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Sun D, Böhringer KF, Sorensen M, Nilsson E, Edgar JS, Goodlett DR. Droplet delivery and nebulization system using surface acoustic wave for mass spectrometry. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:3269-3277. [PMID: 32760973 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00495b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present a piezoelectric transducer for standing wave surface acoustic wave nebulization (SW-SAWN). The transducer nebulizes nonvolatile analytes present in bulk fluid into ambient air after which the aerosolized drops are sampled by mass spectrometry (MS) for detection. Furthermore, we report for the first time integration of anisotropic ratchet conveyors (ARCs) on the SAWN transducer surfaces to automate the sample preparation and droplet delivery process. The ARCs employ micro-sized hydrophilic patterns on hydrophobic Cytop coatings. Moving, positioning, merging, and mixing of droplets at a designated nebulization location are demonstrated. To create the ARCs, we adopt parylene C as a stencil mask so that the hydrophobicity of the Cytop does not degrade during the microfabrication process. MS measurements with the SAWN chip are performed under different input frequencies. The SAWN transducer can provide a controllable nebulization rate by varying the input nebulization frequency while maintaining a reasonable signal to noise ratio for MS detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Sun
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. and Institute for Nano-Engineered Systems, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Karl F Böhringer
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. and Institute for Nano-Engineered Systems, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | | | - J Scott Edgar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - David R Goodlett
- School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA and International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland, EU
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2
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OpiA, a Type Six Secretion System Substrate, Localizes to the Cell Pole and Plays a Role in Bacterial Growth and Viability in Francisella tularensis LVS. J Bacteriol 2020; 202:JB.00048-20. [PMID: 32366588 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00048-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is an intracellular pathogen and the causative agent of tularemia. The F. tularensis type six secretion system (T6SS) is required for a number of host-pathogen interactions, including phagolysosomal escape and invasion of erythrocytes. One known effector of the T6SS, OpiA, has recently been shown to be a phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase. To investigate the role of OpiA in erythrocyte invasion, we constructed an opiA-null mutant in the live vaccine strain, F. tularensis LVS. OpiA was not required for erythrocyte invasion; however, deletion of opiA affected growth of F. tularensis LVS in broth cultures in a medium-dependent manner. We also found that opiA influenced cell size, gentamicin sensitivity, bacterial viability, and the lipid content of F. tularensis A fluorescently tagged OpiA (OpiA-emerald-green fluorescent protein [EmGFP]) accumulated at the cell poles of F. tularensis, which is consistent with the location of the T6SS. However, OpiA-EmGFP also exhibited a highly dynamic localization, and this fusion protein was detected in erythrocytes and THP-1 cells in vitro, further supporting that OpiA is secreted. Similar to previous reports with F. novicida, our data demonstrated that opiA had a minimal effect on intracellular replication of F. tularensis in host immune cells in vitro However, THP-1 cells infected with the opiA mutant produced modestly (but significantly) higher levels of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha compared to these host cells infected with wild-type bacteria. We conclude that, in addition to its role in host-pathogen interactions, our results reveal that the function of opiA is central to the biology of F. tularensis bacteria.IMPORTANCE F. tularensis is a pathogenic intracellular pathogen that is of importance for public health and strategic defense. This study characterizes the opiA gene of F. tularensis LVS, an attenuated strain that has been used as a live vaccine but that also shares significant genetic similarity to related Francisella strains that cause human disease. The data presented here provide the first evidence of a T6SS effector protein that affects the physiology of F. tularensis, namely, the growth, cell size, viability, and aminoglycoside resistance of F. tularensis LVS. This study also adds insight into our understanding of OpiA as a determinant of virulence. Finally, the fluorescence fusion constructs presented here will be useful tools for dissecting the role of OpiA in infection.
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Liang T, Leung LM, Opene B, Fondrie WE, Lee YI, Chandler CE, Yoon SH, Doi Y, Ernst RK, Goodlett DR. Rapid Microbial Identification and Antibiotic Resistance Detection by Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Membrane Lipids. Anal Chem 2019; 91:1286-1294. [PMID: 30571097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases have a substantial global health impact. Clinicians need rapid and accurate diagnoses of infections to direct patient treatment and improve antibiotic stewardship. Current technologies employed in routine diagnostics are based on bacterial culture followed by morphological trait differentiation and biochemical testing, which can be time-consuming and labor-intensive. With advances in mass spectrometry (MS) for clinical diagnostics, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved two microbial identification platforms based on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) MS analysis of microbial proteins. We recently reported a novel and complementary approach by comparing MALDI-TOF mass spectra of microbial membrane lipid fingerprints to identify ESKAPE pathogens. However, this lipid-based approach used a sample preparation method that required more than a working day from sample collection to identification. Here, we report a new method that extracts lipids efficiently and rapidly from microbial membranes using an aqueous sodium acetate (SA) buffer that can be used to identify clinically relevant Gram-positive and -negative pathogens and fungal species in less than an hour. The SA method also has the ability to differentiate antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-resistant strains, directly identify microbes from biological specimens, and detect multiple pathogens in a mixed sample. These results should have positive implications for the manner in which bacteria and fungi are identified in general hospital settings and intensive care units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy , University of Maryland , Baltimore , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Lisa M Leung
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry , University of Maryland , Baltimore , Maryland 20742 , United States.,Divisions of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Laboratories Administration , Maryland Department of Health , Baltimore , Maryland 21215 , United States
| | - Belita Opene
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry , University of Maryland , Baltimore , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - William E Fondrie
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases , University of Maryland , Baltimore , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Young In Lee
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry , University of Maryland , Baltimore , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Courtney E Chandler
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry , University of Maryland , Baltimore , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Sung Hwan Yoon
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry , University of Maryland , Baltimore , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Yohei Doi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15260 , United States
| | - Robert K Ernst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry , University of Maryland , Baltimore , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - David R Goodlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy , University of Maryland , Baltimore , Maryland 20742 , United States
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4
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Host-based lipid inflammation drives pathogenesis in Francisella infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:12596-12601. [PMID: 29109289 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1712887114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) was used to elucidate host lipids involved in the inflammatory signaling pathway generated at the host-pathogen interface during a septic bacterial infection. Using Francisella novicida as a model organism, a bacterial lipid virulence factor (endotoxin) was imaged and identified along with host phospholipids involved in the splenic response in murine tissues. Here, we demonstrate detection and distribution of endotoxin in a lethal murine F. novicida infection model, in addition to determining the temporally and spatially resolved innate lipid inflammatory response in both 2D and 3D renderings using MSI. Further, we show that the cyclooxygenase-2-dependent lipid inflammatory pathway is responsible for lethality in F. novicida infection due to overproduction of proinflammatory effectors including prostaglandin E2. The results of this study emphasize that spatial determination of the host lipid components of the immune response is crucial to identifying novel strategies to effectively address highly pathogenic and lethal infections stemming from bacterial, fungal, and viral origins.
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2011-2012. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:255-422. [PMID: 26270629 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This review is the seventh update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2012. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural types constitute the remainder. The main groups of compound are oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:255-422, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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6
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Lipid A structural modifications in extreme conditions and identification of unique modifying enzymes to define the Toll-like receptor 4 structure-activity relationship. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:1439-1450. [PMID: 28108356 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Strategies utilizing Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonists for treatment of cancer, infectious diseases, and other targets report promising results. Potent TLR4 antagonists are also gaining attention as therapeutic leads. Though some principles for TLR4 modulation by lipid A have been described, a thorough understanding of the structure-activity relationship (SAR) is lacking. Only through a complete definition of lipid A-TLR4 SAR is it possible to predict TLR4 signaling effects of discrete lipid A structures, rendering them more pharmacologically relevant. A limited 'toolbox' of lipid A-modifying enzymes has been defined and is largely composed of enzymes from mesophile human and zoonotic pathogens. Expansion of this 'toolbox' will result from extending the search into lipid A biosynthesis and modification by bacteria living at the extremes. Here, we review the fundamentals of lipid A structure, advances in lipid A uses in TLR4 modulation, and the search for novel lipid A-modifying systems in extremophile bacteria. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Bacterial Lipids edited by Russell E. Bishop.
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7
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Yoon SH, Liang T, Schneider T, Oyler BL, Chandler CE, Ernst RK, Yen GS, Huang Y, Nilsson E, Goodlett DR. Rapid lipid a structure determination via surface acoustic wave nebulization and hierarchical tandem mass spectrometry algorithm. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:2555-2560. [PMID: 27582344 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Surface acoustic wave nebulization (SAWN) is an easy to use sample transfer method for rapid mass spectrometric analysis. A new standing wave (SW) SAWN chip, with higher ionization efficiency than our previously reported design, is used for rapid analysis of lipids. METHODS The crude, yet fast, Caroff protocol was used for lipid A extraction from Francisella novicida. SW-SAWN with a Waters Synapt G2S quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometer was used to generate lipid A ions. Quadrupole collision-induced dissociation (Q-CID) of lipid A at varying CID energies was used to approximate the ion trap MSn data required for our hierarchical tandem mass spectrometry (HiTMS) algorithm. Structural hypotheses can be obtained directly from the HiTMS algorithm to identify species-specific lipid A molecules. RESULTS SW-SAWN successfully generated ions from lipid A extracted from Francisella novicida using the faster Caroff method. In addition, varying collision energies were used to generate tandem mass spectra similar to MS3 and MS4 spectra from an ion trap. The Q-CID spectra are compatible with our HiTMS algorithm and offer an improvement over lipid A tandem mass spectra acquired in an ion trap. CONCLUSIONS Combining SW-SAWN and Q-CID enabled more structural assignments than previously reported in half the time. The ease of generating spectra by SAWN tandem MS in combination with HiTMS interpretation offers high-throughput lipid A structural analysis and thereby rapid detection of pathogens based on lipid fingerprinting. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hwan Yoon
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, 650W Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Tao Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, 20N Pine St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Thomas Schneider
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, 20N Pine St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Benjamin L Oyler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, 20N Pine St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Courtney E Chandler
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, 650W Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Robert K Ernst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, 650W Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Gloria S Yen
- Deurion LLC, 3518 Fremont Ave #503, Seattle, WA, 98103, USA
| | - Yue Huang
- Deurion LLC, 3518 Fremont Ave #503, Seattle, WA, 98103, USA
| | - Erik Nilsson
- Deurion LLC, 3518 Fremont Ave #503, Seattle, WA, 98103, USA
| | - David R Goodlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, 20N Pine St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Deurion LLC, 3518 Fremont Ave #503, Seattle, WA, 98103, USA
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8
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Scott AJ, Flinders B, Cappell J, Liang T, Pelc RS, Tran B, Kilgour DPA, Heeren RMA, Goodlett DR, Ernst RK. Norharmane Matrix Enhances Detection of Endotoxin by MALDI-MS for Simultaneous Profiling of Pathogen, Host, and Vector Systems. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw097. [PMID: 27650574 PMCID: PMC8427938 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of novel pathogenic mechanisms engaged during bacterial infections requires
the evolution of advanced techniques. Here, we evaluate the dual polarity matrix
norharmane (NRM) to improve detection of bacterial lipid A (endotoxin), from host and
vector tissues infected withFrancisella novicida (Fn).
We evaluated NRM for improved detection and characterization of a wide range of lipids in
both positive and negative polarities, including lipid A and phospholipids across a range
of matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization-coupled applications. NRM matrix improved
the limit of detection (LOD) for monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) down to picogram level
representing a 10-fold improvement of LOD versus 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and 100-fold
improvement of LOD versus 9-aminoacridine (9-AA). Improved LOD for lipid A subsequently
facilitated detection of theFn lipid A major ion (m/z
1665) from extracts of infected mouse spleen and the
temperature-modifiedFn lipid A atm/z 1637 from
infectedDermacentor variabilis ticks. Finally, we simultaneously mapped
bacterial phospholipid signatures within anFn-infected spleen along with
an exclusively host-derived inositol-based phospholipid (m/z 933)
demonstrating coprofiling of the host-pathogen interaction. Expanded use of NRM matrix in
other infection models and endotoxin-targeting imaging experiments will improve our
understanding of the lipid interactions at the host-pathogen interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Scott
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bryn Flinders
- FOM-Institute AMOLF, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joanna Cappell
- FOM-Institute AMOLF, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tao Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca S Pelc
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bao Tran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David P A Kilgour
- Nottingham Trent University, Chemistry and Forensics, Clifton Campus, Rosalind Franklin Building, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ron M A Heeren
- FOM-Institute AMOLF, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - David R Goodlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert K Ernst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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9
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Sohlenkamp C, Geiger O. Bacterial membrane lipids: diversity in structures and pathways. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 40:133-59. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 571] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Baum D, Kosma P, Zamyatina A. Synthesis of zwitterionic 1,1'-glycosylphosphodiester: a partial structure of galactosamine-modified Francisella lipid A. Org Lett 2014; 16:3772-5. [PMID: 25003818 PMCID: PMC4106266 DOI: 10.1021/ol501639c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of a "double glycosidic" phosphodiester comprising anomeric centers of two 2-amino-2-deoxy-sugars is reported. The carbohydrate epitope of Francisella lipid A modified with α-d-galactosamine at the anomerically linked phosphate has been stereoselectively prepared and coupled to maleimide-activated bovine serum albumin via an amide-linked thiol-terminated spacer group. H-Phosphonate and phosphoramidite approaches have been explored for the coupling of 4,6-DTBS-2-azido-protected GalN lactol and peracetylated spacer-equipped reducing βGlcN(1→6)GlcN disaccharide via phosphodiester linkage. Deprotection conditions preserving the integrity of the labile glycosidic zwitterionic phosphodiester were elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Baum
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources
and Life Sciences, Muthgasse
18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Kosma
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources
and Life Sciences, Muthgasse
18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alla Zamyatina
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources
and Life Sciences, Muthgasse
18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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11
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Li Y, Wang Z, Chen J, Ernst RK, Wang X. Influence of lipid A acylation pattern on membrane permeability and innate immune stimulation. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:3197-208. [PMID: 24065161 PMCID: PMC3806461 DOI: 10.3390/md11093197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid A, the hydrophobic anchor of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), is an essential component in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. It can stimulate the innate immune system via Toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation factor 2 (TLR4/MD2), leading to the release of inflammatory cytokines. In this study, six Escherichia coli strains which can produce lipid A with different acylation patterns were constructed; the influence of lipid A acylation pattern on the membrane permeability and innate immune stimulation has been systematically investigated. The lipid A species were isolated and identified by matrix assisted laser ionization desorption-time of flight/tandem mass spectrometry. N-Phenyl naphthylamine uptake assay and antibiotic susceptibility test showed that membrane permeability of these strains were different. The lower the number of acyl chains in lipid A, the stronger the membrane permeability. LPS purified from these strains were used to stimulate human or mouse macrophage cells, and different levels of cytokines were induced. Compared with wild type hexa-acylated LPS, penta-acylated, tetra-acylated and tri-acylated LPS induced lower levels of cytokines. These results suggest that the lipid A acylation pattern influences both the bacterial membrane permeability and innate immune stimulation. The results would be useful for redesigning the bacterial membrane structure and for developing lipid A vaccine adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; E-Mails: (Y.L.); (Z.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Zhou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; E-Mails: (Y.L.); (Z.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Jiuzhou Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; E-Mails: (Y.L.); (Z.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Robert K. Ernst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Xiaoyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; E-Mails: (Y.L.); (Z.W.); (J.C.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel./Fax: +86-510-8532-9239
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12
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Li Y, Powell DA, Shaffer SA, Rasko DA, Pelletier MR, Leszyk JD, Scott AJ, Masoudi A, Goodlett DR, Wang X, Raetz CRH, Ernst RK. LPS remodeling is an evolved survival strategy for bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:8716-21. [PMID: 22586119 PMCID: PMC3365160 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1202908109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of membrane function is essential and regulated at the genomic, transcriptional, and translational levels. Bacterial pathogens have a variety of mechanisms to adapt their membrane in response to transmission between environment, vector, and human host. Using a well-characterized model of lipid A diversification (Francisella), we demonstrate temperature-regulated membrane remodeling directed by multiple alleles of the lipid A-modifying N-acyltransferase enzyme, LpxD. Structural analysis of the lipid A at environmental and host temperatures revealed that the LpxD1 enzyme added a 3-OH C18 acyl group at 37 °C (host), whereas the LpxD2 enzyme added a 3-OH C16 acyl group at 18 °C (environment). Mutational analysis of either of the individual Francisella lpxD genes altered outer membrane (OM) permeability, antimicrobial peptide, and antibiotic susceptibility, whereas only the lpxD1-null mutant was attenuated in mice and subsequently exhibited protection against a lethal WT challenge. Additionally, growth-temperature analysis revealed transcriptional control of the lpxD genes and posttranslational control of the LpxD1 and LpxD2 enzymatic activities. These results suggest a direct mechanism for LPS/lipid A-level modifications resulting in alterations of membrane fluidity, as well as integrity and may represent a general paradigm for bacterial membrane adaptation and virulence-state adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology and Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214211, China
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Daniel A. Powell
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Scott A. Shaffer
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - David A. Rasko
- Institute for Genome Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Mark R. Pelletier
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - John D. Leszyk
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Alison J. Scott
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Ali Masoudi
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710; and
| | - David R. Goodlett
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Xiaoyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology and Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214211, China
| | | | - Robert K. Ernst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
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