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Gao J, Wang F, Kuang X, Chen R, Rao J, Wang B, Li W, Liu H, Shen Q, Wang X, Xu H. Assessment of chronic renal injury from melamine-associated pediatric urolithiasis: an eighteen-month prospective cohort study. Ann Saudi Med 2016; 36:252-7. [PMID: 27478910 PMCID: PMC6074399 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2016.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The illegal use of melamine in powdered baby formula resulted in a widespread outbreak of melamine-associated pediatric urolithiasis and kidney damage in China in 2008. We conducted this study because more needs to be known about the long-term effects of melamine-associated urolithiasis and kidney damage. OBJECTIVES To determine the prognosis and long-term implications of chronic kidney damage in children with urolithiasis resulting from melamine consumption. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Children's Hospital of Fudan University. PATIENTS AND METHODS Children six years of age or older with a history of having consumed melamine-contaminated milk powder were voluntarily screened. We measured urinary microprotein profiles [microalbumin (ALBU), immunoglobulin G (IgG), and n-acetyl-ß-d-glucosidase (NAG)] and creatinine (CR) results at 6 and 18 months in children with melamine-associated urolithiasis. This study was conducted from September 17 to October 15, 2008. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Changes in urinary microprotein profiles. RESULTS Of 8335 children screened, 102 children (1.22%) were diagnosed with melamine-associated urolithiasis. Follow-up rates at 6 and 18 months were 91.4% (96/105) and 89.2% (91/102), respectively. Eighteen months later, 90.3% patients had spontaneously passed a stone. The incidence rates of proteinuria and microscopic hematuria at 6 months were significantly higher than at 18 months (P=.029 and P=.017, respectively). The proportion of patients with abnormal ALBU/CR, IgG/CR and NAG/CR at 6 months (27.6%, 17.1% and 21.1%, respectively) was significantly higher than at 18 months (6.4%, 5.1% and 12.8%, respectively). The high concentration of melamine consumed was the primary factor correlated with the high microprotein levels. Approximately 90% melamine-associated urolithiasis cases can be resolved within 18 months by non-surgical therapy. CONCLUSION The long-term presence of stones associated with a previous exposure to melanine can cause chronic kidney glomerular and tubular injuries. Passing these stones as soon as possible can reduce kidney injury and accelerate recovery. LIMITATIONS We could not control for possible selection bias due to more visits to our hospital or visits to our hospital after diagnosis at other hospitals, which might have increased the rate of diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hong Xu
- Dr. Hong Xu, Department of Nephrology,, Children's Hospital of Fudan University,, No. 399 Wanyuan Road,, Shanghai 201102, China, T: 86-21-64931006, , , ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2379-9092
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Nnaji CN, Mach PM, Acheampong JS, Falconer TM, Verbeck GF. Analysis of trace amounts of adulterants found in powders/supplements utilizing Raman spectroscopy coupled to direct analyte-probed nanoextraction-nanospray ionization-mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2016; 8:4798-4807. [PMID: 27482293 PMCID: PMC4960828 DOI: 10.1039/c6ay00828c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the United States, all food products have to be regulated to inform the consumers of the ingredients contained within. Some ingredients are not included on the label and yet are still found in the products. Presented is a Raman imaging technique for rapid, nondestructive, and spatially relevant localization of adulterants in powders. Raman spectroscopy followed by direct analyte-probed nanoextraction coupled to nanospray ionization-mass spectrometry allows rapid determination of the presence of each adulterant, leading to positive identifications such as melamine. The location and identification of these trace particles can then be extracted using a nanomanipulator. The nanomanipulation technique uses a solvent filled capillary tip which can be positioned on the particle of interest. Direct mass spectrometric analysis via nanospray of the particulate of interest eliminates time consuming chromatographic techniques prior to mass spectrometry analysis. This coupled technique combines rapid Raman spectroscopy techniques with direct mass spectrometry to confirm the presence of an adulterant. This technique was applied to an FDA supplied test sample, in which sibutramine, phenolphthalein, and melamine were confirmed to be present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinyere N. Nnaji
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, 76203, USA
| | - Phillip M. Mach
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, 76203, USA
| | - Jason S. Acheampong
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, 76203, USA
| | - Travis M. Falconer
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Forensic Chemistry Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45237, USA
| | - Guido F. Verbeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, 76203, USA
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Wu CF, Peng CY, Liu CC, Lin WY, Pan CH, Cheng CM, Hsieh HM, Hsieh TJ, Chen BH, Wu MT. Ambient Melamine Exposure and Urinary Biomarkers of Early Renal Injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 26:2821-9. [PMID: 26045090 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014121233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Information about environmental exposure to melamine and renal injury in adults is lacking. We investigated this relationship in 44 workers at two melamine tableware manufacturing factories in Taiwan (16 manufacturers, eight grinders, ten packers, and ten administrators) and 105 nonexposed workers (controls) at one shipbuilding company who were enrolled in August-December of 2012. For melamine workers, personal and area air samples were obtained at the worksite over 1 workweek (Monday-Friday). In the same week, pre- and post-shift one-spot urine samples were collected each workday and one first-spot urine sample was collected on each weekend morning and the following Monday morning. For each control, a one-spot urine sample was collected on Friday morning. A blood sample was also obtained from each participant at this time. Melamine levels were measured in air, urine, and serum, and early renal injury biomarkers were measured in urine. Urinary melamine concentrations in manufacturers increased sharply between pre- and post-shift measurements on Monday, remained significantly elevated throughout the workweek, and decreased over the weekend; changes in urinary melamine concentrations were substantially lower for other melamine workers. Manufacturers were exposed to the highest concentrations of ambient melamine and had significantly higher urinary and serum melamine concentrations than did the controls (P<0.001). Urinary melamine levels were positively associated with urinary N-acetyl β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) levels but not microalbumin levels, and the detectable β2-microglobulin rate increased in the manufacturers group. In conclusion, ambient melamine exposure may increase the levels of urinary biomarkers of renal tubular injury in this occupational setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Fang Wu
- Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Yu Peng
- Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chu Liu
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Pingtung Hospital, Department of Health, Executive Yuan, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yi Lin
- Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Hepatology, Kaohsiung Medicine University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medicine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medicine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hong Pan
- Occupational Safety and Health, Institute of Labor Affairs, Executive Yuan, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Mei Cheng
- Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Min Hsieh
- Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tusty-Jiuan Hsieh
- Department of Genome Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Bai-Hsiun Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsang Wu
- Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; and Center of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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The true stone composition and abnormality of urinary metabolic lithogenic factors of rats fed diets containing melamine. Urolithiasis 2013; 42:227-32. [PMID: 24287677 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-013-0622-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the toxicity of melamine to humans, the stone composition and urinary metabolic lithogenic factors of rats fed diets containing melamine including the infant's melamine-induced stone composition were studied. Sixty 4-week-old male rats divided into three groups were, respectively, fed diets containing no melamine (control), 0.1% melamine, and 1% melamine for 4 weeks. At the end of experiment, the collected stones and 24-h urines from rats were, respectively, measured with compositions and metabolic lithogenic parameters. The stone from an infant who ingested melamine-adulterated formula was also included in compositional analysis. Across three groups, the stone was only detected in 1% melamine group, with composition of almost melamine different from the affected infant's stone composed of melamine and uric acid with a ratio of 1:2. Compared with control group, urine calcium and phosphate excretions were significantly increased in 1% melamine group. Urine uric acid excretion was significantly increased but citrate excretion was significantly decreased in 0.1% and 1% melamine groups. Urine oxalate excretion and pH were indicated without any significant difference. In addition based on urine physicochemical characters, melamine-uric acid stone seems difficult to be formed in the rats due to their characters of urine high-pH and low-uric acid. These results demonstrated that (1) the stone composition of rats fed melamine was not and could not be as that of infants fed melamine-adulterated formula, two species had a different mechanism of melamine-induced stone formation; (2) the exposure of melamine could result in abnormalities of urine metabolic lithogenic factors to rats, perhaps as well as human beings.
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Cheng WC, Kuo CW, Chi TY, Lin LC, Lee CH, Feng RL, Tsai SJ. Investigation on the trend of food-borne disease outbreaks in Taiwan (1991–2010). J Food Drug Anal 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Chu CY, Wang CC. Toxicity of melamine: the public health concern. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2013; 31:342-386. [PMID: 24171438 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2013.844758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Melamine contamination in food has resulted in sickness and deaths of human infants, pets, and farm animals in the past decade. The majority of the victims suffered from acute kidney injury, nephrolithiasis, and urolithiasis. Since then, animal studies have revealed the possible target organs of the melamine toxicity and the extent of the adverse effects of the contaminant. State-of-the-art analytical methods have been developed to achieve the "zero tolerance" aim for such economically motivated adulteration. These studies provide in-depth understanding of the melamine toxicity and promising analytical methods, which can help us safeguard our dairy food source.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Chu
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , New Territories , Hong Kong
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Zhou Y, Li CY, Li YS, Ren HL, Lu SY, Tian XL, Hao YM, Zhang YY, Shen QF, Liu ZS, Meng XM, Zhang JH. Monoclonal antibody based inhibition ELISA as a new tool for the analysis of melamine in milk and pet food samples. Food Chem 2012; 135:2681-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Viñas P, Campillo N, Férez-Melgarejo G, Hernández-Córdoba M. Determination of Melamine and Derivatives in Foods by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry and Diode Array Detection. ANAL LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2012.694941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lin YT, Tsai MT, Chen YL, Cheng CM, Hung CC, Wu CF, Liu CC, Hsieh TJ, Shiea J, Chen BH, Wu MT. Can melamine levels in 1-spot overnight urine specimens predict the total previous 24-hour melamine excretion level in school children? Clin Chim Acta 2012; 420:128-33. [PMID: 23089071 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated whether melamine concentrations in 1-spot overnight urine sample can represent the previous 8- and 24-h total urinary melamine excretions in school children. The relationship between urinary melamine levels and several clinical biomarkers of early renal injury such as microalbumin and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) in urine was also examined. METHODS School children, aged 6-10 y, and their parents who were healthy and lived closely to Kaohsiung Medical University-affiliated hospitals were recruited. All study children had the first 1-spot overnight urine sample collected on the Sunday morning (the first day) immediately when they woke up, and then all the subsequent urine samples continued to be collected until the first 1-spot overnight urine sample on the morning of the next day (Monday, the second day). Two first 1-spot overnight urine samples from their parents on the same Sunday and Monday mornings were also collected. This protocol was completed in the July and August of 2011. All urine samples were measured for melamine, biomarkers of early renal injury, and creatinine. RESULTS There were 7 girls and 16 boys in this study. Except for one missing urine sample from 1-spot overnight urine sample on the morning of the second day, melamine levels in the rest of urine samples among the study children were all detectable. The median melamine levels of 1-spot overnight urine samples on the first and second day mornings were 0.93 and 1.73 μg/mmol of creatinine respectively. We found that melamine concentrations of 1-spot overnight urine samples on the second day morning were highly correlated with the previous 8- and 24-h total melamine excretions in urine (r=0.936, p<0.001, n=21 and r=0.616, p<0.001, n=21 respectively). Good correlation of 1-spot overnight urine sample on the first and second day mornings was also found (r=0.619, p=0.003, n=21). In contrast, there were no significant correlations of 24-h total urinary melamine and 24-h total urinary microalbumin and NAG excretions (r=-0.221, p=0.319, n=22 and r=0.084, p=0.710, n=22). CONCLUSION Melamine levels in 1-spot overnight urine sample can predict the previous 8- and 24-h total melamine excretions in urine. Since melamine exposure levels in these school children were relatively low, its association with clinical biomarkers of early renal injury was not found. A future study is necessary to increase the sample size and to find the more sensitive preclinical biomarkers of renal injury to link with low melamine exposure in children in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Lin
- Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Chang H, Shi X, Shen W, Wang W, Yue Z. Characterization of melamine-associated urinary stones in children with consumption of melamine-contaminated infant formula. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 413:985-91. [PMID: 22402311 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 01/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crystalline morphology and compositions of melamine-associated urinary stones caused by consumption of melamine-contaminated infant formula are reported. METHODS Twelve melamine-associated urinary stone samples were obtained from 12 children aged from 3 to 36 months who were treated in Lanzhou University Second Hospital. The crystalline morphology and compositions of these stone samples were analyzed using a combination of infrared spectrum, SEM and XRD. The presence of melamine in 12 stones was determined by HPLC. RESULTS Diversity of crystalline morphology in 10 stone samples was revealed by SEM observation. Infrared spectral data revealed that 8 of the 10 stone samples predominantly consisted of the crystal forms of urate: 1 of sodium urate monohydrate, 2 of uricite and 5 of uric acid dihydrate and ammonium urate. However, ammonium magnesium phosphate hexahydrate, ammonium urate and carbonate apatite were also identified in 1 stone sample. The content of melamine in all of the 12 stone samples was determined by HPLC and found to range from 200 to 339,000 μg/g. XRD analysis in 6 stone samples showed that amorphous mineral phase was involved in the calculogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Melamine and uric acid are the main possible etiologic factors closely related to melamine-associated urinary stone formation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chang
- Department of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Gansu Province, 730030, China
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Huang HY, Lin CL, Jiang SH, Singco B, Cheng YJ. Capillary electrochromatography–mass spectrometry determination of melamine and related triazine by-products using poly(divinyl benzene-alkene-vinylbenzyl trimethylammonium chloride) monolithic stationary phases. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 719:96-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 12/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Thanasekaran P, Liu CM, Cho JF, Lu KL. Melamine-promoted crystal growth of calcium oxalate monohydrate from calcium nitrate and oxalic acid. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2011.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Panuwet P, Nguyen JV, Wade EL, D'Souza PE, Ryan PB, Barr DB. Quantification of melamine in human urine using cation-exchange based high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 887-888:48-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Chang H, Shi X, Zhang F, Sheng W, Wang D, Yue Z. A RAPID HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF MELAMINE IN RENAL CALCULI. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.597074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chang
- a Department of Urology , Lanzhou University Second Hospital , Gansu Province , China
| | - Xiaofeng Shi
- b Medical Scientific Institution, Tumor Hospital of Gansu Province , China
| | - Fanghong Zhang
- b Medical Scientific Institution, Tumor Hospital of Gansu Province , China
| | - Wei Sheng
- b Medical Scientific Institution, Tumor Hospital of Gansu Province , China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- b Medical Scientific Institution, Tumor Hospital of Gansu Province , China
| | - Zhongjin Yue
- a Department of Urology , Lanzhou University Second Hospital , Gansu Province , China
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Miao H, Fan S, Zhou P, Zhang L, Zhao Y, Wu Y. Determination of melamine and its analogues in egg by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using an isotope dilution technique. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 27:1497-506. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2010.496795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Xia J, Zhou N, Zhou C, Chen B, Wu Y, Yao S. Simultaneous determination of melamine and related compounds by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:2688-97. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Determination of melamine and related triazine by-products ammeline, ammelide, and cyanuric acid by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 673:206-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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GARBER ERICAE, BREWER VICKERYA. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Detection of Melamine in Infant Formula and Wheat Food Products. J Food Prot 2010; 73:701-7. [DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-73.4.701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The adulteration of food products with melamine to inflate the nitrogen content necessitates the establishment of analytical methods that can distinguish between proteinaceous ingredients and such adulterants. The specificity and ability to detect melamine by two commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were evaluated along with three protocols for sample preparation. Both ELISAs displayed cross-reactivity with ammeline, but neither was able to detect ammelide or cyanuric acid, indicating either a requirement for the 4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazine structure or inability to bind 1,3,5-triazine-4,6-diones. The limits of detection for melamine in powder infant formula ranged from 0.2 to 3 μg/g depending on the ELISA kit and the method used to prepare the sample. The limits of detection for melamine in liquid infant formula and wheat products were <1 μg/ml and <2.5 μg/g, respectively. The ELISA kits provide an effective alternative for the analysis of samples suspected of containing melamine without relying on extensive sample preparation or expensive instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- ERIC A. E. GARBER
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
| | - VICKERY A. BREWER
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
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Urinary melamine and adult urolithiasis in Taiwan. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411:184-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Revised: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Zhang M, Li S, Yu C, Liu G, Jia J, Lu C, He J, Ma Y, Zhu J, Yu C. Determination of melamine and cyanuric acid in human urine by a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:758-62. [PMID: 20153703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Melamine was found to be the etiological factor for the urinary stones epidemic in infants and young children in China in 2008. Urine level of melamine and its analog cyanuric acid may be useful markers for the evaluation of toxic effects. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry methods for the individual determination of melamine and cyanuric acid in human urine are described. Using isotope labeled internal standards during liquid-liquid extraction, the method was fully validated by verifying specificity, linearity, LLOQ, intra- and inter-assay precision and accuracy, matrix effect, recovery and stability. Calibration curves with good linearity (r=0.9999) over the concentration range from 10 to 5000 ng/ml, intra-assay precision <10% and inter-assay precision <15%, accuracy between 93.0 and 111.6% were obtained with multiple reaction monitoring mode for melamine and cyanuric acid in human urine. The methods were successfully applied to the analysis of urine samples collected from 86 infants and 110 adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, 966 Huaihai Middle Road, Shanghai 200031, China
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Pretreatment-free fast ultraviolet detection of melamine in milk products with a disposable microfluidic device. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:785-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2009] [Revised: 11/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Huang G, Xu W, Visbal-Onufrak MA, Ouyang Z, Cooks RG. Direct analysis of melamine in complex matrices using a handheld mass spectrometer. Analyst 2010; 135:705-11. [DOI: 10.1039/b923427f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zhou J, Zhao J, Xue X, Zhang J, Chen F, Li Y, Wu L, Li C, Mi J. Hydrophilic interaction chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of melamine in royal jelly and royal jelly lyophilized powder. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:4164-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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