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Huang R, Yang L, How ZT, Fang Z, Bekele A, Letinski DJ, Redman AD, Gamal El-Din M. Characterization of raw and ozonated oil sands process water utilizing atmospheric pressure gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with solid phase microextractionun. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 266:129017. [PMID: 33261842 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This work describes a novel application of atmospheric pressure gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (APGC-TOF-MS) combined with solid-phase microextraction (SPME) for the simultaneous analysis of hydrocarbons and naphthenic acids (NAs) species in raw and ozone-treated oil sands process water (OSPW). SPME method using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-coated fibers was validated using gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) to ensure the SPME extractions were operated appropriately. The ionization pathways of the hydrocarbon species in OSPW in the APGC source were verified by analyzing a mixture of eight polyaromatic hydrocarbons which were ionized primarily via charge transfer to produce [M+] while NAs in OSPW were found to be ionized through protonation to generate [MH+] in the wet APGC source. SPME/APGC-TOF-MS analysis demonstrated a different composition profile in OSPW #1, with 74.5% of hydrocarbon species, 23.4% of O2-NAs, and 2.1% of the oxidized NA species at extraction pH 2.0 compared with that obtained by UPLC-TOF-MS analysis (36.9% of O2-NAs, 26.8% of O3-NAs, 24.9% of O4-NAs, 9.1% of O5-NAs, 2.3% of O6-NAs). Moreover, the peak areas of the total NAs and the total peak areas of NAs + hydrocarbons measured by SPME/APGC-TOF-MS correlated excellently with the total NA concentration determined by UPLC-TOF-MS (R2 = 0.90) and the concentrations of the total acid-extractable organics determined by SPME/GC-FID (R2 = 0.98), respectively. APGC-TOF-MS integrated with the SPME techniques could extend the range of target compounds and be a promising alternative to evaluate and characterize NAs and hydrocarbon in different water types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongfu Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Lingling Yang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Zuo Tong How
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Zhi Fang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada; State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Asfaw Bekele
- Upstream Research, Imperial Oil Resources Limited, Calgary, Alberta, T2C 5R2, Canada
| | | | - Aaron D Redman
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc., Annandale, NJ, 08801, USA
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada.
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Shu J, Zou Y, Xu C, Li Z, Sun W, Yang B, Zhang H, Zhang P, Ma P. Protonation enhancement by dichloromethane doping in low-pressure photoionization. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36820. [PMID: 27905552 PMCID: PMC5131348 DOI: 10.1038/srep36820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Doping has been used to enhance the ionization efficiency of analytes in atmospheric pressure photoionization, which is based on charge exchange. Compounds with excellent ionization efficiencies are usually chosen as dopants. In this paper, we report a new phenomenon observed in low-pressure photoionization: Protonation enhancement by dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) doping. CH2Cl2 is not a common dopant due to its high ionization energy (11.33 eV). The low-pressure photoionization source was built using a krypton VUV lamp that emits photons with energies of 10.0 and 10.6 eV and was operated at ~500-1000 Pa. Protonation of water, methanol, ethanol, and acetaldehyde was respectively enhanced by 481.7 ± 122.4, 197.8 ± 18.8, 87.3 ± 7.8, and 93.5 ± 35.5 times after doping 291 ppmv CH2Cl2, meanwhile CH2Cl2 almost does not generate noticeable ions itself. This phenomenon has not been documented in the literature. A new protonation process involving in ion-pair and H-bond formations was proposed to expound the phenomenon. The observed phenomenon opens a new prospect for the improvement of the detection efficiency of VUV photoionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinian Shu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Shanghai Masteck Environment Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Zou
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ce Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wanqi Sun
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haixu Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pengkun Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Shi LK, Liu YL, Liu HM, Zhang MM. One-step solvent extraction followed by liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure photoionization tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible oils. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:3605-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8571-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Oh MS, Lee SH, Moon MH, Lee DS, Park HM. Simultaneous analysis of phthalates, adipate and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible oils using isotope dilution-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2014; 7:168-75. [PMID: 25029399 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2013.869770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A method for simultaneous determination of 12 priority phthalates, adipate and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in edible oils by isotope dilution-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (ID-GC-MS) was developed for fast, accurate and trace analysis. The extraction and clean-up procedures were optimised, and using stable isotope-labelled internal standards for each analyte, relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 0.92-10.6% and spiked sample recoveries of 80.6-97.8% were obtained. Limits of detection for PAHs were in the range of 0.15-0.77 µg/kg and those for phthalates were in the range of 4.6-10.0 µg/kg. The calibration curves exhibited good linearities with regression coefficients of R(2) ≥ 0.99. Twelve edible oils were examined to evaluate the efficiency of this method. Among the 12 analytes, dibutyl phthalates (DBP), diethylhexyl phthalates (DEHP), diethylhexyl adipate (DEHA), benzo[a]anthracene (B[a]A), chrysene (Chry) and benzo[b]fluoranthene (B[b]F) were detected in the range of 1.17-806 µg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Seok Oh
- a Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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Ramirez CE, Wang C, Gardinali PR. Fully automated trace level determination of parent and alkylated PAHs in environmental waters by online SPE-LC-APPI-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:329-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7436-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Amad MH, Li EQ, Sioud S, Thoroddsen ST. Development of a piezoelectric inkjet dopant delivery device for an atmospheric pressure photoionization source with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2013; 19:325-334. [PMID: 24800416 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a simple, robust and integrated piezoelectric actuated printhead as a dopant delivery system for atmospheric pressure photoionization with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The newly designed dopant delivery system avoids problems associated with traditional liquid delivery systems such as solvent immiscibility, backpressure and increased post-column dead volume issues. The performance of the new device was tested and evaluated using chlorobenzene as a dopant with a test mixture consisting of 18 different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The results show that the new system works robustly at low dopant consumption level (1.6 uL min(-1)), consuming only approximately 5% of the amount used by conventional sources. The low dopant consumption has resulted in up to a 20-fold reduction in signal intensity of tested PAH molecules, but has led to less presence of background cluster ions and dopant trace contaminant background ions in the source area. Consequently, all tested PAHs were detected with excellent signal-to-noise ratio with at least two- to ten-fold improvements in the limit of detection and quantification compared to those obtained with traditional dopant assistance using a post-column addition method.
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Donegan M, Browning M. A REVIEW RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN SAMPLE IONIZATION INTERFACES USED IN MASS SPECTROMETRY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2012.714595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc Browning
- a Bristol-Myers Squibb , Wallingford , Connecticut , USA
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EHRENHAUSER FRANZS, WORNAT MARYJ. Clar Reaction of7H-benz[de]anthracen-7-one: Isolation and Identification of Tetrabenzo[a,cd,lm,o]perylene. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2011.576304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Plaza-Bolaños P, Frenich AG, Vidal JLM. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food and beverages. Analytical methods and trends. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:6303-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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