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Takahashi Y, Yoshida I, Yokozeki T, Igarashi T, Fujita K. Investigation of Foreign Amylase Adulteration in Honey Distributed in Japan by Rapid and Improved Native PAGE Activity Staining Method. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2023; 70:67-73. [PMID: 38143568 PMCID: PMC10738855 DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2023_0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Foreign amylase addition to honey in an effort to disguise diastase activity has become a widespread form of food fraud. However, since there is no report on the investigation in Japan, we investigated foreign amylases in 67 commercial honeys in Japan. First, the α-glucosidase and diastase activities of honeys were measured, which revealed that only α-glucosidase activity was significantly low in several samples. As both enzymes are secreted from honeybee glands, it is unlikely that only one enzyme was inactivated during processing. Therefore, we suspected the presence of foreign amylase. α-Amylase in honey were assigned using protein analysis software based on LC-QTOF-MS. As a result, α-amylases from Aspergillus and Geobacillus were detected in 13 and 6 out of 67 honeys, respectively. To detect foreign amylases easily, we developed a cost-effective method using native PAGE. Conventional native PAGE failed to separate the α-amylase derived from honeybee and Geobacillus. However, when native PAGE was performed using a gel containing 1 % maltodextrin, the α-amylase from honeybee did not migrated in the gel and the α-amylase could be separated from the other two α-amylases. The results from this method were consistent with those of LC-QTOF-MS method, suggesting that the novel native PAGE method can be used to detect foreign amylases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Izumi Yoshida
- Japan Food Research Laboratories Osaka Saito Laboratory
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Characterization of Turkish pine honey according to their geographical origin based on physicochemical parameters and chemometrics. Eur Food Res Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-023-04215-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThis study was conducted to determine the characteristic properties of Turkish pine honey, which is an important honeydew honey. The geographical classification of the honey was determined by applying carbon isotope, melissopalynological, and physicochemical analyses to 373 samples collected from 47 regions between 2015 and 2017 under controlled conditions. δ13C protein-δ13Choney, C4%, electrical conductivity, moisture, ash, free acidity, color CIEL* a*b attributes, optical rotation [α]20, proline, diastases activities, and sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose, and maltose) were used as physicochemical properties. Number of honeydew elements /number of total pollen (NHE/NTP) ratios were studied at melissopalynological analyses. The results showed that all samples exhibited honeydew properties, and that all physicochemical parameters met the criteria set by regulatory standards for honeydew. However, C4% sugar and δ13C protein-δ13C honey values did not meet the regulatory criteria and exhibited quite wide standard deviations.
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Magdas DA, Guyon F, Berghian-Grosan C, Muller Molnar C. Challenges and a step forward in honey classification based on Raman spectroscopy. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kalashnikova DA, Simonova GV. Ratios of Stable Isotopes 13С/12С and 15N/14N in Samples of Dead Honey Bees and Beekeeping Products. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934821040067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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The Validity of Protein in Australian Honey as an Internal Standard for C4 Sugar Adulteration. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01938-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Tôrres WDL, Vilvert JC, Carvalho AT, Leite RHDL, Santos FKGD, Aroucha EMM. Quality of Apis mellifera honey after being used in the feeding of jandaira stingless bees (Melipona subnitida). ACTA SCIENTIARUM: ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v43i1.50383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical quality and bioactive compounds of Apis mellifera honey as well as the alterations in the quality of A. mellifera honey after being used in the feeding of Melipona subnitida colonies. A. mellifera honeys were collected in apiaries, homogenised and used as feed for M. subnitida bees for 30 days. Every five days, honey samples were collected and evaluated for physicochemical characteristics and bioactive compounds. The treatments consisted of natural honeys of A. mellifera and M. subnitida and honey of M. subnitida bee after being fed with A. mellifera honey (modified honey). M. subnitida bees, when fed with honey from A. mellifera, modified some of its characteristics, such as moisture, reducing sugars, diastase activity, colour and flavonoid content. Natural and modified honeys of A. mellifera were similar to each other and different from M. subnitida honey in terms of minerals, free acidity, electrical conductivity, phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Treatments were similar in terms of sucrose, insoluble matter, hydroxymethylfurfural and water activity. In general, the quality attributes of the modified honey were closer to the honey of A. mellifera than to the natural M. subnitida honey.
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Dunn PJ, Hill S, Cowen S, Goenaga-Infante H, Sargent M, Gören AC, Bilsel M, Şimşek A, Ogrinc N, Potočnik D, Armishaw P, Hai L, Konopelko L, Chubchenko Y, Chesson LA, van der Peijl G, Blaga C, Posey R, Camin F, Chernyshev A, Chowdhury SA. Lessons learned from inter-laboratory studies of carbon isotope analysis of honey. Sci Justice 2019; 59:9-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Zhou X, Taylor MP, Salouros H, Prasad S. Authenticity and geographic origin of global honeys determined using carbon isotope ratios and trace elements. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14639. [PMID: 30279546 PMCID: PMC6168535 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32764-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Honey is the world's third most adulterated food. The addition of cane sugar or corn syrup and the mislabelling of geographic origin are common fraudulent practices in honey markets. This study examined 100 honey samples from Australia (mainland and Tasmania) along with 18 other countries covering Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and Oceania. Carbon isotopic analyses of honey and protein showed that 27% of commercial honey samples tested were of questionable authenticity. The remaining 69 authentic samples were subject to trace element analysis for geographic determination. One-way ANOVA analysis showed a statistical difference (p < 0.05) in trace element concentrations of honey from Australian regions and different continents. Principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) coupled with C5.0 classification modelling of honey carbon isotopes and trace element concentrations showed distinct clusters according to their geographic origin. The C5.0 model revealed trace elements Sr, P, Mn and K can be used to differentiate honey according to its geographic origin. The findings show the common and prevalent issues of honey authenticity and the mislabelling of its geographic origin can be identified using a combination of stable carbon isotopes and trace element concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoteng Zhou
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia.
| | - Mark Patrick Taylor
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia.
- Energy and Environmental Contaminants Research Centre, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia.
| | - Helen Salouros
- Australian Forensic Drug Laboratory, National Measurement Institute, North Ryde, Sydney, New South Wales, 2113, Australia
| | - Shiva Prasad
- Analytical Service Branch, National Measurement Institute, North Ryde, Sydney, New South Wales, 2113, Australia
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Wu L, Du B, Vander Heyden Y, Chen L, Zhao L, Wang M, Xue X. Recent advancements in detecting sugar-based adulterants in honey – A challenge. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Elemental and stable isotopic study of sweeteners and edible oils: Constraints on food authentication. J Food Compost Anal 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Khan F, Hill J, Kaehler S, Allsopp M, van Vuuren S. Antimicrobial properties and isotope investigations of South African honey. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 117:366-79. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Khan
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - J. Hill
- Department of Zoology and Entomology; Rhodes University; Grahamstown South Africa
| | - S. Kaehler
- Department of Botany; Rhodes University; Grahamstown South Africa
| | - M. Allsopp
- Plant Protection Research Institute; Agricultural Research Council; Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - S. van Vuuren
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
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Rogers KM, Sim M, Stewart S, Phillips A, Cooper J, Douance C, Pyne R, Rogers P. Investigating C-4 sugar contamination of manuka honey and other New Zealand honey varieties using carbon isotopes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:2605-2614. [PMID: 24568639 DOI: 10.1021/jf404766f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbon isotopes (δ(13)C honey and δ(13)C protein) and apparent C-4 sugar contents of 1023 New Zealand honeys from 15 different floral types were analyzed to investigate which New Zealand honey is prone to failing the AOAC 998.12 C-4 sugar test and evaluate the occurrence of false-positive results. Of the 333 honey samples that exceeded the 7% C-4 sugar threshold, 324 samples of these were New Zealand manuka honey (Leptospermum scoparium, 97.2% of all fails found in the study). Three monofloral honeys (ling, kamahi, and tawari) had nine samples (2.8% of all fails found in the study) with apparent C-4 sugars exceeding 7%. All other floral types analyzed did not display C-4 sugar fails. False-positive results were found to occur for higher activity New Zealand manuka honey with a methylglyoxal content >250 mg/kg or a nonperoxide activity >10+, and for some ling, kamahi and tawari honeys. Recommendations for future interpretation of the AOAC 998.12 C-4 sugar method are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyne M Rogers
- National Isotope Centre, GNS Science, 30 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
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Rogers KM, Grainger M, Manley-Harris M. The unique manuka effect: why New Zealand manuka honey fails the AOAC 998.12 C-4 sugar method. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:2615-2622. [PMID: 24446986 DOI: 10.1021/jf404767b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Conversion of dihydroxyacteone (DHA) to methylglyoxal (MGO) has been shown to be the key mechanism for the growth in "apparent" C-4 sugar content in nonperoxide activity (NPA) manuka honey. This reaction is enhanced by heating and storage time and is demonstrated for the first time in clover honey adulterated with DHA purchased from a chemical supplier and in manuka honey containing naturally occurring DHA and MGO. After heating at 37 °C for 83 days, pure clover honey with no added DHA has the same apparent C-4 sugar content as at t = 0 days. The same clover honey adulterated with synthetic DHA added at t = 0 days and heated at 37 °C over the same time scale shows a change in apparent C-4 sugars from 2.8 to 5.0%. Four NPA manuka honeys heated over longer periods show an increase in apparent C-4 sugars of up to 280% after 241 days. This study strongly suggests that a protein fractionation effect occurs in the conversion of DHA to MGO in higher NPA manuka honey, rendering the remaining δ(13)C protein value more negative and falsely indicating C-4 sugar addition when using the AOAC 998.12 method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyne M Rogers
- National Isotope Centre, GNS Science, 30 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
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Frew R, McComb K, Croudis L, Clark D, Van Hale R. Modified sugar adulteration test applied to New Zealand honey. Food Chem 2013; 141:4127-31. [PMID: 23993595 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.06.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The carbon isotope method (AOAC 998.12) compares the bulk honey carbon isotope value with that of the extracted protein; a difference greater than 1‰ suggesting that the protein and the bulk carbohydrate have different origins. New Zealand Manuka honey is a high value product and often fails this test. It has been suggested such failures are due to the pollen in the Manuka honey and an adaptation of the method to remove pollen prior to testing has been proposed. Here we test 64 authentic honey samples collected directly from the hives and find that a large proportion (37%) of Manuka honeys fail the test. Of these 60% still fail the adapted method. These honey samples were collected and processed under stringent conditions and have not been adulterated post-harvest. More work is required to ascertain the cause of these test failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Frew
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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B-HIVE: Beeswax hydrogen isotopes as validation of environment, part II. Compound-specific hydrogen isotope analysis. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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