Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis revealing preferential occurrence of non-arachidonate-containing phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate species in nuclei and changes in their levels during cell cycle

When PIP2 Meets p53: Nuclear Phosphoinositide Signaling in the DNA Damage Response

The mechanisms that maintain genome stability are critical for preventing tumor progression. In the past decades, many strategies were developed for cancer treatment to disrupt the DNA repair machinery or alter repair pathway selection. Evidence indicates that alterations in nuclear phosphoinositide lipids occur rapidly in response to genotoxic stresses. This implies that nuclear phosphoinositides are an upstream element involved in DNA damage signaling. Phosphoinositides constitute a new signaling interface for DNA repair pathway selection and hence a new opportunity for developing cancer treatment strategies. However, our understanding of the underlying mechanisms by which nuclear phosphoinositides regulate DNA damage repair, and particularly the dynamics of those processes, is rather limited. This is partly because there are a limited number of techniques that can monitor changes in the location and/or abundance of nuclear phosphoinositide lipids in real time and in live cells. This review summarizes our current knowledge regarding the roles of nuclear phosphoinositides in DNA damage response with an emphasis on the dynamics of these processes. Based upon recent findings, there is a novel model for p53's role with nuclear phosphoinositides in DNA damage response that provides new targets for synthetic lethality of tumors.

Mass Spectrometry-based Lipidomics and Its Application to Biomedical Research

Lipidomics, a branch of metabolomics, is the large-scale study of pathways and networks of all cellular lipids in biological systems such as cells, tissues or organisms. The recent advance in mass spectrometry technologies have enabled more comprehensive lipid profiling in the biological samples. In this review, we compared four representative lipid profiling technoligies including GC-MS, LC-MS, direct infusion-MS and imaging-MS. We also summarized representative lipid database, and further discussed the applications of lipidomics to the diagnostics of various diseases such as diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and Alzheimer diseases.

Diversity and function of membrane glycerophospholipids generated by the remodeling pathway in mammalian cells

Cellular membranes are composed of numerous kinds of glycerophospholipids with different combinations of polar heads at the sn-3 position and acyl moieties at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions, respectively. The glycerophospholipid compositions of different cell types, organelles, and inner/outer plasma membrane leaflets are quite diverse. The acyl moieties of glycerophospholipids synthesized in the de novo pathway are subsequently remodeled by the action of phospholipases and lysophospholipid acyltransferases. This remodeling cycle contributes to the generation of membrane glycerophospholipid diversity and the production of lipid mediators such as fatty acid derivatives and lysophospholipids. Furthermore, specific glycerophospholipid transporters are also important to organize a unique glycerophospholipid composition in each organelle. Recent progress in this field contributes to understanding how and why membrane glycerophospholipid diversity is organized and maintained.

Comparative Analysis of Biological Sphingolipids with Glycerophospholipids and Diacylglycerol by LC-MS/MS

Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an effective and popular technique used in lipid metabolomic studies. Although many LC-MS methods enabling the determination of sphingolipid molecular species have been reported, they do not cover a broad range of sphingolipid metabolites with expanding glycerophospholipids (GPLs) and diacylglycerol (DAG). In this study, we developed an approach for the comprehensive analysis of sphingolipids, GPLs and DAG molecular species in a biological sample, without alkaline hydrolysis. After validating the reliability of this approach, we analyzed tissue lipids of sphingomyelin synthase 2-knockout mice and found that changes in sphingolipid metabolism in the liver affect the level of docosahexaenoic acid-containing GPLs. Our method analyzes GPLs and DAG, as well as sphingolipids within biological samples and, thus, will facilitate more comprehensive studies of sphingolipid metabolism in pathology and diagnostics.

A role for phosphoinositides in regulating plant nuclear functions

Nuclear localized inositol phospholipids and inositol phosphates are important for regulating many essential processes in animal and yeast cells such as DNA replication, recombination, RNA processing, mRNA export and cell cycle progression. An overview of the current literature indicates the presence of a plant nuclear phosphoinositide (PI) pathway. Inositol phospholipids, inositol phosphates, and enzymes of the PI pathway have been identified in plant nuclei and are implicated in DNA replication, chromatin remodeling, stress responses and hormone signaling. In this review, the potential functions of the nuclear PI pathway in plants are discussed within the context of the animal and yeast literature. It is anticipated that future research will help shed light on the functional significance of the nuclear PI pathway in plants.