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Alpizar-Sosa E, Zimbres FM, Mantilla BS, Dickie EA, Wei W, Burle-Caldas GA, Filipe LNS, Van Bocxlaer K, Price HP, Ibarra-Meneses AV, Beaudry F, Fernandez-Prada C, Whitfield PD, Barrett MP, Denny PW. Evaluation of the Leishmania Inositol Phosphorylceramide Synthase as a Drug Target Using a Chemical and Genetic Approach. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:2913-2928. [PMID: 39023360 PMCID: PMC11320567 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
The lack of effective vaccines and the development of resistance to the current treatments highlight the urgent need for new anti-leishmanials. Sphingolipid metabolism has been proposed as a promising source of Leishmania-specific targets as these lipids are key structural components of the eukaryotic plasma membrane and are involved in distinct cellular events. Inositol phosphorylceramide (IPC) is the primary sphingolipid in the Leishmania species and is the product of a reaction mediated by IPC synthase (IPCS). The antihistamine clemastine fumarate has been identified as an inhibitor of IPCS in L. major and a potent anti-leishmanial in vivo. Here we sought to further examine the target of this compound in the more tractable species L. mexicana, using an approach combining genomic, proteomic, metabolomic and lipidomic technologies, with molecular and biochemical studies. While the data demonstrated that the response to clemastine fumarate was largely conserved, unexpected disturbances beyond sphingolipid metabolism were identified. Furthermore, while deletion of the gene encoding LmxIPCS had little impact in vitro, it did influence clemastine fumarate efficacy and, importantly, in vivo pathogenicity. Together, these data demonstrate that clemastine does inhibit LmxIPCS and cause associated metabolic disturbances, but its primary target may lie elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flavia M. Zimbres
- Department
of Biosciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Brian S. Mantilla
- Department
of Biosciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Emily A. Dickie
- School
of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life
Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, U.K.
| | - Wenbin Wei
- Department
of Biosciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Gabriela A. Burle-Caldas
- Department
of Biosciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K.
- Departamento
de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade
Federal de Minas Gerais, Caixa Postal 486 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Laura N. S. Filipe
- Department
of Biosciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Katrien Van Bocxlaer
- York
Biomedical Research Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York YO10 5NG, U.K.
| | - Helen P. Price
- School
of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, U.K.
| | - Ana V. Ibarra-Meneses
- Département
de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine
Vétérinaire, Université
de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Francis Beaudry
- Département
de Biomédecine, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Christopher Fernandez-Prada
- Département
de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine
Vétérinaire, Université
de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Philip D. Whitfield
- School
of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life
Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, U.K.
| | - Michael P. Barrett
- School
of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life
Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, U.K.
| | - Paul W. Denny
- Department
of Biosciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K.
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Osipenko S, Nikolaev E, Kostyukevich Y. Amine additives for improved in-ESI H/D exchange. Analyst 2022; 147:3180-3185. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00081d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In-ESI H/D exchange is a convenient technique for analyzing small-molecular complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Osipenko
- Center for Computational and Data-Intensive Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Nobel Str., 3, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugene Nikolaev
- Center for Computational and Data-Intensive Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Nobel Str., 3, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yury Kostyukevich
- Center for Computational and Data-Intensive Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Nobel Str., 3, 121205 Moscow, Russia
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Broberg MN, Knych H, Bondesson U, Pettersson C, Stanley S, Thevis M, Hedeland M. Investigation of Equine In Vivo and In Vitro Derived Metabolites of the Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARM) ACP-105 for Improved Doping Control. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11020085. [PMID: 33535528 PMCID: PMC7912737 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11020085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs) have anabolic properties but less adverse effects than anabolic androgenic steroids. They are prohibited in both equine and human sports and there have been several cases of SARMs findings reported over the last few years. The aim of this study was to investigate the metabolite profile of the SARM ACP-105 (2-chloro-4-[(3-endo)-3-hydroxy-3-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-8-yl]-3-methylbenzonitrile) in order to find analytical targets for doping control. Oral administration of ACP-105 was performed in horses, where blood and urine samples were collected over a time period of 96 h. The in vivo samples were compared with five in vitro incubation models encompassing Cunninghamella elegans, microsomes and S9 fractions of both human and equine origin. The analyses were performed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution Q ExactiveTM OrbitrapTM mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). A total of 21 metabolites were tentatively identified from the in vivo experiments, of which several novel glucuronides were detected in plasma and urine. In hydrolyzed urine, hydroxylated metabolites dominated. The in vitro models yielded several biotransformation products, including a number of monohydroxylated metabolites matching the in vivo results. The suggested analytical target for equine doping control in plasma is a dihydroxylated metabolite with a net loss of two hydrogens. In urine, the suggested targets are two monohydroxylated metabolites after hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase, selected both due to prolongation of the detection time and the availability of reference material from the in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Nilsson Broberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden; (M.N.B.); (U.B.); (C.P.)
| | - Heather Knych
- Kenneth L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Ulf Bondesson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden; (M.N.B.); (U.B.); (C.P.)
- Department of Chemistry, Environment and Feed Hygiene, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Curt Pettersson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden; (M.N.B.); (U.B.); (C.P.)
| | - Scott Stanley
- Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA;
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University, 50933 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Mikael Hedeland
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden; (M.N.B.); (U.B.); (C.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-18-471-4340
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Equine in vivo -derived metabolites of the SARM LGD-4033 and comparison with human and fungal metabolites. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1074-1075:91-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Hansson A, Thevis M, Cox H, Miller G, Eichner D, Bondesson U, Hedeland M. Investigation of the metabolites of the HIF stabilizer FG-4592 (roxadustat) in five different in vitro models and in a human doping control sample using high resolution mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 134:228-236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Dube AK, Kumar MS. Biotransformation of bromhexine by Cunninghamella elegans, C. echinulata and C. blakesleeana. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 48:259-267. [PMID: 27988088 PMCID: PMC5470344 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi is a well-known model used to study drug metabolism and its production in in vitro condition. We aim to screen the most efficient strain of Cunninghamella sp. among C. elegans, C. echinulata and C. blakesleeana for bromhexine metabolites production. We characterized the metabolites produced using various analytical tools and compared them with mammalian metabolites in Rat liver microsomes (RLM). The metabolites were collected by two-stage fermentation of bromhexine with different strains of Cunninghamella sp. followed by extraction. Analysis was done by thin layer chromatography, high performance thin layer chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, high performance liquid chromatography and Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. The role of Cytochrome P3A4 (CYP3A4) enzymes in bromhexine metabolism was studied. Fungal incubates were spiked with reference standard – clarithromycin to confirm the role of CYP3A4 enzyme in bromhexine metabolism. Three metabolites appeared at 4.7, 5.5 and 6.4 min retention time in HPLC. Metabolites produced by C. elegans and RLM were concluded to be similar based on their retention time, peak area and peak response of 30.05%, 21.06%, 1.34%, and 47.66% of three metabolites and bromhexine in HPLC. The role of CYP3A4 enzyme in metabolism of bromhexine and the presence of these enzymes in Cunninghamella species was confirmed due to absence of peaks at 4.7, 5.4 and 6.7 min when RLM were incubated with a CYP3A4 enzyme inhibitor – clarithromycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman K Dube
- Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Maushmi S Kumar
- Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
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Burkhart KK, Abernethy D, Jackson D. Data Mining FAERS to Analyze Molecular Targets of Drugs Highly Associated with Stevens-Johnson Syndrome. J Med Toxicol 2016; 11:265-73. [PMID: 25876064 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-015-0472-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug features that are associated with Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) have not been fully characterized. A molecular target analysis of the drugs associated with SJS in the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) may contribute to mechanistic insights into SJS pathophysiology. The publicly available version of FAERS was analyzed to identify disproportionality among the molecular targets, metabolizing enzymes, and transporters for drugs associated with SJS. The FAERS in-house version was also analyzed for an internal comparison of the drugs most highly associated with SJS. Cyclooxygenases 1 and 2, carbonic anhydrase 2, and sodium channel 2 alpha were identified as disproportionately associated with SJS. Cytochrome P450 (CYPs) 3A4 and 2C9 are disproportionately represented as metabolizing enzymes of the drugs associated with SJS adverse event reports. Multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP-1), organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1), and PEPT2 were also identified and are highly associated with the transport of these drugs. A detailed review of the molecular targets identifies important roles for these targets in immune response. The association with CYP metabolizing enzymes suggests that reactive metabolites and oxidative stress may have a contributory role. Drug transporters may enhance intracellular tissue concentrations and also have vital physiologic roles that impact keratinocyte proliferation and survival. Data mining FAERS may be used to hypothesize mechanisms for adverse drug events by identifying molecular targets that are highly associated with drug-induced adverse events. The information gained may contribute to systems biology disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith K Burkhart
- Medical Informatics Team, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Science, Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bldg 64, Rm 2012, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA,
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8
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Cong Y, Guo J, Tang Z, Lin S, Zhang Q, Li J, Cai Z. Metabolism Study of Veratramine Associated with Neurotoxicity by Using HPLC-MSn. J Chromatogr Sci 2014; 53:1092-9. [PMID: 25547283 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmu171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Veratramine (VAM) is the major lipid-soluble alkaloid existing in Veratrum nigrum L. that has been demonstrated to exert neurotoxic effects. To better understand the potential mechanism of neurotoxicity of VAM, VAM-induced DNA damage was measured in the cerebellum and cerebral cortex of mice after a 7-day repetitive oral dose by using single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). A method based on high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry was developed for the determination of VAM and its in vivo and in vitro metabolites, to establish the potential correlation between metabolites and neurotoxicity. In vitro experiment was carried out using rat liver microsomes, whereas the in vivo study was conducted on rats at a single dose of 3 mg/kg. The results showed that VAM caused DNA damage in the cerebellum and cerebral cortex of mice in a dose-dependent manner. Phenyl mono-oxidation, sulfate conjugation and phenyl di-oxidation were proposed to be the main in vivo metabolic pathways of VAM, whereas the major in vitro metabolic pathways were phenyl mono-oxidation, hydroxylation and methylation. Phenyl-oxidation reaction was likely to be associated with reactive oxygen species production, leading to the DNA damage in the mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Cong
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical College, Henan University, Kaifeng, China Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jinggong Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Zhi Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Shuhai Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Qingchun Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical College, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jing Li
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical College, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Shi X, Liu M, Zhang M, Zhang K, Liu S, Qiao S, Shi R, Jiang X, Wang Q. Identification of in vitro and in vivo metabolites of isoimperatorin using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2013; 141:357-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Falck D, Kool J, Honing M, Niessen WMA. Tandem mass spectrometry study of p38α kinase inhibitors and related substances. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2013; 48:718-731. [PMID: 23722963 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase α (p38α) is an important drug target widely investigated for therapy of chronic inflammatory diseases. Its inhibitors are rather lipophilic and as such not very favourable lead compounds in drug discovery. Therefore, we explored various approaches to access new chemical space, create diversity, and generate lead libraries with improved solubility and reduced lipophilicity, based on known p38α inhibitors, e.g., BIRB796 and TAK-715. Compound modification strategies include incubation with human liver microsomes and bacterial cytochrome P450 mutants from Bacillus megaterium and treatment by electrochemical oxidation, H2O2, and intense light irradiation. The MS/MS fragmentation pathways of p38α inhibitors and their conversion products have been studied in an ion-trap-time-of-flight MS(n) instrument. Interpretation of accurate mass MS(n) data for four sets of related compounds revealed unexpected and peculiar fragmentation pathways that are discussed in detail. Emphasis is put on the usefulness of HRMS(n)-based structure elucidation in a screening setting and on peculiarities of the fragmentation with regard to the analytes and the MS instrument. In one example, an intramolecular rearrangement reaction accompanied by the loss of a bulky group is observed. For BIRB796, the double-charge precursor ion is used in MS(2), providing a wider range of fragment ions in our instrument. For TAK-715, a number of related compounds could be produced in a large-scale incubation with a Bacillus megaterium mutant, thus enabling comparison of the structure elucidation by (1)H NMR and MS(n). A surprisingly large number of homolytic cleavages are observed. Competition between two fragmentation pathways involving either the loss of CH3(•) or OH(•) radicals was observed for SB203580 and its conversion products.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Falck
- AIMMS Division of BioMolecular Analysis, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Zheng SQ, Ding AJ, Li GP, Wu GS, Luo HR. Drug absorption efficiency in Caenorhbditis elegans delivered by different methods. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56877. [PMID: 23451103 PMCID: PMC3581574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caenorhbditis elegans has being vigorously used as a model organism in many research fields and often accompanied by administrating with various drugs. The methods of delivering drugs to worms are varied from one study to another, which make difficult in comparing results between studies. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We evaluated the drug absorption efficiency in C. elegans using five frequently used methods with resveratrol with low aqueous solubility and water-soluble 5-Fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FUDR) as positive compounds. The drugs were either applied to the LB medium with bacteria OP50, before spreading onto Nematode Growth Medium (NGM) plates (LB medium method), or to the NGM with live (NGM live method) or dead bacteria (NGM dead method), or spotting the drug solution to the surface of plates directly (spot dead method), or growing the worms in liquid medium (liquid growing method). The concentration of resveratrol and FUDR increased gradually within C. elegans and reached the highest during 12 hours to one day and then decreased slowly. At the same time point, the higher the drug concentration, the higher the metabolism rate. The drug concentrations in worms fed with dead bacteria were higher than with live bacteria at the same time point. Consistently, the drug concentration in medium with live bacteria decreased much faster than in medium with dead bacteria, reach to about half of the original concentration within 12 hours. CONCLUSION Resveratrol with low aqueous solubility and water-soluble FUDR have the same absorption and metabolism pattern. The drug metabolism rate in worms was both dosage and time dependent. NGM dead method and liquid growing method achieved the best absorption efficiency in worms. The drug concentration within worms was comparable with that in mice, providing a bridge for dose translation from worms to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Qing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ai-Jun Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Ping Li
- The key laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital & Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Gui-Sheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Huai-Rong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- * E-mail: address:
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Rydevik A, Thevis M, Krug O, Bondesson U, Hedeland M. The fungusCunninghamella eleganscan produce human and equine metabolites of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs). Xenobiotica 2012; 43:409-20. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2012.729102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Rydevik A, Bondesson U, Hedeland M. Structural elucidation of phase I and II metabolites of bupivacaine in horse urine and fungi of the Cunninghamella species using liquid chromatography/multi-stage mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:1338-1346. [PMID: 22555927 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Bupivacaine is a local anaesthetic prohibited in equine sports. It is highly metabolized in the horse but a thorough description of its metabolite profile is lacking. An administration study should find appropriate analytical targets for doping control. Furthermore, knowledge of an in vitro system for production of metabolites would be beneficial. METHODS Marcain® (bupivacaine hydrochloride) was administered subcutaneously to a horse and urine samples were collected. In vitro metabolic systems consisting of the fungi Cunninghamella elegans and Cunninghamella blakesleeana were incubated with bupivacaine and bupivacaine-d(9). Samples were analyzed directly after dilution or cleaned up using liquid-liquid extraction. Separation was achieved with liquid chromatography. Mass spectrometric analysis was performed using positive electrospray ionization with both a tandem quadrupole and an ion trap instrument using MS(n) and hydrogen/deuterium exchange. RESULTS In horse urine, seven phase I metabolites were found: 3'- and 4'-hydroxybupivacaine, N-desbutylbupivacaine, two aliphatically hydroxylated metabolites, one N-oxide, and dihydroxybupivacaine. Sulfated hydroxybupivacaine and glucuronides of 3'- and 4'-hydroxybupivacaine and of dihydroxybupivacaine were also detected. All these metabolites were previously undescribed in the horse, except for 3'-hydroxybupivacaine. 3'- and 4'-Hydroxybupivacaine were designated as appropriate targets for doping control. Interestingly, all the equine phase I metabolites were also detected in the samples from C. elegans and C. blakesleeana. CONCLUSIONS The qualitative aspects of the metabolism of bupivacaine in the horse have been investigated with many novel metabolites described. The fungi C. elegans and C. blakesleeana have proven to be relevant models for mammalian metabolism of bupivacaine and they may in the future be used to produce analytical reference materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Rydevik
- Uppsala University, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Division of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, P.O. Box 574, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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Tevell Aberg A, Olsson C, Bondesson U, Hedeland M. A mass spectrometric study on meloxicam metabolism in horses and the fungus Cunninghamella elegans, and the relevance of this microbial system as a model of drug metabolism in the horse. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2009; 44:1026-1037. [PMID: 19291670 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a study where the metabolism of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug meloxicam was investigated in six horses and in the filamentous fungus Cunninghamella elegans. The metabolites identified were compared between the species, and then the fungus was used to produce larger amounts of the metabolites for future use as reference material. C. elegans proved to be a good model of phase I meloxicam metabolism in horses since all four metabolites found were the same in both species. Apart from the two main metabolites, 5'-hydroxymethylmeloxicam and 5'-carboxymeloxicam, a second isomer of hydroxymeloxicam and dihydroxylated meloxicam were detected for the first time in horse urine and the microbial incubations. Phase II metabolites were not discovered in the C. elegans samples but hydroxymeloxicam glucuronide was detected intact in horse urine for the first time in this study. Urine from six horses was further analyzed in a semi-quantitative sense and 5'-hydroxymethylmeloxicam gave peaks with much higher intensity compared to the parent drug and the other metabolites, and was detected for at least 14 days after the last given dose in some of the horses. From the results presented in this article, we suggest that analytical methods developed for the detection of meloxicam in horse urine after prohibited use should focus on the 5'-hydroxymethyl metabolite and that C. elegans can be used to produce large amounts of this metabolite for potential future use as a reference compound.
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