Aspects of Mass Spectrometry: Atmospheric Pressure Ionization and Ambient Ionization for Bioanalysis. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Yuill
- Department of Chemistry; Indiana University; 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington, Indiana 47405 USA
| | - Lane A. Baker
- Department of Chemistry; Indiana University; 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington, Indiana 47405 USA
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Dual reductive/oxidative electrochemistry/liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry: Towards peptide and protein modification, separation and identification. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1479:153-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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6
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Büter L, Faber H, Wigger T, Vogel M, Karst U. Differential Protein Labeling Based on Electrochemically Generated Reactive Intermediates. Anal Chem 2015; 87:9931-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Büter
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Helene Faber
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Tina Wigger
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Vogel
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Uwe Karst
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
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7
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Luzzatto-Knaan T, Melnik AV, Dorrestein PC. Mass spectrometry tools and workflows for revealing microbial chemistry. Analyst 2015; 140:4949-66. [PMID: 25996313 PMCID: PMC5444374 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00171d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Since the time Van Leeuwenhoek was able to observe microbes through a microscope, an innovation that led to the birth of the field of microbiology, we have aimed to understand how microorganisms function, interact and communicate. The exciting progress in the development of analytical technologies and workflows has demonstrated that mass spectrometry is a very powerful technique for the interrogation of microbiology at the molecular level. In this review, we aim to highlight the available and emerging tools in mass spectrometry for microbial analysis by overviewing the methods and workflow advances for taxonomic identification, microbial interaction, dereplication and drug discovery. We emphasize their potential for future development and point out unsolved problems and future directions that would aid in the analysis of the chemistry produced by microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Luzzatto-Knaan
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
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8
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Adduct formation of electrochemically generated reactive intermediates with biomolecules. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Diamond nanowires: a novel platform for electrochemistry and matrix-free mass spectrometry. SENSORS 2015; 15:12573-93. [PMID: 26024422 PMCID: PMC4507696 DOI: 10.3390/s150612573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decades, carbon-based nanostructures have generated a huge interest from both fundamental and technological viewpoints owing to their physicochemical characteristics, markedly different from their corresponding bulk states. Among these nanostructured materials, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and more recently graphene and its derivatives, hold a central position. The large amount of work devoted to these materials is driven not only by their unique mechanical and electrical properties, but also by the advances made in synthetic methods to produce these materials in large quantities with reasonably controllable morphologies. While much less studied than CNTs and graphene, diamond nanowires, the diamond analogue of CNTs, hold promise for several important applications. Diamond nanowires display several advantages such as chemical inertness, high mechanical strength, high thermal and electrical conductivity, together with proven biocompatibility and existence of various strategies to functionalize their surface. The unique physicochemical properties of diamond nanowires have generated wide interest for their use as fillers in nanocomposites, as light detectors and emitters, as substrates for nanoelectronic devices, as tips for scanning probe microscopy as well as for sensing applications. In the past few years, studies on boron-doped diamond nanowires (BDD NWs) focused on increasing their electrochemical active surface area to achieve higher sensitivity and selectivity compared to planar diamond interfaces. The first part of the present review article will cover the promising applications of BDD NWS for label-free sensing. Then, the potential use of diamond nanowires as inorganic substrates for matrix-free laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry, a powerful label-free approach for quantification and identification of small compounds, will be discussed.
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Badu-Tawiah AK, Eberlin LS, Ouyang Z, Cooks RG. Chemical aspects of the extractive methods of ambient ionization mass spectrometry. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2013; 64:481-505. [PMID: 23331308 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-040412-110026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ambient ionization techniques allow complex chemical samples to be analyzed in their native state with minimal sample preparation. This brings the obvious advantages of simplicity, speed, and versatility to mass spectrometry: Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI), for example, is used in chemical imaging for tumor margin diagnosis. This review on the extractive methods of ambient ionization focuses on chemical aspects, mechanistic considerations, and the accelerated chemical reactions occurring in charged liquid droplets generated in the spray process. DESI uses high-velocity solvent droplets to extract analytes from surfaces. Nano-DESI employs liquid microjunctions for analyte dissolution, whereas paper-spray ionization uses DC potentials applied to wet porous material such as paper or biological tissue to field emit charged analyte-containing solvent droplets. These methods also operate in a reactive mode in which added reagents allow derivatization during ionization. The accelerated reaction rates seen in charged microdroplets are useful in small-scale rapid chemical synthesis.
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Liu P, Lu M, Zheng Q, Zhang Y, Dewald HD, Chen H. Recent advances of electrochemical mass spectrometry. Analyst 2013; 138:5519-39. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an00709j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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12
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Jahn S, Karst U. Electrochemistry coupled to (liquid chromatography/) mass spectrometry—Current state and future perspectives. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1259:16-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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13
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Liu P, Lanekoff IT, Laskin J, Dewald HD, Chen H. Study of Electrochemical Reactions Using Nanospray Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2012; 84:5737-43. [DOI: 10.1021/ac300916k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengyuan Liu
- Center for Intelligent Chemical
Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clippinger
Laboratories, Ohio University, Athens,
Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Ingela T. Lanekoff
- Chemical and Materials Sciences
Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999 K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Julia Laskin
- Chemical and Materials Sciences
Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999 K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Howard D. Dewald
- Center for Intelligent Chemical
Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clippinger
Laboratories, Ohio University, Athens,
Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Hao Chen
- Center for Intelligent Chemical
Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clippinger
Laboratories, Ohio University, Athens,
Ohio 45701, United States
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14
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Harris GA, Galhena AS, Fernández FM. Ambient sampling/ionization mass spectrometry: applications and current trends. Anal Chem 2011; 83:4508-38. [PMID: 21495690 DOI: 10.1021/ac200918u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Glenn A Harris
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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15
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Giron P, Dayon L, Sanchez JC. Cysteine tagging for MS-based proteomics. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:366-395. [PMID: 21500242 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Amino acid-tagging strategies are widespread in proteomics. Because of the central role of mass spectrometry (MS) as a detection technique in protein sciences, the term "mass tagging" was coined to describe the attachment of a label, which serves MS analysis and/or adds analytical value to the measurements. These so-called mass tags can be used for separation, enrichment, detection, and quantitation of peptides and proteins. In this context, cysteine is a frequent target for modifications because the thiol function can react specifically by nucleophilic substitution or addition. Furthermore, cysteines present natural modifications of biological importance and a low occurrence in the proteome that justify the development of strategies to specifically target them in peptides or proteins. In the present review, the mass-tagging methods directed to cysteine residues are comprehensively discussed, and the advantages and drawbacks of these strategies are addressed. Some concrete applications are given to underline the relevance of cysteine-tagging techniques for MS-based proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscille Giron
- Biomedical Proteomics Research Group, Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Department, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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16
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Chai Y, Sun H, Wan J, Pan Y, Sun C. Hydride abstraction in positive-ion electrospray interface: oxidation of 1,4-dihydropyridines in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Analyst 2011; 136:4667-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15129k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Peintler-Krivan E, Van Berkel GJ, Kertesz V. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxypyrrole)-modified emitter electrode for substitution of homogeneous redox buffer agent hydroquinone in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:3368-3371. [PMID: 20973013 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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18
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Baumann A, Karst U. Online electrochemistry/mass spectrometry in drug metabolism studies: principles and applications. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 6:715-31. [DOI: 10.1517/17425251003713527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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19
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Kertesz V, Van Berkel GJ. Fully automated liquid extraction-based surface sampling and ionization using a chip-based robotic nanoelectrospray platform. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2010; 45:252-60. [PMID: 20020414 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A fully automated liquid extraction-based surface sampling device utilizing an Advion NanoMate chip-based infusion nanoelectrospray ionization system is reported. Analyses were enabled for discrete spot sampling by using the Advanced User Interface of the current commercial control software. This software interface provided the parameter control necessary for the NanoMate robotic pipettor to both form and withdraw a liquid microjunction for sampling from a surface. The system was tested with three types of analytically important sample surface types, viz., spotted sample arrays on a MALDI plate, dried blood spots on paper, and whole-body thin tissue sections from drug dosed mice. The qualitative and quantitative data were consistent with previous studies employing other liquid extraction-based surface sampling techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilmos Kertesz
- Organic and Biological Mass Spectrometry Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6131, USA.
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20
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Abonnenc M, Qiao L, Liu B, Girault HH. Electrochemical aspects of electrospray and laser desorption/ionization for mass spectrometry. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2010; 3:231-54. [PMID: 20636041 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anchem.111808.073740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Soft-ionization methods, namely electrospray ionization and laser desorption/ionization, are widely used to transfer large molecules as intact gas-phase ions either from a solution or from a solid substrate. During both processes, in-source electrochemical and photoelectrochemical reactions occur. These electrode reactions, which take place at interfaces, play important roles in influencing the ionization products, but they have received little attention. We show that having good control over both types of electrochemical reactions can lead to new analytical applications. Examples include online tagging by grafting of mass tags and in-source photooxidation of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Abonnenc
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Giron P, Dayon L, Mihala N, Sanchez JC, Rose K. Cysteine-reactive covalent capture tags for enrichment of cysteine-containing peptides. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:3377-3386. [PMID: 19813279 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Considering the tremendous complexity and the wide dynamic range of protein samples from biological origin and their proteolytic peptide mixtures, proteomics largely requires simplification strategies. One common approach to reduce sample complexity is to target a particular amino acid in proteins or peptides, such as cysteine (Cys), with chemical tags in order to reduce the analysis to a subset of the whole proteome. The present work describes the synthesis and the use of two new cysteinyl tags, so-called cysteine-reactive covalent capture tags (C3T), for the isolation of Cys-containing peptides. These bifunctional molecules were specifically designed to react with cysteines through iodoacetyl and acryloyl moieties and permit efficient selection of the tagged peptides. To do so, a thioproline was chosen as the isolating group to form, after a deprotection/activation step, a thiazolidine with an aldehyde resin by the covalent capture (CC) method. The applicability of the enrichment strategy was demonstrated on small synthetic peptides as well as on peptides derived from digested proteins. Mass spectrometric (MS) analysis and tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) sequencing confirmed the efficient and straightforward selection of the cysteine-containing peptides. The combination of C3T and CC methods provides an effective alternative to reduce sample complexity and access low abundance proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscille Giron
- Biomedical Proteomics Group, Department of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Li J, Dewald HD, Chen H. Online Coupling of Electrochemical Reactions with Liquid Sample Desorption Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2009; 81:9716-22. [DOI: 10.1021/ac901975j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiwen Li
- Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clippinger Laboratories, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
| | - Howard D. Dewald
- Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clippinger Laboratories, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
| | - Hao Chen
- Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clippinger Laboratories, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
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Van Berkel GJ, Kertesz V, King RC. High-Throughput Mode Liquid Microjunction Surface Sampling Probe. Anal Chem 2009; 81:7096-101. [DOI: 10.1021/ac901098d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary J. Van Berkel
- Organic and Biological Mass Spectrometry Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6131
| | - Vilmos Kertesz
- Organic and Biological Mass Spectrometry Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6131
| | - Richard C. King
- PharmaCadence, 2880 Bergey Road, Suite AA, Hatfield, Pennsylvania 19440
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